The situation that China's soybean imports have broken through new highs and the import sources are highly concentrated,and the degree of dependence on import is rising,led to severe risks for the availability and stability of soybean import source,threatening China's food security.In this paper,the dependence risk of China's soybean import was examined both on the whole and individually,and the generation mechanism of China's soybean import dependence risk was analyzed and examined through constructing a model.The results showed that,there were import dependency risk for China's soybean imports from the United States and Brazil,two top source countries for China's soybean imports,which indicated that the risk situation is severe.It is,on the one hand,due to the strong supply capacity of major soybean exporting countries,which makes it easy for China to depend highly on them,and on the other hand,due to the increasing demand for soybean imports in China,which makes the dependence risk of China's soybean import increasing.Based on the research results,suggestions are proposed to establish a sound and comprehensive soybean risk monitoring and warning system,improve diversified soybean import layout,enhance the resilience of soybean supply chain and domestic soybean production capacity.
Salt stress is one of the important environmental factors affecting the growth,development and yield of soybean.NAC family transcription factors are important genes in plant response to salt stress,but their functions have not been fully elucidated in soybean.To identity new genes that control salt tolerance in soybean,in this study,the whole genome analysis,cluster analysis and transcriptome data of soybean plants under salt stress were first used to identify NAC genes induced by salt stress.Secondly,the haplotype,salt tolerance index and nucleic acid polymorphism of NAC genes induced by salt stress in roots were analyzed.We identified 182 NAC genes in the soybean genome and divided them to 7 subfamilies.We found that the expression of 18 NAC genes were significantly up-regulated under salt stress,among which eight NAC genes were expressed in roots,which might be related to response to salt stress.An important gene NAC23 that may respond to salt stress was identified.Our results also showed that the Hap1 haplotype of NAC23 may promote the tolerance of cultivated soybean to salt stress,and this gene was subjected to strong artificial selection.These results provide new insights for the comprehensive analysis of the relationship between NAC gene and soybean salt tolerance,and provide gene resources and new ideas for breeding new varieties of highly resistant crops.
Genotype Imputation(GI)is a technique that uses existing genotype information to infer unobserved or incomplete genotypes.This study aims to explore efficient imputation methods for handling incomplete data in soybean genomic sequencing,with the goal of improving data processing speed and efficiency.Real soybean reference panel genotype data was used in the study,and the data was subjected to complete random missingness at rates of 2％,5％,10％,and 25％.A GPU-acceleratedrandom forest machine learning algorithm was employed to construct imputation models and fill in the missing data at different missingness rates.Additionally,the accuracy and performance of different processors were compared and analyzed.The research results demonstrate that the GPU-accelerated random forest algorithm achieves excellent imputation accuracy in the soybean genome.Compared to mainstream genotype imputation software,this method provides at least a fourfold computational time advantage.Therefore,the GPU-accelerated genotype imputation strategy can be applied to large-scale genotype data processing,improving the speed and efficiency of soybean genotype data processing while reducing computational time and resource consumption.
To solve the complex background interference problem of existing convolutional neural networks in soybean leaf disease classification,an improved ConvNeXt algorithm is proposed,and two common diseases of soybean as well as healthy leaves are classified and identified.By adding multiple attention modules to the traditional ConvNeXt algorithm,the network is made more capable of focusing on discriminative features and the LeakyReLu activation function is chosen instead of the ReLu activation function to avoid the neuron deactivation phenomenon.In addition,the robustness of the network was improved by performing data enhancement on the dataset to diversify the disease dataset.The results showed that the improved ConvNeXt algorithm outperforms the original ConvNeXt,ResNet50 and Swin Transformer,all three comparison models,in terms of average classification accuracy on the test set.The average recognition accuracy on the data enhanced test set reached 85.42％,and the research results can provide reference for solving the classification of soybean leaf disease images under complex background information interference.
Soybean plants are very sensitive to boron deficiency.Under boron deficiency treatment,the patterns of change in growth,development and protective enzyme activity of soybean seedlings were investigated.In this study,Mengke 9 was used as a test material.At the soybean seedling stage,two treatments were set up of boron deficiency(B-)and full nutrition(CK),respectively.Patterns of changes in photosynthetic physiological parameters,dry matter accumulation and protective enzyme activity were analysed in the different treatments,which performed correlation analysis.The results showed that soybean plant height,SPAD value,fluorescence value and dry matter accumulation were significantly reduced under boron deficiency treatment.Compared to the full nutrition treatment under T6(8 d)treatment time,soybean plant height was reduced by 12.54％,SPAD value by 27.33％,fluorescence value by 4.41％and dry matter accumulation by 28.25％.Soybean seedlings under B-deficiency treatment and allotrophic conditions,protective enzyme activities(SOD,APX,CAT and POD)showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with increasing stress time.Malondialdehyde(MDA)content showed a constant increase.Among these,the enzyme activities of the plant showed higher roots than leaves.The dry matter accumulation of soybean was positively correlated with plant height,SPAD value,fluorescence value and APX activity,positively correlated with SOD,CAT,POD activity,and negatively correlated with MDA content.These results showed that boron deficiency inhibited the growth and development of soybean seedlings.These results showed that boron deficiency inhibited the growth and development of soybean seedlings.In the early stages of stress,the activity of these protective enzymes increased,which is maintained normal growth of soybean.However,the activity of these enzymes decreased significantly with time under stress.
Soybean nodule formation and nitrogen-fixation are energy-consuming processes,which need a high demand of phosphorus nutrition.Low phosphorus stress could significantly affect the nodule initiation,development and nitrogen-fixation in soybean.bHLH transcription factor GmPTF1 has been demonstrated to improve the ability of tolerance for phosphorus starvation in soybean,while its role in nodule development and nitrogen-fixation remains unclear.In view of this,the GmPTF1 was cloned in soybean nodule,and its upstream promoter regulation elements was analyzed.And also,the gene expression and function in the process of nodule formation and nitrogen fixation under different phosphorus conditions were studied.The results showed that several nodule-specific expression elements were found in the promoter of GmPTF1,and a predominant expression of GmPTF1 was demonstrated in nodules via qRT-PCR.Moreover,the relative higher expression levels of GmPTF1 under low phosphorus condition were observed than that under normal phosphorus condition,which implied that GmPTF1 could respond to phosphorus deficiency and might play an important function in nodules.Further analysis showed that the over-expression of GmPTF1 in soybean complex plants significantly increased the nodule number(32.3％),fresh weight(31.6％),nitrogenase activity(32.2％)and phosphorus content(36.6％)under low phosphorus condition,while RNAi plants showed significant decrease on these related traits with nodule number(27.4％),fresh weight(36.7％),nitrogenase activity(24.3％)and phosphorus content(29.0％),respectively.In addition,the significant higher expressions of related genes containing E-box(binding motif of transcription factor GmPTF1)were found in the over-expressed transgenic nodules,suggesting that the promotion of GmPTF1 for nodulation and nitrogen-fixation might due to the regulation of these E-box containing related genes in soybean.Thus,the function of transcription factor GmPTF1 for facilitating nodulation and nitrogen-fixation is dissected in this study,which provides gene resource for nitrogen-fixation genetic improvement in soybean.
In order to guide the breeding of new grain-type soybean varieties in Hubei Province,this experiment analyzed the experimental data of 45 grain-type soybean varieties approved by Hubei Province from 1987 to 2022 to study the changes and relationships of the certified varieties among the important agronomic traits,yield,quality traits and disease resistance.The results showed that there was less variation in quality traits and greater variation in yield and related agronomic traits in the genetic variation of certified varieties.The 8 traits of certified variety,plant height,nodes on main stem,effective branch number,pod number per plant,seed weight per plant,100-seed weight,yield and fat content,showed an upward trend while the whole growth period and protein content showed a downward trend with the growth of years,and the change trend of total protein and fat content was not obvious.The resistance of grain-type soybean varieties approved by Hubei Province from 2015 to 2022 to soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is mainly intermediate type,so the selection of SMV resistance still need to be strengthened in the future breeding process.The correlation analysis showed that the yield was significantly positively correlated with the grain weight per plant(r=0.277)which was significantly positively correlated with the number of effective branches and the number of pods per plant(r=0.554,0.646).Therefore,in the future breeding of grain-type soybean varieties in Hubei Province,attention should be paid to the coordinated improvement of the number of effective branches,the number of pods per plant and the grain weight per plant in order to increase yield.
In order to screen the drought-tolerant germplasm resources of soybean at germination stage,this study used 20％polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000)to simulate drought stress to identify the drought tolerance of 258 soybean resources at germination stage from home and abroad.The germination potential,germination rate,germination index,relative germination potential,relative germination rate,relative germination index and drought damage rate were used as identification indexes.Finally,the drought tolerance of soybean resources at germination stage was evaluated and clustered by membership function value.The results showed that there were significant differences among the stress treatments,and the correlation analysis showed that the membership function was positively correlated with each index,and the drought injury rate was negatively correlated with each index.According to the membership function,258 germplasm resources were divided into 4 categories:There were 9 varieties(lines)of drought-tolerant,55 varieties(lines)of sub-drought-tolerant,186 varieties(lines)of sub-sensitive and 8 varieties(lines)of sensitive.The 258 materials were classified into 3 types by the subordinate function cluster analysis:17 tolerant materials,such as Jilin xiaolidou 7,Dongda 2,etc.,which accounted for 6.59％of the total materials,99 intermediate materials,for example,Kenfeng 13 and Kennong 18 accounted for 38.37％of the total materials,and 142 sensitive materials,such as Heihe 38 and Longdou 2,accounted for 55.04％of the total materials.The results will provide suitable germplasm resources for drought-tolerant breeding and genetic mechanism of drought-tolerant in bud stage.
Genetic improvement of soybean varieties is an important way to achieve high yield,high quality,multi resistance,and wide adaptability.Clarifying the parental sources and pedigree relationships of varieties is of great guiding significance for parental selection,rational combination,and variety breeding.This article conducts genealogical analysis on 31 soybean varieties cultivated by Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its cooperative units,which have been approved in recent years,to calculate the genetic contribution values of ancestral parents'nuclei and cytoplasm.The results indicate that using high-yield and high-quality germplasm resources adapted to the local environment as recipient parents,introducing beneficial molecular modules such as lodging resistance,disease resistance,and drought resistance,improving narrow blood relationships,and enriching genetic basis are the key to the success of soybean breeding in series such as Muyu,providing a theoretical basis for future breeding work.
In order to solve the problems of low bonding strength and high viscosity of soybean protein adhesive and toxic volatile substances such as formaldehyde in the adhesive,a new type of green soybean protein adhesive was prepared to meet the requirements of indoor use of plywood and glued products.In this study,defatted soybean protein powder was taken as the main research object,and alkaline protease was used as the modifier to explore the effects of different enzyme additions,pH,enzymolysis temperature,and enzy moly sis time on the bonding strength of soybean protein adhesive.The optimum reaction conditions of soybean protein adhesive were obtained through orthogonal design experiment enzymolysis as followos:alkaline protease 10 000 U·g-1,pH9.5,temperature 60 ℃ and time 100 min.Compared with unmodified soybean protein adhesive,the viscosity of modified adhesive decreased from 2 400 s to 13 s,and the bonding strength was increased from 0.74 to 0.98 MPa,meeting the requirements of the national standard GB/T 9846-2004 Class Ⅱ plywood.The experiment shows that the alkaline protease modified soybean protein adhesive has a good application prospect in the field of plywood production.
Nitrate transporters(NRTs)play an important role in NO3-uptake or transporters in plant roots.In order to study the function of soybean NRTs genes in response to salt stress,eight differentially expressed GmNRTs genes that respond to salt stress were identified from the transcriptome data of salt stress treatment.The promoters of these GmNRTs genes contain multiple plant stress or plant hormones response elements,suggesting that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress or plant hormone regulation of salt stress response of soybean.At the same time,we cloned GmNRT1.5A from soybean roots,which was the most up-regulated gene under salt stress treatment.The GmNRT1.5A CDs of 1 794 bp in length,encoded a 597 amino acid,with molecular weight of 66.78 kD and isoelectric point(pI)of 5.85.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GmNRT1.5A had a close relationship with AtNRT1.5 and ZmNRT2.5,contained twelve transmembrane domains and typical NRT1s conserved domains,and the secondary structure of GmNRT1.5A was found to be composed of α-helix and random coils.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that GmNRT1.5A was mainly expressed in seeds and roots.Salt stress and drought stress significantly induced the expression of GmNRT1.5A gene in root.In addition,the expression of GmNRT1.5A was significantly induced by ABA and ACC,while GA3 treatment significantly inhibited the expression of GmNRT1.5 A.This study showed that GmNRT1.5A played an important role in response to salt stress,which provides a new idea for exploring the function of NRTs genes in soybean response to stress,and also lays a foundation for in-depth research on the function of GmNRT1.5A gene in soybean.
Salt and alkali stress has adverse effects on soybean plant growth and nitrogen absorption,which seriously affects soybean yield.Exogenous application of Trichoderma fertilizer is an effective way to alleviate the effect of salt and alkali stress on soybean.Therefore,in order to clarify the effect mechanism of Trichoderma on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under saline-alkali stress.In this experiment,the saline-tolerant cultivar Hefeng 50(HF50)and saline-alkali sensitive cultivar Kenfeng 16(KF16)were selected as test materials.Pot culture was carried out in saline-alkali soil,and 200 mL of spores of Trichoderma harzianum,Trichoderma asperellum and the Trichoderma mixture,1 × 109 spores-L-1 per liter of soil were poured into the soil.Chloroplast ATP ase synthesis,nitrogen metabolism and other physiological and biochemical indexes of soybean seedlings were determined.The results showed that,salt and alkali stress significantly increased NH4+content in soybean seedlings,resulting in ammonia toxicity,while application of different trichoderma fertilizers significantly decreased NH4+content in KF16 and HF50 soybean leaves.The decreases were 38.31％,41.56％,63.62％(KF16)and 20.55％,25.58％,55.62％(HF50),respectively.Compared with the control treatment,the activities of Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in soybean leaves were significantly increased by 36.15％-5.22％(KF16),28.51％-62.47％(HF50),23.09％-62.58％(KF16),and 14.37％-44.10％(HF50),and then promoted the photosynthetic rate of leaves to provide more raw materials and energy for the nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings,and then improved the nitrogen metabolic activity of soybean.In conclusion,the different Trichoderma treatments could effectively alleviate the damage caused by saline-alkali stress on soybean and promote its growth.
This study examined the segregation distortion during the process of constructing wild soybean and cultivated soybean population,to explore the segregation distortion regions(SDRs)and candidate genes,and to shed some light on understanding the mechanism of segregation distortion in soybean.The wild variety'Changling wild soybean'was used as the male parent and the landrace variety'Yiqianli'was used as the female parent to develop a hybrid group,resulting in 200 recombinant inbred lines(RIL).SLAF-seq was used for sequencing analysis and constructing a high-density genetic map.4 564 SNP markers were obtained and reliably identified for this population.Through segregation distortion analysis,648 markers were found to have genetic distortion(P＜0.05),accounting for 14.20％of the total markers.22 SDRs were found,which were distributed across 9 different chromosomes.In SDRs,8 extreme SDRs regions(ESDRs)were found,distributed on 5 different chromosomes,of which 3 ESDRs were biased towards the wild type of the male parent,and 5 ESDRs were biased towards the cultured type of the female parent.Using gene function annotation and genome-wide resequencing data,combined with the ESDR region,the affecting embryonic development(Glyma.01G051400)and female gametophyte development(Glyma.16G072700)genes were identified as candidate genes in ESDR1-1 and ESDR16-1,respectively.This study provides a reliable basis for locating the segregation distortion genes in the future,and lays the foundation for elucidating the segregation distortion.
In order to determine the difference in nodulation ability of soybean varieties(lines)bred in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,143 soybean varieties(lines)were used as materials grown in the Huang-Huai-Hai region during 1970-2020,and inoculated with rhizobia strain USDA110 under pot conditions.Root nodule dry weight of a single plant was used as the identification index of nodulation ability to screen soybean germplasms with high or low nodulation ability.Meanwhile,the nodulation differences of the tested materials from different provinces and cities in the Huang-Huai-Hai region were compared.The correlation between the nodulation differences and yield,released year,protein content,oil content and total protein-oil content were analyzed.The results showed that the maximum number of nodules per plant among different soybean varieties(lines)tested was 35,the minimum was 6,and the average was 17.The maximum dry weight of root nodules per plant was 124.89 mg,and the minimum was 26.44 mg,with an average value of 53.81 mg.The top 5％varieties(lines)with the highest nodulation ability were selected as the parents for cultivating varieties with high nodulation ability,including Andou 1311,Guanyundasili,Yandali,Taifeng 6,Shangdou 7,Huangdou ZDD08405 and 08Yguan 205.The dry weight and number of root nodules per plant in Jiangsu province were the largest,64.30 mg and 20,respectively.The dry weight of root nodules in Shandong province was the smallest,48.50 mg.The number of root nodules in Shanxi and Anhui provinces was the smallest,the minimum number was 15,and the dry weight of nodules per plant was positively correlated with the seed protein content.The research results can provide useful nitrogen-fixing parent materials for soybean breeding in Huang-Huai-Hai region.
涝害是大豆生产中的主要逆境之一,研究大豆对渍涝的反应、了解其耐涝机理,对改良大豆品种的耐涝性和制定抗涝农艺措施至关重要.本文概括涝害对大豆生长发育、产量构成、生理生化过程(如光合作用、呼吸作用、内源激素含量)的影响,介绍大豆耐涝的鉴定方法,阐述大豆耐涝的遗传规律和分子机制,对大豆耐涝品种选育进行总结,并对大豆作物耐涝性研究中存在的问题和发展趋势进行展望.
HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1（HOS1） is an integration factor of several signaling pathways in plants, it plays important roles in processes such as growth and development, stress response, photomorphogenesis and flowering time regulation etc., but its function in soybean has not been revealed. By using reverse genetics, we cloned two HOS1 homologous genes in soybean, GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b, and analyzed their protein structures, expression patterns and functions by bioinformatics analysis. Through phylogenetic analysis, we found that GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b are highly conserved to Arabidopsis and rice HOS1 proteins, both of which have N-terminal ring finger domain and conserved motif ELYS-like. This suggests that GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b may have similar functions to Arabidopsis HOS1. However, subcellular localization showed that GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b proteins were only localized in the nucleus, which was different from that of Arabidopsis HOS1 protein. Therefore, we speculated that the action mode of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b may be different from that of Arabidopsis. Further analysis showed that the expression patterns of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b were similar, the highest expression of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b exited in trifoliate leaves, followed by flowers and single leaves. The expression pattern of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b were rhythmically. The expression of GmHOS1a increased after exposure to light and reached a peak before darkness. These results suggest that GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b in soybean may be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm. To further explore the function of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b, we constructed nine knockout vectors of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and screened out six efficient vectors through hair root experiments, which will be used in the future soybean genetic transformation. This study provides a theory basis for exploring the function of GmHOS1a and GmHOS1b, and provides vector materials for further genetic analysis.
In order to dissect the combining ability of main agronomic traits of backbone parent Zhongdou 32, nine soybean cultivars（germplasm resources） and Zhongdou 32 were selected to make 30 crosses by incomplete diallel crossing design, and ten yield and quality related traits were evaluated to assess the combining ability and genetic parameters. Combining ability analysis indicated that Zhongdou 32 showed high general combination ability（GCA） effects for main agronomic traits except for 100-seed weight and protein content, and had the highest GCA effects for number of effective branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and yield per plant among all parents. Zhongdou 32 showed high specific combining abilities（SCA）, Zhongdou 32×Zheng 8516, Zhongdou 32×Zhonghuang 13, Zhongdou 32×Xinsilihuang, Zhongdou 32×Ningdou 5 and Zhongdou 32×Zhonghuang 319 had high SCA for yield related traits among 30 combinations. Genetic analysis showed that plant height, number of main stem nodes, number of effective branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, yield per plant, protein content and oil content were dominated mainly by additive effect. However, the bottom pod height was controlled by additive and non-additive effects. These results indicated Zhongdou 32 had high combining abilities, and superiority combinations could be achieved in breeding.
为筛选适合胶东半岛种植的鲜食大豆品种(系),本试验选取63个鲜食大豆品种(系)于2019-2021年进行田间种植,在鲜食期对13个产量相关农艺性状进行考查统计,并和鲜荚产量进行相关性和关联度分析.结果表明:参试品种(系)的各农艺性状变异系数在9.66％～86.53％之间;单株产量与节数、一粒荚数、标准荚数、单株荚数和标准荚长呈极显著正相关,与分枝数、空荚数和鲜重呈显著正相关,与株高、虫荚数、干重和标准荚宽呈不显著正相关.各性状与产量的关联度排行为单株荚数＞单株荚重＞鲜重＞干重＞有效分枝数＞标准荚长＞标准荚宽＞主茎节数＞标准荚数＞株高＞一粒荚数＞空荚数＞虫食荚数.对所有参试品种大豆(系)与理想品种(系)进行等权和加权关联分析,筛选出综合表现最优的7个品种,分别为辽鲜3号、晋豆39、南农29、辽08M13-1H、首豆38、引豆9701和南农95C-13,本研究为菜用大豆在胶东地区的推广和种植奠定了坚实的基础.
为了开展大兴安岭东部地区大豆优质、丰产定量化评估服务,利用扎兰屯农业气象监测站1992-2021的大豆发育期和呼伦贝尔市大豆单产资料,结合多年生产实践以及分期播种试验数据,得出大豆各生育阶段丰产优质气象适宜指标,确定各阶段丰产优质气象条件及其重要程度,建立丰产优质气候评价方法和指标,并利用分期播种试验的产量和品质数据进行了验证.根据实际产量和品质特征的丰产优质气象等级符合的占60％,基本符合的占17％,不符合的占23％.评价指标综合考虑了影响产量和品质的气候条件,评价方法丰富了高寒地区大豆种植过程中气候影响的定量评估研究,也为其他大田作物在气候影响评价方面提供了可借鉴的方法.
为明确草浆地膜对大豆在盐碱化土壤中的生产性能,采用对比法,研究其在草浆地膜覆盖及菌剂拌种处理下对盐碱土壤的保水状况、植株长势与杂草群落特征的影响.结果表明:JM(菌剂拌种和草浆地膜覆盖)与KM(草浆地膜覆盖)处理的含水率分别较CK高1.18％和1.06％,差异显著(P＜0.05),草浆地膜覆盖减少了土壤中水分的蒸发,增加含水率,而菌剂拌种对其影响不大.KM处理在不同时间内株高呈增加趋势(P＜0.05),J0(菌剂拌种)、JM处理对株高影响不大;不同处理对植株叶片SPAD值和氮含量影响不大,但对其地上部干鲜重及干物质积累量有影响,尤其是在后期(7月22日—8月15日)JM和KM处理干物质积累量最多,分别是0.52和0.56g.此外,JM(78.94株·m-2)和KM(147.37株·m-2)处理的杂草种类和密度均低于CK(231.58株·m-2)和J0(173.68株·m-2)处理.KM处理的杂草生物总量最多,平均为82.76 g·m-2.综上所述,草浆地膜覆盖具有保水效果,对植株生长有促进作用,草浆地膜覆盖配施菌剂能够减少杂草滋生.本研究为可降解地膜栽培技术的推广提供了理论依据.
