The development and utilization of coastal saline-alkali lands hold significant importance in mitigating the shortage of cultivated land resources in China, enhancing the agro-ecological environment in coastal saline and alkaline areas, and ensuring national food security. We set up both pot and field trials (randomized block design) at Xinxiang experimental station of Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICS-CAAS) and Dongying Yellow River Delta Modern Agricultural Research Base in Shandong Province in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The experimental materials, Jiliang 1 and Jiliang 2, underwent seed dressing with GKI composites at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mL·kg-1. These composites, which contained the main components of gibberellin, kinetin, and indole butyric acid, were denoted as GKI2.5 and GKI5.0, respectively. The control plots (CK) received water seed dressing. The aim was to assess the regulatory effects of GKI on salt tolerance and grain sorghum yield. Compared to CK, the GKI2.5 and GKI5.0 seed dressing treatments significantly enhanced the growth and development of the two grain sorghum varieties, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content of sorghum leaves, while reducing leaf malondialdehyde content. Moreover, the GKI treatments increased leaf net photosynthetic rate. Under field conditions, yields of Jiliang 1 and Jiliang 2 were enhanced by an average of 17.1% and 19.1%, respectively. In conclusion, GKI seed dressing treatment effectively promoted the growth and development of sorghum under salt stress. It enhanced the antioxidant and osmoregulatory capacities of leaves, reduced the level of membrane lipid peroxidation, and improved net photosynthetic rate of leaves, which together improved the salt tolerance and sorghum yield.

Rapid dehydration of maize grain is one of the main characteristics of cultivar selection for mechanical grain harvest; however, the dominant driving forces and mechanisms of grain dehydration before physiological maturity remain disputable and obscure. This study compared the grain moisture content and dehydration rate of coated treatment (no surface evaporation) and control grains. Meanwhile, the xylem-mobile dye was infused from stem and cob, and its movement was observed in cob, ear-stalk and stem xylem. The development dynamics of husk, grain and cob were analyzed to determine the mechanism of grain dehydration. The results showed that, from grain formation to 5-10 days before physiological maturity, the main driving force of grain dehydration of the early and middle-maturity maize cultivars was filling, followed by surface evaporation. In the dye movement experiment, the movement of the stem-infused xylem-mobile dye through the pedicel xylem was observed during but not after the grain formation period. Moreover, the cob-infused xylem-mobile dye moved to the ear- stalk and the stem via the xylem. There was a significantly positive correlation between grain filling rate and dehydration rate from grain formation to physiological maturity. According to these results, we proposed that in the grain dehydration phase driven by filling, the surplus water in the grain flows back to the cob via the pedicel xylem, of which some flowed back to the plant via the cob and ear- stalk xylem. This provides a new theoretical basis for selecting and breeding maize cultivars suitable for mechanical grain harvesting.

为探究适于河北省农作区节水、丰产、高效的作物种植形式,于2018-2019年分别在河北农业大学清苑试验站和辛集市马庄试验站进行了4种种植模式的比较试验.采用4个小麦品种、8个玉米品种为试验材料,比较分析了春玉米一熟种植(T1)、青贮-粒用玉米一年两熟(T2)、双季甜玉米(T3)和传统冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟(CK)4种种植模式的周年产量、资源利用率、田间耗水量、经济效益.结果表明,4种种植模式中以CK的生物产量和光能利用率最高,分别比T1、T2、T3模式高出49.6％、23.1％、38.3％和0.53％、0.25％、0.43％;T1、T3的水分生产效率分别比CK低7.6％、9.0％,T2比CK高7.0％;3种试验模式的田间耗水量分别低于传统模式的45.4％、28.5％、32.1％;4种种植模式中以T3收益最高,分别高于其他模式的45.3％、30.4％、8.7％.本试验筛选出了适宜河北省当前水资源现状的节水高效种植模式,可为该区域农业高产高效可持续发展提供理论和实践依据.

民以食为天,粮食安全事关国家的稳定与发展.良种选育是农业生产发展的首要条件,也是作物种子工程的最终目标.本文作者从玉米的战略地位和人民不断提高的生活水平需求出发,阐述了我国粮食安全的重要性及粮食生产中存在的问题,系统比较了我国与欧美国家在种子工程方面存在的差距及优势,并为进一步促进我国玉米种子工程发展指明了方向.通过转基因技术,减肥、减药,改善农业生产环境,以蔬菜为主的农作物生产才能做到"有机、环保、绿色".

以中单909为材料,设置5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)和乙烯利(ETH)不同浓度复配组合,于拔节期(V6)进行叶面喷施.研究5-ALA-ETH复配剂对缓解东北春玉米冠层郁闭效应、提高叶片净光合效率(Pn)、增强叶片的光合产物供给能力、保障春玉米稳产增产的调控效应.结果表明,A2E1(22.5g/hm2 5-ALA+450mL/hm2 ETH)处理能够增强叶片的光合生理活性,调控效果最佳,其中V7期叶片叶绿素含量相比对照(CK)显著提高8.9％,V12期叶片RuBP羧化酶(RuBPCase)和PEP羧化酶(PEPCase)活性比CK分别显著提高65.2％和87.1％,V8和V12期叶片Pn比CK分别显著提高14.8％和24.5％.同时,该处理提高了叶片蔗糖的合成能力,其中V12期叶片蔗糖合酶(SS)活性比CK显著提高85.0％,V11期蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性比CK显著提高33.1％,V7、V9和V12期叶片蔗糖含量比CK分别显著提高69.2％、16.8％和78.6％.在玉米收获期,A2E1处理显著增加了玉米穗长、穗粒数和产量,相比CK分别提高了5.4％、6.2％和5.4％,玉米秃尖长显著缩短50.4％.综上所述,5-ALA(22.5g/hm2)和ETH(450mL/hm2)复配能够改善东北春玉米生育期内光合生理特性,提高收获穗粒数和产量,增强其抵抗冠层郁闭效应胁迫的能力.

以中单909为材料,设置5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)和乙烯利(ETH)不同浓度复配组合,于拔节期(V6)进行叶面喷施.研究5-ALA-ETH复配剂对缓解东北春玉米生育期内低温冷害、提高叶片光合作用、增加干物质积累、保障春玉米稳产增产的技术机理.结果 表明,22.50g/hm2 5-ALA配合450mL/hm2 ETH处理(A2E1)可显著提高玉米产量,比对照提高4.8％.该处理下玉米生育期内功能叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)比对照平均分别提高2.7％、3.6％、2.2％和1.4％,且在灌浆期比对照分别提高3.2％、15.7％、8.2％和3.6％.此外,A2E1处理玉米收获期(R6)相对绿叶面积增加16.9％,全生育期内功能叶SPAD值和地上部分干物质积累量比对照平均分别增加2.9％和8.6％.因此,5-ALA-ETH(22.50g/hm2-450mL/hm2)复配剂能够有效改善东北春玉米灌浆期光合特性,提高该区域春玉米生育中后期抗耐低温冷害的能力,对保障该区域春玉米的高产稳产具有重要意义.

为探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)和乙烯利(ETH)复配剂对东北春玉米生育期内低温冷害的调控机制,创建东北春玉米区抗冷密植稳产化控栽培技术,2018—2019年在吉林省公主岭试验站(43o9′55″N,124o48′43″E),以中单909为材料,设置5-ALA和ETH不同浓度复配组合处理,于拔节期(V6)进行叶面喷施,研究各复配剂组合对春玉米源-库代谢、灌浆速率及产量的调控效应.5-ALA-ETH处理相比对照均改善了春玉米源-库代谢,其中22.50 g hm–25-ALA配合450 mL hm–2 ETH处理(A2E1)调控效果最优.A2E1处理下春玉米花前功能叶蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量平均比对照分别增加5.4％和7.9％,在吐丝后20 d内功能叶蔗糖含量降低14.4％,而籽粒蔗糖含量提高41.4％.5-ALA-ETH处理提高了籽粒最大灌浆速率,A2E1处理下在灌浆10～20 d籽粒蔗糖合酶(SS)分解方向酶活、籽粒酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性相比对照平均分别提高12.5％、52.8％和24.1％.A2E1处理玉米收获期穗长、穗粒数比对照分别增加4.7％和8.6％,秃尖长降低58.3％,产量显著提高4.8％.综上所述,5-ALA-ETH复配剂能够增加东北春玉米生育期内源强和库活性,进而促进籽粒灌浆,缓解低温冷害的影响,对保障东北春玉米高产稳产具有重要意义.

以14个不同熟性的玉米品种为试验材料,在3个密度(6.0万,7.5万,9.0万株·hm-2)下系统分析了不同品种生长发育和干物质积累情况.在收获期测定了穗粒质量、干物质量、子粒的含水率和苞叶性状,并对其进行了相关分析.结果表明,玉米苞叶质量、苞叶层数、苞叶长、苞叶宽和苞叶面积等性状在不同品种和种植密度间差异达极显著水平;种植密度与品种互作对苞叶质量、苞叶宽和苞叶面积的影响达极显著水平,对其他性状影响不显著;子粒含水率与苞叶含水率、苞叶层数达到极显著正相关,与苞叶宽度呈显著正相关.在进行适宜子粒机收的品种筛选时,除产量和子粒含水率外,应注意选择苞叶层数较少、苞叶宽度较小和含水率较低的品种.

为了研究玉米割苗对茎秆性状和产量的影响,于2016年和2017年在河北省廊坊市倪官屯安排了2年的田间试验.采用的品种为郑单958和禾育187,在玉米5叶1心时采用玉米割苗机进行割苗处理,将玉米第一片叶以上的3～4片绿叶割除,以同品种不割苗玉米作对照,在不同生育期观测了玉米形态和生理指标,在玉米收获期进行了田间测产.结果表明:两个品种割苗处理相比对照玉米穗位和重心高度分别降低12.0 cm和6.5 cm,基部茎秆变细,但抗穿刺力有所提高,在灌浆后期叶片的持绿性显著优于对照.测产结果表明:割苗玉米收获穗数显著增加,穗粒重提高,平均增产玉米24％,玉米割苗增产技术值得深入研究.

[Objectives] In order to provide scientific basis for the study of carbon sequestration and emission reduction in black soil area of northeast China,the effects of long-term different fertilization measures on soil respiration were explored.[Methods] This study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment from the National Black Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitoring Base.Five fertilization treatments were selected,including no fertilizer (CK),only chemical fertilizer application (NPK),combining chemical fertilizer with straw (NPKS),combining chemical fertilizer with low level of organic fertilizer (NPKM 1),combining chemical fertilizer with high level of organic fertilizer (NPKM2).Field monitoring was conducted using Soil-box343 soil respiration measuring system,and environmental conditions were observed at the same time.[Results] The soil respiration rate of the treatments was in range of 4.12 to 7.23 μmol/(m2·s),showing the trend of "increasing first and then decreasing" during the growth period of corn,and the highest value appeared at about 69 days after sowing.The peak respiration rate of NPKM2 treatment was significantly higher than those of other treatments (P ＜ 0.05).There was a significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and soil temperature during the monitoring period.Soil temperature can explain 41％-77％ of the variation of the soil respiration rate,and the range of soil temperature sensitive coefficient Q10 was from 2.35 to 3.49.The total soil respiration varied from 3473 to 5643 kg/hm2.NPKM2 treatment was respectively 21.0％,26.4％ and 62.4％ higher than those in NPKS,NPK and CK treatments,and NPKS was 34.2％ higher than that in the CK (P ＜ 0.05).The increasing trend of soil organic carbon content in long-term organic and inorganic treatments is more obvious than other treatments,and the soil organic carbon contents in NPKM1 and NPKM2 treatments were increased by 6.01 g/kg and 5.55 g/kg compared with the initial soil organic carbon content,respectively.[Conclusions] Long-term application of organic fertilizer can increases soil respiration,and improve the content of soil organic carbon at the same time.Manure application plays a win-win effect for improving agricultural productivity and sustainable utilization.

田间试验于2016年在黑龙江省伊春市嘉荫农场进行.以德美亚1为材料,在玉米5可见叶期采用玉米割苗机进行玉米留1叶和留2叶处理,研究不同割苗处理对玉米生长发育及其产量的影响.结果表明,割苗处理显著降低了玉米株高,使玉米抽雄吐丝期延迟了4～5 d,但成熟期无明显变化.割苗处理显著提高了玉米的成穗率,增加了群体总穗数和果穗重,玉米产量比对照平均增加了15.3％.研究表明,适当割苗处理对控制玉米株高、增加种植密度及提高玉米产量具有重要的理论与实践价值.

为筛选河北省夏玉米区适宜机械收获籽粒的玉米品种,以14个玉米杂交种为材料,于2016年在河北农业大学教学科研基地进行筛选研究,系统测定了各杂交种生长发育的积温需求、灌浆脱水特性、茎秆力学特性及产量性状.结果表明,德美亚1和垦玉10达到生理成熟期所需的天数分别为83 d和84 d,收获时的籽粒含水量分别为20％和20.5％,收获期立秆特性较好,抗倒伏能力强,适宜进行机械化籽粒收获.不同品种的玉米产量变动在6000～11000 kg/hm2范围内.德美亚1和垦玉10的产量分别为7298.42 kg/hm2和6088.57 kg/hm2,产量相对较低,应该适当增加密度,以提高产量.

为了比较研究控失磷肥对小麦生长发育及产量的影响,于2015-2016年在保定市河北农业大学实验基地进行了试验.参试小麦品种为保麦10,试验所用控失、活化磷酸二铵与普通磷酸二铵养分含量均为61％(16-45-0),在播前整地时一次施用,施用量为600 kg/hm2,以不施肥处理为空白对照,3次重复.结果表明:不同施肥处理对小麦的生长发育、干物质积累及其产量性状均产生了显著的影响,控失磷肥处理影响效果显著优于普通磷肥.与普通磷酸二铵相比,控失活化磷肥可分别提高小麦千粒重、干物质和产量6.8％、11.9％和7.1％.控失肥处理提高了小麦灌浆期叶面积指数和光合强度.同时,控失肥处理增加基部节间粗度和抗折力.肥料的偏生产效率和农学效率分别提高7.1％和24.0％.控失肥作为一种新型肥料将对提高小麦产量、提高施肥效益和保护资源环境起到重要作用.

试验于2014年至2015年在保定市农科院实验基地进行.以谷子品种保谷20为材料,比较研究控失肥和普通化肥对谷子干物质累积、氮磷钾养分累积、养分吸收效率和产量等性状的影响.结果表明,在施入相同养分含量(N 144 kg/hm2,P2O572 kg/hm2,K2O 72 kg/hm2)的控失肥和普通肥料后,谷子产量、干物质累积和营养元素累积均出现了显著差异,控失肥处理显著优于普通肥料.与普通肥料相比,控失肥可分别提高谷子千粒重、干物质和产量4％、8％和17.1％;控失肥处理的器官营养元素含量高于对照肥料.控失肥处理营养的吸收效率和偏生产力分别比对照肥料高63.4％和10.4％.控失肥处理比普通化肥处理提高了谷子叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和SPAD值,使得叶片光合强度(Pn)提高了19.5％.控失肥作为一种新型肥料将对提高谷子产量、提高施肥效益和保护资源环境起到重要作用.

[Objective] Mechanical grain harvest is the developing direction of maize production,and harvest quality is the main factor affecting its popularization and application.This harvest way in China is still in the preliminary stage.The application areas are larger in the Northwest and Northeast China while experimental demonstration is just actively carried out in HuangHuai-Hai summer corn area.In this study,the influence factors on harvesting quality of mechanical grain harvest in summer maize were analyzed to provide supports for popularization and application of the technology.[Method]From 2013 to 2015,twenty three different maize cultivars were planted in Xinxiang,Henan.Twice harvests were conducted in 2013 and 2015 and once in 2014.The moisture content and yield were measured before harvest.When mechanical harvest was finished,kernel samples were taken out from the harvester to investigate the moisture content immediately.Then,the grain broken rate and the impurity rate were measured in laboratory by hand-picked method.The ear and kemel loss rates were investigated in the field sample areas after harvest.[Result] From 2013 to 2015,the results from 131 samples showed that corn kernel moisture content ranged from 20.80％ to 41.08％ and grain broken rate was between 4.98％ and 41.36％.Grain broken rate increased with the rising grain moisture content.There were 38 samples that broken rate was below 8％,accounting for 29.01％.When kernel moisture content was under 26.92％,the broken rate could confirm to the standard of 8％.The results from 134 samples showed that the impurity rate was between 0.37％ and 5.28％.There were 107 samples with impurity rate below 3％ which accounted for 79.85％.The impurity rate also increased with the rising grain moisture content.From 2013 to 2014,the impurity rate did not meet the standard of 3％ until grain moisture content was below 28.27％ while the impurity rate was all below 3％ with grain high moisture content in 2015.The loss rate from 108 samples ranged from 0.18％ to 2.85％ all of which confirmed to the national standard.Therefore,the loss rate didn't limit the mechanical harvest quality.In this experiment,when kernel moisture content was lower than 26.92％,the broken rate and the impurity rate were below 8％ and 3％,respectively,and the loss rate met the national standard simultaneously,which could ensure the quality of mechanical grain harvest.The study also found that there were significant differences in the broken rate and the impurity rate among different cultivars,representing the importance of proper cultivar.[Conclusion] Corn moisture content is the key factor for the quality of the grain mechanical harvest.Significant differences existed in harvest quality among cultivars when grain moisture contents were similar.Because of different growing conditions such as temperature between years,the grain moisture contents at harvest were different,but it is feasible for Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region represented by Xinxiang,Henan to ensure the quality of grain mechanical harvest by choosing the adapted cultivars and adopting appropriate sowing and harvesting time.

In order to compare the effects of loss control fertilizer (WC) and normal compound fertilizer (NC) on the nutrition accumulation and yield of wheat, a random block experiment was set at the experimental field of Baoding Academy of Agricultural Science during 2015-2016. The winter wheat variety of Baomai 10 was used as material. Two kinds of fertilizers with the same nutrition content of 20%N, 20%P2O5 and 8%K2O were used and the application rate of fertilizers was 600 kg/hm, applied once with soil preparation before sowing, 3 reps. The results showed that there were significant differences on dry matter accumulation, nutrition accumulation and yield characteristics with different fertilizer treatments, and the effect of WC treatment was significantly better than that of NC. Compared with NC, the 1 000-grain weight, dry matter and yield of wheat of WC could be increased by 2.5%, 11.0%, 6.3%, respectively. The accumulation amount of N, P, K of wheat plants at different growing stages were shown as follows: WC>NC>CK. The fertilizer agronomic efficiency (AE) was increased by 23.5%, compared with that of the NC treatment. At the same time, the nutrition amount in the top soil was also increased. As a new type of fertilizer, WC will play an important role in improving the yield of wheat, increasing the efficiency of 基金项目:安徽铜陵六国化工资助项目(2015) 作者简介:田金柱(1965—),男,高级农艺师,主要研究方向:农业推广 通信联系人:张凤路,教授,主要研究方向:作物栽培生理. E-mail: nxyumi@hebau.edu.cn Vol.10 No.9 May 2017 中国科技论文在线精品论文 973 fertilization and protecting the environment.

To compare the effects of loss control (WC) and normal compound fertilizer (NC) on the growth and development and yield of wheat,a random block experiment was set at the experimental field of Baoding Academy of Agricultural Science during 2015-2016.Winter wheat variety ‘Baomai 10’ was used as material,two kinds of fertilizers with the same nutrition content of N 20％,P2O5 20％ and K2O 8％ were applied at a rate of 600 kg/hm2 in soil preparation before sowing,3 repeats were conducted.The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and development,dry matter accumulation and yield characteristics with different fertilizer treatments,and the effect of WC treatment was significantly better than that of NC treatment.Compared with NC,the 1000-grain weight,dry mass and yield of wheat could be increased by 2.5％,20.7％ and 6.3％ respectively with WC treatment.LAI and photosynthetic rate of wheat at grain filling stage were increased with WC treatment.At the same time,WC treatment also increased the basal internode thickness and bending force,and the fertilizer agronomy efficiency (AE) increased by 23.5％.As a new type of fertilizer,WC will play an important role in improving wheat yield,increasing fertilization efficiency and protecting the environment.

田间条件下,以合农60(有限),垦丰16(亚有限)和合丰55(无限)3个大豆品种为试材,采用再裂区试验设计,探讨播期、品种和密度对不同大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:播期显著影响大豆产量;播期和密度互作、品种和密度互作以及播期、品种和密度互作对大豆产量均产生影响,达到极显著水平.3个大豆品种在铁岭地区适宜播期为5月4日,在此播期下,合农60在密度45万株·hm-2时产量最高,为1 810.5 kg·hm-2;而垦丰16和合丰55均在30万株·hm-2时产量最高,分别为1 721.55和1 678.95kg·hm-2.

为探明密植高产玉米群体是否存在根系冗余,于2014年至2015年在河北农业大学辛集试验站进行了田间试验.以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,比较研究了在75000株/hm2的密度条件下,分别于大喇叭口期去根和吐丝期去根处理对植株根系形态、干物质积累及产量性状的影响.结果 表明:与不去根处理相比,吐丝期去根处理的植株穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别提高了8.7％、4.74％和1.98％,而大喇叭口期去根处理的植株分别降低了16.5％、10.29％和2.74％.随着生育进程的推进,各处理的植株地上部分总干物重和分配至果穗中的干物质比例不断增加,其中吐丝期去根处理的总干物重和果穗干物质分配比例最高,较对照分别增加了0.72％和4.96％.两种去根处理显著增加了0～10 cm土层内的根系长度,尤其增加了0.5～1.0 mm毛细根的数量,利于对耕层水分和营养的吸收.大喇叭口期去根处理增加了各土层内的根系表面积和根体积,吐丝期去根处理增加了0～10 cm土层内的根系表面积和根体积.研究认为,密植高产玉米群体存在根系冗余,在玉米吐丝期适当去根处理对玉米产量的提高具有促进作用.

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,比较研究了控失肥和普通化肥对玉米干物质累积与分配、叶面积、叶片光合性能、茎杆性状和产量的影响.结果表明:在施入相同养分含量(N 144 kg/hm2,P2O5 72 kg/hm2, K2O 72 kg/hm2)的控失肥和普通肥料后,玉米生长发育、干物质积累和分配及玉米产量均发生了显著差异,控失肥处理显著优于普通肥料.与普通肥料相比,控失肥可分别提高玉米千粒重、干物质和产量的12.3%,12.8%和6.9%;控失肥处理提高了玉米灌浆期叶面积指数和叶片叶绿素相对含量(soil and plant analyzer develotrnent,SPAD ),蜡熟期光合强度提高 26.5%. 同时,控失肥处理增加基部茎杆粗度和抗穿刺能力,抗倒伏性大为提高.控失肥作为一种新型肥料将对提高玉米产量、提高施肥效益和保护资源环境起到重要作用.