Preparation of aromatic hydrocarbon (AH)-rich bio-oils through co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics has become a highly promising method of resource utilization. However, the influences of existing different catalytic modes on the co-pyrolysis product distribution still remain unclear and the cycle stability of catalysts has not been fully assessed. To solve these problems, the research used unmodified and (Fe and Zn) bimetal-modified microporous molecular sieve (HZSM-5), mesoporous molecular sieve (MCM-41), and micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve (HZSM-5/MCM-41) to carry out in-situ and ex-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis experiments on corn stalk (CS) and polystyrene (PS) and assess the cyclic life of catalysts. Results show that for unmodified catalysts: during in-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis, the relative content of AHs in the target product follows the descending order HZSM-5 (99.16%) > HZSM-5/MCM-41 (98.24%) > MCM-41 (96.86%); during ex-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis, the proportion of AHs is as follows: MCM-41 (98.64%) > HZSM-5 (95.92%) > HZSM-5/MCM-41 (95.28%). After introducing metal modification, Fe-Zn-HZSM-5 (FeZnH), Fe-Zn-MCM-41 (FeZnM), and Fe-Zn-HZSM-5/MCM-41 (FeZnHM) all experienced varying degrees of reduction in the relative content of AHs under both in-situ and ex-situ catalytic conditions. The results of the catalyst recycling experiments indicate that bimetallic modification with Fe and Zn can effectively enhance the number of times the catalyst can be reused, in the following order: FeZnHM (18 times) > FeZnM (16 times) > HZSM-5/MCM-41 (11 times) > MCM-41 (8 times) > FeZnH (7 times) > HZSM-5 (5 times). In addition, the thermogravimetric test results also show that the bimetal-modified catalysts have better resistance to carbon deposition. The research provides reference for preparation of high-value chemicals via oriented pyrolysis of biomass and plastics.

Developing efficient and low-cost non precious metal catalysts is the key to promoting the development of green energy storage and conversion technologies. This study introduced carboxylic acid functional groups through carboxylation modification and prepared nitrogen doped carboxylase lignin (CEL) porous carbon materials using a one-step carbonization activation method. The obtained material has a high specific surface area and abundant active sites. It exhibits excellent catalytic performance for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. Its half wave potential for ORR is 830 mV, and its over potential for OER is 333 mV, which are close to commercial noble metal-based catalysts. When utilized as the cathode catalyst in zinc air batteries (ZABs), the material enabled an open-circuit voltage of 1.46 V, a maximum power density of 126.04 mWcm−2, a specific capacity of 813 mAhgZn−1, and a charge-discharge cycle life exceeding 300 h, indicating excellent stability. This work proposes a low-cost, high-performance strategy for biomass derived bifunctional electrocatalysts.

This study investigated H3PO4-catalyzed staged pyrolysis of poplar wood for the co-production of H-2-rich syngas and carbon materials. Biomass was first impregnated with 25-50 wt% H3PO4 and then subjected to either direct pyrolysis at 400 degrees C or 700 degrees C, or staged pyrolysis with preheating at 400 degrees C followed by pyrolysis at 700 degrees C. The results indicated that H3PO4 impregnation significantly enhanced char yields by 34.46 %-65.70 % at low temperatures and 57.21 %-103.88 % at high temperatures, mainly by suppressing bio-oil and gas formation, respectively. Although total gas yield was moderately affected, CO and CO2 formation was significantly reduced, while H-2 production at 700 degrees C increased by 107.6 %-154.1 %, indicating strong potential for hydrogen generation. Staged pyrolysis promoted synergistic gas-char co-production and optimized syngas composition, yielding a stream dominated by CO and H-2 (> 90 % combined) with an H-2/CO molar ratio of up to 1.6. Moreover, staged pyrolysis enabled controlled release of oxygen-rich volatiles, including value-added furfural and phenols, and reinforced phosphorus anchoring within the carbon matrix, facilitating the formation of thermally robust C-P-bonded configurations (C-PO3/C-2-PO2). Consequently, the resulting char preserved the fibrous morphology and pore architecture of the biomass and exhibited enhanced structural integrity, demonstrating potential for advanced carbon-based applications. These findings highlight the effectiveness of H3PO4-catalyzed staged pyrolysis in simultaneously producing high-quality syngas and structurally stable char.

The catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste is one of highly effective approaches for the production of hydrocarbons. However, the yield of hydrocarbons is still very low. The combination of CaO and ZSM-5 can improve the quality of hydrocarbon fuels. CaO/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method. Material characterizations such as FTIR, XRD and SEM were carried out to examine the CaO/ZSM-5 catalyst. Catalytic co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted on pinewood and polypropylene (PP) using Py-GC/MS. The pyrolysis temperature was 500-700 degrees C. The sample mass was 0.1 +/- 0.01 mg. During the pyrolysis of pinewood alone, the addition of CaO increased the yields of aldehydes, ketones, furans, aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons, and decreased the yields of phenols, esters, acids, alcohols and N-compounds compared with that without catalysts. The addition of ZSM-5 decreased the yield of phenols and increased the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons. CaO/ZSM-5 can increase the yield of hydrocarbons, the order of influencing factors from high to low on hydrocarbons production was blend ratio of CaO to ZSM-5 > temperature > reaction time > blend ratio of raw material to catalyst. With the sufficient CaO loading, oxygen-containing compounds can be converted into to hydrocarbons. The yield of aliphatic hydrocarbon first increased and then decreased with the increasing of CaO loading. When pinewood: PP: CaO/ZSM-5 = 1:1:5, the highest yields of aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons were 90.91 % and 5.05 %. It can reduce the discarding of plastic and the burning of biomass. These results provide some practical insights on hydrocarbons production from mixtures of pinewood and polypropylene using co-pyrolysis technology. The composition of liquid phase products in the co-pyrolysis of Pinewood and PP is relatively complex. How to efficiently separate and purify the high value-added chemicals and fuels is a research direction for the next step.

To address the low energy density and poor selectivity of biomass pyrolysis products, five agricultural wastes (wheat straw, maize straw, sesame stalk, peanut shell, nut shell) were torrefied. The effects on physicochemical properties and product distribution were investigated, and grey relational analysis (GRA) quantified structureperformance relationships. Torrefaction removed moisture and light volatiles, reducing O/C and H/C ratios and driving biomass toward coalification. FTIR and TGA confirmed hemicellulose degradation and dehydration, enhancing hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Py-GC/MS showed that torrefaction suppressed acid formation while promoting hydrocarbon enrichment. Notably, sesame stalk, with its high ash content, exhibited a dramatic shift: acid yield dropped from 33.94% to 2.73%, while hydrocarbon yield surged from 4.92% to 37.42%, with significantly improved aromatic selectivity. GRA revealed a "dual-engine" differentiation mechanism for aromatic compound formation. For low-ash biomass, an element-driven pathway dominated (H/C ratio of maize straw: correlation coefficient 0.9876). For high-ash biomass, catalytic effects from alkali and alkaline earth metals prevailed (peanut shell ash content: coefficient 0.9405), overcoming hydrogen supply constraints by facilitating deep dehydroxylation reactions. This study validates that torrefaction combined with feedstock screening is an effective strategy for high-value biomass utilization, with sesame stalk showing exceptional potential as a torrefied biomass and aromatic chemical precursor.

This study investigated the fast co-pyrolysis of pine wood (PW) with waste plastics (PP and LDPE), employing biochar derived from PW gasification as a catalyst. By capitalizing on the synergistic interactions among the biomass, plastics and the catalytic function of the biochar, pyrolysis oil rich in aliphatic hydrocarbons (ACHs) were selectively produced. The results demonstrate complementarity and compatibility between PW and the plastics at the molecular functional group level, with PP providing a superior hydrocarbon pool compared to LDPE. The gasification biochar possesses a layered microporous structure, characterized by metallic active sites and acid sites on its surface. Its principal catalytic mechanisms involve the chain scission of C21+ ACHs and the deoxygenation of oxygen-containing compounds, supplemented by the adsorption of certain oxygen-containing macromolecules. Under biochar catalysis, the co-pyrolysis of PW and PP yielded an ACHs content of 65.16%, predominantly consisting of C5-C11 unsaturated chain aliphatic with methyl side chains and minor cyclic hydrocarbons. In contrast, co-pyrolysis with LDPE produced a slightly lower ACHs content of 62.99%, which was primarily composed of C12-C20 unsaturated straight-chain aliphatic. This study illuminates ACHs selective production across co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics with biochar to enhance yield, thereby furnishing technologies relevant to the high value conversion and utilization of waste in the future.

Biological pretreatment by white-rot fungi is a promising green technology for lignocellulose valorization, yet its industrial application is hampered by the high energy consumption of conventional steam sterilization. While a hurdle technology strategy combining low-temperature pasteurization and pH control has proven effective for wheat straw, its general applicability across diverse agricultural residues remains unclear. This study systematically compared the effects of low-temperature pasteurization (70 °C and 80 °C) with autoclaving (121 °C) on the pretreatment of wheat, rice, and rapeseed straw by Irpex lacteus at an initial pH of 4.5. The results revealed significant substrate-specific responses. For wheat and rapeseed straw, pasteurization achieved enzymatic saccharification yields comparable to or exceeding those of autoclaving, demonstrating excellent energy-saving potential. In contrast, rice straw required autoclaving at 121 °C to achieve maximum delignification (55.91

Abstracts To realize energy sustainable development and climate change mitigation, developing efficient energy utilization for forestry and agricultural residues is a critical strategy by thermochemical pretreatment such as torrefaction. In the study, pine wood and peanut shells are selected as biomass feedstocks. Torrefaction is conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere at 200 oC, 230 oC, and 260 oC for 60 min to investigate biomass quality and structural evolution. Torrefied biomass are characterized through proximate analysis, elemental analysis, higher heating value (HHV) measurement, Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results show that torrefaction significantly improves biomass physical and chemical characteristics. As the torrefaction temperature increases, heating value improves significantly along with volatile content decrease and fixed carbon content increases. Pine wood exhibits an HHV of 23.041 MJ/kg and HGI of 164 at 260 oC. SEM analysis revealed a looser surface structure after torrefaction, significantly improving the biomass grindability. Torrefaction is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing the quality of agroforestry residues to improve utilization efficiency.

This study systematically investigated the effects of torrefaction at 220, 260, and 300 ℃ on the structural evolution, thermal stability, and pyrolysis behavior of kraft lignin (KL), aiming to provide insights for its valorization. KL was pretreated in a fixed-bed reactor and characterized using proximate/ultimate analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG). Results revealed that increasing torrefaction temperature reduced the solid yield to 58.36%, while significantly enhancing the fixed carbon content, decreasing O/C and H/C ratios to 0.11 and 0.52, and increasing the high heating value (HHV) to 25.26 MJ/kg, indicating pronounced deoxygenation and carbon enrichment. FTIR and 13C NMR analyses showed that the content of unstable ether linkages decreased from 22.22% to 5.51%, and aromatic carbon increased to 42.68%, and Car-Car bond concentration rose continuously, reflecting the combined effects of β-O-4 ether bond cleavage, demethoxylation, dehydration, and aromatization-condensation. TG analysis demonstrated substantially improved thermal stability, with Ti, Tm, and Tt increasing from 259, 358, and 506 ℃ to 374, 532, and 785 ℃, respectively. Pyrolysis experiments further indicated that torrefied KL reduced CO2 yield to 32.83 mL/g while maintaining a solid yield of 37.68%, which successfully enhanced the stability of the lignin carbon framework and improved its carbon sequestration capacity. Overall, torrefaction effectively optimized the chemical structure and bond network of KL, enhancing thermal stability, directing pyrolysis pathways, and improving carbon sequestration potential during energy-oriented biomass utilization, offering an effective approach for carbon mitigation.

This study investigated the kinetics, thermodynamic characteristics, and reaction pathways during the copyrolysis of corn straw (CS) and tar distillation residue (TAR-D). Results showed that incorporating 15% TARD reduced the peak temperature of the system from 358.2 to 346.5 degrees C. The average activation energies of CS, TAR-D, and H-15% calculated by the FWO method were 152.42, 143.77, and 147.01 kJ mol- 1, respectively, indicating that TAR-D addition lowered the reaction energy barrier of CS and promoted pyrolysis. The Delta H values of the three samples were 147.66, 142.22, and 138.56 kJ mol- 1, confirming endothermic reactions. The Delta S of H15% was negative (-4.94 J mol- 1 K- 1), indicating more stable energy release and a more ordered product structure. Co-pyrolysis products showed decreased phenols, alcohols, and ketones, while aromatic hydrocarbons and esters increased significantly. Oxygen-containing radicals from CS cracking underwent hydrogen transfer and coupling with aromatic radicals from TAR-D, facilitating aromatic ring reconstruction, deoxygenation of phenolic hydroxyls, and ester formation. This study elucidates the synergistic conversion of CS and TAR-D during co-pyrolysis, providing a theoretical basis for the efficient thermochemical utilization of all CS components.

Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) represent a promising class of energy storage devices that bridge the gap between batteries and supercapacitors by combining high energy and power densities. Nevertheless, their practical application is hindered by the irreversible consumption of sodium ions during the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode, which severely limits the sodium inventory and, consequently, degrades capacity retention and energy density. In this work, we prepared a high-efficiency presodiation material by uniformly compositing Na(2)C(2)O(4 )with Super P through an ingenious spray-drying technique (S-SP/NCO). This composite not only compensates for the irreversible sodium loss via its electrochemical decomposition during the first charge but also actively promotes the formation of a robust, inorganic-rich SEI layer. When incorporated into SIHCs assembled with a hard carbon anode and an activated carbon cathode, the additive markedly improves electrochemical performance, manifested by higher Coulombic efficiency, increased specific capacity, and superior cycling stability. Moreover, the capacitor with S-SP/NCO can achieve an energy density of 149.9 Wh kg-1 while still retaining 54.77 Wh kg-1 at a high power density of 3725.85 W kg-1, outperforming the additive-free counterpart. Ex situ characterization reveals that the introduction of sodium ions optimizes the SEI composition, contributing to an inorganic-rich electrode-electrolyte interface and facilitated ion transport. This study demonstrates a facile synthetic route for fabricating a composite material with a low decomposition potential and high utilization efficiency, offering new perspectives for the design of high-performance presodiation reagents.

CO2-assisted steam gasification of rice straw (RS) offers a promising approach for both the sustainable utilization of rice straw and the reduction of CO2 emissions. This study investigates the transformation of RS during pyrolysis and gasification in a fixed-bed reactor, with structural changes observed through solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The gas composition is analyzed by gas GC, and covalent bonds are quantified through carbon structure and elemental analysis. The results demonstrate that steam acts as a key reactant in the gasification process, significantly enhancing the pyrolysis of RS and leading to higher hydrogen yields. CO2 serves as an oxidant above 500°C, oxygenating aromatic rings and initiating ring-opening reactions to form active C(O) intermediates that are crucial for hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield increases similarly to H2O gasification, while methane and carbon monoxide decrease significantly after gasification over 700°C. The H2/CO ratio improves from 0.64 in N2 to 1.46 in H2O, and further to 1.71 in CO2-H2O at 700°C. CO2-assisted steam gasification optimizes the reactive interface activity, promoting the selective formation of hydrogen and improving the efficiency of the gasification process. Furthermore, CO2 plays a pivotal role in enhancing the formation of active C(O) intermediates, which further facilitates the production of high-purity hydrogen. The process also induces the formation of a regular micro-pore structure, improving the overall efficiency and selectivity of directional hydrogen generation.

In this study, an iron-based carbon-aluminum composite catalyst (Fe/CS-AWA) was innovatively synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization using a blend of calcined aluminum ash and corn stalks (CS) as a composite support. To systematically balance catalytic performance and process economics, a multi-objective optimization was carried out for the first time using response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with the desirability function approach (DFA) to investigate the effects of the mass ratio of aluminum ash to CS (mAWA:mCS), residence time, and carbonization temperature affect the performance of the catalyst, aiming to achieve efficient and selective hydrogen production from biomass and the light fractions of pyrolysis tar. The optimized conditions (mAWA: mCS was 2:1, the carbonization time was 55 min, and the carbonization temperature was 700 degrees C) yielded a total gas production of 246.10 mL/g-biomass during biomass pyrolysis over Fe/CS-AWA, representing an increase of approximately 85.41 % in total gas and 47.45 % in hydrogen yield compared with direct pyrolysis of CS. Characterization analysis unveiled the in-situ formation of irregular iron carbides and Al-O-C intermediates on the catalyst surface, which together constructed a compact C-O-Al-Fe organic-inorganic framework-a structure rarely reported in previous biomass conversion catalysts. This unique framework effectively promoted the cracking and reforming of biomass macromolecules. Furthermore, when the flow rate of tar light fraction was 0.5 mL/min and the pyrolysis temperature was 800 degrees C, the catalyst increased the hydrogen yield to 210.72 mL/gtar, demonstrating its dual-function capability in catalyzing both biomass pyrolysis and tar reforming within a single material. Overall, this work not only presents a novel strategy for the synergistic valorization of two waste streams (aluminum ash and agricultural residues) into an effective catalyst, but also provides a systematic optimization methodology and mechanistic insights that establish a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of low-cost, high-performance catalysts for biomass-based hydrogen production.

To achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, developing efficient energy conversion technologies for forestry and agricultural residues is a critical strategy for reconciling the tension between economic development and reducing fossil energy consumption while mitigating environmental pollution. This study employs thermogravimetric analysis and a pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics, kinetic behaviors, and product distribution of representative agroforestry residues, specifically poplar sawdust and corn stalk. The analysis reveals negligible differences in the volatile matter and fixed carbon content between poplar sawdust and corn stalk. However, when compared, corn stalk demonstrates a significantly higher ash content. Based on the mass conversion rate (alpha), the pyrolysis process of biomass can be categorized into three distinct stages: the initial stage (0

Preparation of bio-oils rich in aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) through catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics to replace conventional petroleum-based fuels and chemicals has received extensive attention. However, the yield of target products is relatively low and the catalyst evaluation system is still not comprehensive. To solve the problems, the zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) co-modified HZSM-5/MCM-41 at different Zn:Fe mass ratios were prepared. Additionally, the product distribution during the preparation of hydrocarbon-rich bio-oils through copyrolysis of Miscanthus (MT) and polystyrene (PS) under catalysis of these catalysts was explored. Results show that compared with the non-catalytic pyrolysis of MTPS, all catalysts are conducive to increasing the content of AHs in the products; compared with the catalysis of HZSM-5/MCM-41 alone, the Zn-modified, Fe-modified, and Zn-Fe co-modified HZSM-5/MCM-41 catalysts all can enlarge the proportion of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and also inhibit the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among them, the combination of 2Zn, 2Fe, and HZSM-5/MCM-41 is most beneficial to increases in the content (93.47%) and yield (1.01 & times;109) of AHs. At this ratio, Zn and Fe show a favorable positive synergy. A two-stage pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) was utilized to carry out cyclic experiments on the 2Zn2FeHZSM-5/MCM-41 catalyst, and the catalyst was comprehensively assessed combining multiple characterization approaches. The research found that the catalyst has been completely deactivated after nine cycles of use, and the catalyst was regenerated by calcining it at 800 degrees C in an air atmosphere for 20 min, the results showed that this deactivation was irreversible. The research provides reference for the preparation of high-value chemicals through co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics.

Conductive hydrogels with high ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical properties and excellent water retention are still widely concerned in the field of flexible electronics. In this study, a low-cost, green and simple modification strategy was used to prepare a double-crosslinked alkaline hydrogel electrolyte composed of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (L-CNF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) to improve the performance of flexible zinc-air batteries (FZABs). The mechanical properties of the hydrogel, ionic conductivity, and water retention capacity were optimized through varying the additive amounts of L-CNF. The findings indicate that the composite hydrogel electrolyte exhibits optimal performance at an L-CNF content of 0.15 g，exhibiting an ionic conductivity as high as 336.42 mS cm−1, water retention of 52% after 10 days, and tensile strain of 320% under 70 kPa stress. The FZABs based on this hydrogel electrolyte achieved a peak power density of 50.5 mW cm−2, demonstrated stable discharge for 689 min at 2.0 mA cm−2, and displayed cycling stability over 33 h. The hydrogel electrolyte has excellent flexible sensing performance with a gauge factor of 3.10. In this work, green and low-cost biomass L-CNF is used as a functional modification filler, which provides a new design idea for the multifunctional integration of biomass resources in flexible energy devices.

The increasing accumulation of biomass residues and plastic waste raises urgent environmental concerns. This study evaluates the environmental performance of biochar catalyzed co-pyrolysis of pine sawdust and polypropylene across four national contexts: Switzerland, Greece, India, and China. The results show clear differences among countries. Incineration based systems such as Switzerland achieve the largest climate benefit, with emission reductions reaching 871 kg CO2-eq t-1 of pyrolysis oil. In contrast, landfill and open dump baselines in Greece and India may lead to higher climate impacts because of electricity demand. Beyond climate change, non-carcinogenic toxicity and aquatic ecotoxicity consistently declined in all four countries, while land use burdens increased due to biomass preprocessing. These findings indicate that co-pyrolysis can provide environmental advantages when supported by low-carbon electricity and effective use of co-products, offering guidance for waste valorization strategies in diverse regions.

Ideal double-layer capacitor electrodes require both high specific surface area and a porous structure efficiently wetted by electrolyte ions. Therefore, precisely controlling the pore structure of porous carbon materials to synergistically enhance both specific surface area and ion transport efficiency has become a key research challenge. This study employs lignin as a renewable carbon source, utilizing a templating approach to controllably synthesize hierarchical porous carbon materials. It systematically investigates the effects of single MgO hard templates, MgO-P123 dual templates, and single P123 soft templates on material structure and electrochemical performance. The MgO templating agent primarily contributes macropores/mesopores, enhancing ion transport and structural stability; the P123 templating agent mainly contributes mesopores, providing an efficient transport network and high specific surface area; the MgO and P123 dual-templating agents synergistically construct a multi-level pore structure comprising micropores, mesopores, and macropores. The ELCP-0.25 porous carbon prepared using P123 exhibits a high specific surface area and hierarchical porous structure, demonstrating outstanding performance in electrochemical energy storage applications. Within a three-electrode test system, this material displays exceptional electrochemical properties in KOH electrolyte, achieving a specific capacitance of 430 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Based on ELCP-0.25, symmetrical supercapacitors assembled with KOH and Et4NBF4/PC as electrolytes exhibit high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability of 343 F/g and 161.84 F/g, respectively, with capacitance retention rates of up to 99.33