Effects of pruning methods on maturity,yield,quality and marketable quality of melon,growing in sunny greenhouse during winter-spring season,were studied using four pruning methods.Single stem pruning without trellis had earliest maturity,3 days earlier than single stem pruning and trellising and double stem without trellising,and 8 days earlier than 3 stem pruning without trellising.Single stem pruning with trellis produced heaviest fruit,highest yield and highest total soluble solid contents.The single stem pruning with trellising produced fruit with weight of 755 grams,335 grams heavier than the control;total yield of 2 926 kg per 667 m2,56.6% higher than that of control;and soluble solid contents of 17.5% ,2% higher than that of control.The fruit produced with the single stem and trellis treatment were shiny,uniform for color and shape,and good in flavor.We recommend the pruning method of single stem and trellis for melon production in sunny greenhouse during winter-spring season for high yield and profit.

总结陕西早春甜瓜产业化生产试验示范工作成效,包括甜瓜优良品种的选育、引进,穴盘基质育苗,两蔓整枝,平衡施肥,四膜覆盖,病虫综合防治等技术的应用功效及创新性,结合生产问题开展科学研究,初步探索出以政府为推动、以大学为依托的农业科技推广模式,取得良好效果.

厚皮甜瓜营养丰富,每100 g可食部分中含水88.792 g,碳水化合物8.9 g,糖4.6～15.8 g,抗坏血酸29～39.1 mg及少量的胡萝卜素、硫胺素、核黄素、尼克酸,Vc的含量远高于西瓜、葡萄、苹果.对人体健康有益.<本草纲目>记载:"甜瓜瓤止渴、除烦热、利小便,通三焦、壅塞气,治口鼻疮,暑月食之永不中暑".在医学上对治疗贫血、肾病、便秘、结石等有一定疗效.厚皮甜瓜以鲜食为主,也可制果于、果脯、罐头、果酱、果汁等,同时也可出口外销.

简述了甜瓜穴盘基质育苗试验示范和推广的概况,总结提出育苗关键技术及操作规范.

四种材料结构的棚型试验表明,简易钢管棚年均成本最低,其次为竹木结构拱棚和塑型材料棚,钢架春秋棚最高;使用性能和抗风雪能力及美观耐用性则以钢架春秋棚最好,其次为塑型材料棚和简易钢管棚,竹木结构拱棚最差。这一结果将为当地甜瓜产业设施改造换代提供科学依据。

厚皮甜瓜氮、钾施肥期试验分别采用前重式、"一炮轰"式、"马鞍"式、后重式施肥方式进行,磷肥做基肥一次施入.结果表明:70%的氮、钾肥做基肥,30%氮、钾肥于膨果期做追肥,首次采收产量分别较后3种施肥方式处理分别增产21.2%, 12.93%,9.17%;全期采收总产量分别较后3种施肥方式处理分别增产{10.09%},3.3%,4.3%,,经方差分析总产较"一炮轰"式差异显著;不同施肥期对厚皮甜瓜的可溶性固形物含量,单果重均无显著差异.

1 症状与病因 甜瓜进入膨瓜期易发生萎蔫性病害,在温室田间的主要表现为,植株地上部分局部或整株蔓叶变青枯萎蔫,强光高温下表现更甚,逐日加重,直至全株凋萎死亡.我们根据不同症状表现分析其发生原因有真菌性枯萎、细菌性枯萎、疫病、蔓枯病、药害与肥害、生理性急性凋萎和沤根等病害引致.;防治时必须对症施治,否则将会造成严重后果.通过对各种萎蔫性病害发生原因、规律、症状表现特点、田间识别及防治方法进行分析总结,及时应用推广到生产实际当中去,效果非常明显.

The trial tested the effect of fruit set on node 12,13,14 and 15 on growth and fruit characteristics of melon grown in early spring using sing stem trellis culture. Results showed that fruit maturity was 1 day earlier with the fruit set every 1 node lower in the range tested. No yield difference was observed for the treatments of fruit set at nodes 13,14 and 15,however there was significant yield difference compared with the treatment of fruit set at node 12. There was not significant difference in plant growth,fruit shape index,flesh thickness and soluble solid content among the treatments tested.

病虫害是瓜菜生产的大敌,筛选适宜的微生物菌剂用于无公害厚皮甜瓜生产对于甜瓜的产业化发展具有重要意义.采用微生物菌剂防治甜瓜叶枯病药效试验表明,喷施宝抗农用复合微生物菌剂对甜瓜叶枯病具有良好的防治效果,防效为85.6%;与生化黄腐酸叶面肥和半固体复合微生物有机冲肥共同施用,通过健体防病的互作效应.防效高达97%,达到了与50%苯菌灵杀菌剂防效相同的水平;半固体复合微生物有机冲肥对甜瓜生产具有很好的健体增产效果,与黄腐酸叶面肥合用增产幅度在50%以上.

通过三膜、四膜、五膜覆盖拱棚处理,从2月初进行不同深度地温及室内气温调查观测,结果显示五膜覆盖增温效果显著,但从生产应用推广来看,四膜(一大膜双二膜加地膜)覆盖形式较为适宜。

In order to explore the new model of the extension agricultural technologies depend on universities so that raise its efficiency. The advanced farmer tactics is the one of the principal theories of the agricultural technology extension. In fact, the theory is a very effective method in China. But the advanced farmer tactics has some important deficiency. In according to backward farmer's characteristic, the article put forward a view that the countermeasures and method for to perfect advanced farmer tactics with oneself practice of the writers from the program of the Financial Ministry of China, and the five tactics are the region deficiency countermeasure, culture deficiency countermeasure, science and technology deficiency countermeasure, market and commodity deficiency countermeasure, exchange and contact deficiency countermeasure;The four ways are scientific researchers go and live with farmers in the countryside for direction farmers, and to backward farmers carry on special education and training for improve their culture quality, and carry out show by demonstration in key crop production area, and lead backward farmer enter markets of agricultural products for enhancement understanding to markets.

甜瓜香甜可口,香气浓郁,耐贮运,是市场畅销果品.陕西薄皮甜瓜栽培历史悠久,随着高效设施农业的发展和农业产业结构调整,1996年引进厚皮甜瓜在温室试种;1998年由西北农林科技大学科技人员在阎良区于塑料大棚设施内试验获得成功,667m2产量3 500 kg,产值7 500元良好效益,在当地产生了积极的影响,种植面积迅速扩大,品种也日益丰富.截止2007年阎良区厚皮甜瓜栽培面积达3 450 hm2(5万多亩),辐射周边富平、蒲城、临潼、临渭、大荔、高陵等县区,形成以阎良为中心的陕西厚皮甜瓜种植基地,面积已达6 667 hm2(10万亩),甜瓜产业已成为陕西省的新兴主导产业,已成为基地农民增收的主要项目之一.

通过三种高效设施农业开发方式在黄土丘陵山区的调查,分析其不同形式的优缺点,提出其适用范围。

通过分析陕北日光温室发展优势和存在问题,探讨解决问题的相应对策.

芹菜属耐寒性绿叶蔬菜,成株可耐- 10 ℃低温,适宜生产温度 15～ 20 ℃,具有产量高、易贮存、经济效益高而稳定的特点,在设施中广泛栽培.但陕北的日光温室芹菜生产效益不是很显著,笔者从生产过程和销售市场进行了长期观察,发现一些存在的问题,并提出一些改进措施.

通过对两种类型日光温室的升温、保温情况调查对比及原因分析,提出适应陕北山区简易日光温室发展的新类型-改良型温室.

十几年来,日光温室生产在陕北发展很快,面积已超过2000 hm2,年产值约12亿元人民币,已初步形成了一项新兴产业.这一新兴产业的发展直接增加了农民的经济收入,带动了区域经济的发展.但是,也还存在一些制约因素,研究分析解决这些制约因素,将有利于陕北日光温室产业可持续发展.

冬季是温室黄瓜生产管理的关键时期,由于低温等特殊环境条件及人为因素影响,容易发生沤根和枯萎病,应特别注意.

通过4种不同浓度EM在无籽西瓜上的使用研究发现,EM对无籽西瓜的植株生长发育、商品产量、品质均有明显的促进和提高作用.通过非线性模拟分析,施用300倍左右母液灌溉根比较适宜.

近年来陕北地区设施农业发展很快,特别是日光温室蔬菜生产,已经形成了一定规模.但是棚型结构、生产技术、茬口模式均沿用了关中及山东等地的方法和类型,栽培模式以冬春茬黄瓜、西葫芦、番茄为主,并且获得了成功和较高的生产经济效益.然而由于地域差异、气候环境的不同,也暴露出了突出的低温、寒害问题.