不同于当下对晚清民国主笔制度系主笔主持编务的普遍认知,本文以"主笔"一词被赋予报学意义为起始点,对晚清民国主笔与主笔制度的发展逐一追溯,在总结出主笔制度三种样态的基础上,梳理并分析了三种样态下的三种主笔职责,并认为主持编务只是主笔制度的原始也是主流样态,而在言论本位与新闻不发达的时代作用下,主笔制度曾有过主笔主持报务的改良样态,继而,在民国新闻思想变革与新闻职业教育的引领下,亦有过主笔主持言论的修正样态.

A series of organobentonites were modified by microwave irradiation with N-(1-naphtthy) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride(NETH),cetyl pyridinium bromide(CPB) and cetyltrimethylammonium(CTMAB) as the intercalary reagents,respectively,and these organobentonites were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and Organic content.The test results indicated that three kinds of modified bentonite could effectively adsorb crystal violet in water.The bentonite modified by NETH has the best adsorption to crystal violet,and its optimum adsorption conditions(pH value,adsorption time and amount of adsorbent) were studied.The results show that the rate of adsorption in crystal violet solution of initial concentration of 48.96 mg/L on 0.2 g NETH/Bt reaches 98.0% in 60 min,and the adsorption isotherm was fit well by the Freundlich equation.

Cetylpyridinium bromide modified bentonite(CPB-Bt),cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified bentonite(CTMAB-Bt) and naphthalene ethylenediamonium chloride modified bentonite(NETH-Bt) were synthesized by modifying bentonite under microwave irradiation.The adsorption capacities of resultant organically modified bentonites for calcein in water were comparatively evaluated.It was found that calcein in water was eliminated at a rate of 98.58% under a calcein concentration of 25 mg·L-1,pH value of 2,adsorption time of 90 min,and CPB-Bt concentration of 10 g·L-1.

The orthogonal test is used to study the effect of the reaction conditions for oxalic acid modifying manganese ore on the latter's arsenic(Ⅴ) adsorptive capacity.It is concluded that the optimal reaction conditions for the modification are:oxalic acid dosage of 2.0 mmol/g,dosage of potassium permanganate of 1.0 mmol/g,sulfuric acid concentration of 1.0 mol/L and reaction time of 60 minute at ambient temperature.The saturated adsorption amounts are 20.12,4.15 mg/g respectively for the manganese ore modified by the oxalic acid at the above optimal conditions and for the natural manganese ore,an about five-fold increase in arsenic(Ⅴ) adsorptive capacity of the modified manganese ore,in which the adsorptive temperature is 25 ℃,the pH is 3.0,dosage of adsorbent is 0.5 g/L for the adsorptive process.