In memory of Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii, Andreev A.F., Gershtein S.S., Gurevich A.V., Dmitriev V.V., Kreines N.M., Liberman M.A., Meierovich B.E., Pokrovsky V.L., Ritus V.I., Ryutova M.P., Starobinskii A.A., Feigel’man M.V., Fomin I.A., Chaplik A.V.

We report the observation results of the hard radiation flashes which accompanied the lightning discharges above the mountains of Northern Tien Shan. Time series of the counting rate intensity, numerical estimations of absolute flux, and energy distribution of accelerated electrons and of (20-2000) keV gamma rays were obtained at the height of 3700 m a. s. l., immediately within thunderclouds, and in closest vicinity (less than or similar to 100 m) to discharge region. Two different kinds of radiation emission events are presented here: a relatively prolonged rise of gamma ray intensity with minute-scale duration (the thunderstorm ground enhancement, TGE) which has preceded a negative field variation, and a short sub-millisecond radiation burst, which accompanied a close lightning discharge in thundercloud. It was revealed also an indication to positron generation in thunderclouds at the time of gamma ray emission, as well as modulation of the neutron counting rate in Tien Shan neutron monitor which was operating at a (1.5-2) km order distance from the region of lightning development.

(FIAN), an outstanding scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), professor, doctor of physico-mathematical sciences, principal research fellow of the Sector of Plasma Phenomena Theory at FIAN, professor at the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), Viktor Pavlovich Silin, died on 12 January 2019. V P Silin graduated from the Physical Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). His diploma thesis advisor was D I Blokhintsev. V P Silin's whole life in science was associated with the Lebedev Physical Institute, where he began working in 1949 immediately after he graduated from MSU and where he moved from junior research worker to head of the Department of Solid State Physics (1989±1995). During that time, he published over 700 scientific papers in various fields of physics. He is the author of four monographs fairly popular among specialists in plasma physics and the physics of condensed matter. The brilliant talent of Viktor Pavlovich became apparent as far back as the early 1950s, when he worked in the Department of Theoretical Physics at FIAN. Work on the development of the Tamm±Dankov method that had provided deeper insight into the nature of nuclear interactions appeared in that period. Simultaneously, he became engaged in the quantum many-body theory. Together with Yu L Klimontovich, he derived the kinetic self-consistent field equation describing a weakly ideal quantum Fermi gas. Using this equation, V P Silin predicted the existence of undamped oscillations in Fermi gas near the temperature of absolute zero. After L D Landau formulated the general theory of a Fermi liquid, these undamped oscillations were called zero sound. V P Silin also applied the Fermi-liquid theory to describe the properties of metals. The equation derived by him and known as the Landau±Silin equation became the basis of the description of collective effects in metals and allowed the prediction of cyclotron and spin waves in normal metals, a description of sound wave absorption in normal metals and conducting magnets, and the prediction of quantum spin waves. In 1970, V P Silin was awarded the USSR State Prize for the formulation of the theory of an electron Fermi liquid. Viktor Pavlovich remained interested in condensed matter physics in subsequent years. In the mid-1960s, he and P S Zyryanov conducted a large series of studies on the theory of waves in quantizing magnetic fields. These studies are well known to specialists in the field of semiconductor physics. A little later, V P Silin, together with younger disciples, developed a new approach to the description of magnetic and elastic properties of invar alloys, predicted surface quantum waves, and investigated collective excitations in ferroand antiferromagnets. One of the last areas of study in solid-state physics, to which Viktor Pavlovich had given attention till his last days, was working out the nonlocal electrodynamics of Josephson junctions and layered Josephson systems. He also obtained results of paramount importance in this area. The possibility of the existence of a whole range of new nonlinear vortex Josephson structures was predicted, the effect of quantization of Josephson vortex velocities was discovered, fast vortices were predicted, and the theory of Cherenkov radiation by vortices and vortex chains was formulated. In the late 1950s±early 1960s, V P Silin's scientific interests involved the rapidly developing plasma physics. The remarkable monograph by V P Silin and A A Rukhadze devoted to the problems of the electrodynamics of plasma and plasmalike media appeared in 1961. The monograph became a handbook for many generations of physicists and has recently been reissued. Almost immediately, a large series of papers appeared with NN Bogoliubov's ideas carried over to plasma physics. A number of new collision integrals in quantizing magnetic fields and in strong high-frequency Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 189 (5) 559 ± 560 (2019) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3367/UFNr.2019.03.038541 Translated by M V Tsaplina PERSONALIA PACS number: 01.60.+q

1. Overview of the Problem 2. Pulsed Radio Frequency Breakdown in Air 3. Maintaining the Ionization 4. Structure of an Ionized Layer 5. AIR Applications 6. Artificial Emission of Ionized Regions 7. Radio Frequency Effects on Air Chemistry

We present a description of the new complex installation for the study of extensive air showers which was created at the Tien Shan mountain cosmic ray station, as well as the results of the first measurements made there in 2015–2016. We also present new results on high-energy radiation observed during a thunderstorm.

Russian physicist and organizer of science academician Gennadii Andreevich Mesyats. He is a recognized world leader in the field of electrophysics, pulsed power, and highcurrent electronics. The research work of academician G AMesyats began in 1957 when he was a student at Tomsk Polytechnic Institute (TPI). To study the pulsed electric discharge in dielectrics he designed a high-voltage nanosecond generator. In 1958, he defended his graduate work on this subject and entered the postgraduate program at TPI. G A Mesyats's first scientific publication was his 1959 paper in the journal Radiotekhnika i Elektronika on the study of strongly overstrained air gaps. Gennadii Andreevich published the results of his graduate work in the collective monograph ``High-voltage test facilities and measurements'' (1960). In 1961, Gennadii Andreevich Mesyats defended his candidate thesis ``Design and investigation of high-voltage nanosecond pulsed devices with spark gaps". Presented there were the results that greatly influenced further development of the technique of high-power nanosecond pulses. In 1962, G A Mesyats was a senior research worker and then head of the electronics laboratory of the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics. He actively used high-voltage nanosecond pulsed generators to investigate discharges in vacuum, liquids, gases, and solid dielectrics, to research problems of quantum electronics, to create spark chambers, etc. Owing to the work of Gennadii Andreevich and his colleagues, the technique of generating high-power nanosecond pulses was gradually formed as an independent scientific area. This work was compiled in the monograph ``The technique of generation of high-power nanosecond pulses'' (with G A Vorob'ev as co-author, 1963) and was then used in his doctor's thesis, ``Studies of generation of high-power nanosecond pulses'', which he successfully defended in 1966 at TPI. It should be emphasized that G AMesyats's doctor's thesis contained three extensive scientific directions. First, the generation of high-power nanosecond pulses. Second, high-current emission electronics and high-power electron beams on the basis of explosive electron emission (EEE), discovered by him. Third, gas electronics and pulsed gas lasers based on high-pressure volume gas discharge (VGD) revealed by him. The discovery of the EEE phenomenon gave start to a new area in the field of high-current electronics and allowed reaching exclusively high electron currents up to 10 A. In 1967, G A Mesyats's group created the first high-current pulsed periodic nanosecond accelerator Sinus. In 1969, GAMesyats and a group of colleagues moved to the Institute of Atmosphere Optics of Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (SB AS USSR), organized the department of high-current electronics, and became deputy director of the institute. Here, he carried out a series of studies on the application of ferromagnetic materials using highpower nanosecond technique, suggested and realized the idea of gas laser pumping by EEE beams, proposed metaldielectric cathodes, realized subnanosecond commutation in a gas, and measured transition times of autoelectronic to explosive emission. In 1977, on the initiative of G A Mesyats, the Institute of High-Current Electronics (IHCE) of SB AS USSR was founded in Tomsk, where he became director. At IHCE, research work was started in the field of relativistic microwave electronics, high-power nanosecond X-ray technology, solid-state radiation physics, the electric explosion of conductors, including Z-pinches,and the technological application of high-power nanosecond electron and ion beams. Seeking the method of fast current breakdown to create high-power nanosecond generators with inductive energy accumulation led to the creation of plasma erosion interrupters. This became a revolutionary event in high-current electronics, because it became possible to obtain megavolt pulses with currents up to 10 A. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 186 (2) 223 ± 224 (2016) DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0186.201602n.0223 Translated by M V Tsaplina PERSONALIA PACS number: 01.60.+q

Виктор Павлович Силин (к 90-летию со дня рождения), Андреев Н.Е., Гуревич А.В., Карась В.И., Келдыш Л.В., Колачевский Н.Н., Кондратьев А.С., Крохин О.Н., Окулов В.И., Пелетминский С.В., Попов В.Ю., Рухадзе А.А., Урюпин С.А.

В статье отражены научные задачи и конструкторские разработки микроспутниковой платформы Чибис и комплекса научной аппаратуры “Гроза”, направленные на изучение новых физических механизмов высотных электрических разрядов в атмосфере. Приводится описание комплекса научной аппаратуры “Гроза”, который является единым “летающим” прибором, определяющим основные требования к микроспутнику Чибис-М. Изложены вопросы наземной подготовки космического эксперимента, методики вывода в инфраструктуре МКС микроспутника на орбиту, командно-телеметрического управления в полете, приведены первые научные результаты.

This paper describes the scientific goals and design developments of the Chibis microsatellite platform and the Groza scientific equipment, which are aimed at studying new physical mechanisms of high-altitude electrical discharges in the atmosphere. A description of the Groza scientific equipment is presented, which is a united flying instrument that determines the basic requirements for the Chibis-M microsatellite. The problems of ground training of the space experiment, methods of launching the microsatellite in the ISS infrastructure into orbit, and command and telemetry control in flight, as well as the first scientific results, are presented.

and Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, celebrated his 80th birthday on 18 January 2013. Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii belongs to the constellation of brilliant theoretical physicists who were the crop of the famous school created by Lev Landau already in the 1930s. The very style of Landau's work and his universalism demanded the same from his pupils: erudition, a wide scope of outlook on physics, solid mathematical training, and the ability to tackle any problem in any interesting field of physics. L P Pitaevskii was one of Landau's ``youngest generation'' of pupils; his stardom as a brilliant scientist began to shine under the Teacher's direct influence. L P Pitaevskii's contribution to modern theoretical physics is enormous, living up to all expectations and demands thatLandauanticipated fromhis pupils. LPPitaevskii's range of interests covers a huge spectrum of physics problems: from his early work on liquid helium to fundamental problems of quantum statistics, from the physics of metals to quantum mechanics to plasma physics, from research in the physics of the ionosphere, and then again to the properties of quantum liquids at ultra-low temperatures. A great many of these results long ago found their way into textbooks and review papers. Before making an attempt to give at least a brief overview of the most significant stages of L P Pitaevskii's life in theoretical physics, we need to say a few words about the subject of this note. His biography is fairly typical of many of Landau's studentsof thepost-warSovietperiod.LPPitaevskii was born in Saratov. Having entered the University of Saratov, he became interested in physics and brilliantly passed the informal examinations of the famous ``Landau's theor-minimum''. In 1955, L D Landau invited him to postgraduate studies at the Institute for Physical Problems (now the P L Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ð IPP); his official supervisor was E M Lifshitz. After graduating from the post-graduate program, he worked for a couple of years at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1960 onwards, his life has been inextricably linked to the IPP. In 1976, L P Pitaevskii was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as corresponding member and then in 1990 as full member. Since early 1990s, L P Pitaevskii has spentmost of his time in the Italian city of Trento. Without breaking his links with the IPP, he has worked at the University of Trento and in the Trento-based National Center for the Study of Bose±Einstein Condensation organized at Trento and headed by S Stringari. With a high degree of simplification, L P Pitaevskii's scientific universe can be divided into the following segments: I. Superfluidity of helium (He and He); II. electromagnetic radiation in media (Van der Waals and Casimir±Polder forces); III. plasma physics; IV. quantum liquids and Bose± Einstein condensation of cold atoms. This list can be expanded by adding a number of papers of a mathematical nature, such as his contributions to the theory of solitons. I. (a) Among his early results, the paper on the termination point of the excitation spectrum in superfluid helium (Sov. Phys. JETP 9 830 (1959) [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36 1168 (1959)]) impresses especially with its beauty and originality. The behavior implied by the processes of decay of excitations is such that the spectrum of quasiparticles cannot be extended beyond a certain value of momentum. The problem was solved by QFT techniques without introducing any assumptions on the weakness of the interaction. I. (b) In his spectacular paper ``On the superfluidity of liquid He'' (Sov. Phys. JETP 1

[1] In their paper Dwyer and Babich [2011, hereinafter DB] purport to demonstrate that the production of copious numbers of secondary electrons is not a characteristic of the mechanism first proposed by Gurevich et al. [1992]. Unfortunately, several errors exist in DB's work which when corrected provide evidence for an even larger production of low energy electrons. Before addressing the latter in some detail we make the following remarks: [2] 1) We disagree with the “conventional” definition of electrical breakdown decreed by DB. As noted by Bazelyan and Raizer [1998] electrical breakdown can be thought of as a “fast formation of a strongly ionized state under the action of applied electric or electromagnetic field.” Thus, breakdown of any dielectric medium occurs when its electrical conductivity is significantly enhanced. Generally speaking the enhancement occurs rapidly and is driven by an avalanche process that creates an ionized channel. The avalanche frees large numbers of bound electrons that enhance the conductivity of the dielectric. The formation of streamers is not a prerequisite for breakdown nor is it necessary for the driving electric field to collapse. At sea level and up to the earth's ionosphere, air is a poor conductor and there can be no question that when it occurs runaway breakdown will strongly and rapidly enhance the electrical conductivity of air in a localized channel. Whether or not the breakdown evolves into streamers or other forms of discharges depends on the electrical conditions imposed on the dielectric (the scale length and magnitude of the applied electric field) and on the initial population of seed electrons. The kinetic theory of runaway breakdown discussed by Gurevich et al. [1992] is a detailed description of how relativistic electrons avalanche in an applied electric field while simultaneously producing copious numbers of low energy electrons. This fundamental mechanism cannot be co-opted by DB by simply providing it another name such as RREA. [3] 2) The only requirements for the development of runaway breakdown are a seed electron and an externally applied electric field of sufficient strength. Once initiated the avalanche will continue to develop independent of the subsequent addition of seed electrons so long as an overvoltage exists. The same is true of any breakdown process. Thus the statements made by DB on p. 1 paragraph [3] are difficult to understand. [4] 3) In their paper DB compute the number of thermal (low energy) electrons generated in a runaway avalanche that is growing exponentially. These results are then compared with runaway breakdown (RB) [Gurevich et al., 1992; Gurevich and Zybin, 2001]. However, the comparison is incorrect. DB just divided results of the RB theory by the average speed of the flux of runaway electrons (vre = 0.89c which is very high) and compared with their Monte Carlo (MC) simulations (see Figure 4 of DB). However, an important effect on the ionization rate is due to the shape of the electron distribution function (EDF) in energy space (energy spectrum). The EDF increases at low energies (see for example Milikh and Roussel-Dupre [2010, Figure 4]) and in fact changes significantly under different formulations of the problem, especially in the low energy range, thus the theoretical results could be different. First of all the spatially non-uniform formulation (DB) differs significantly from the uniform problem considered in the RB theory. The operators ∂/∂t and v∇ are essentially different, respectively the solutions and are different as well. If the values λz and λz were connected by the velocity v = 0.89c it does not mean that f1(v) = f2(v), as it was essentially assumed by DB. In fact those functions differ significantly, especially at low energies (at v ≃ c the spatial parameters could be converted into the time dependent, while at nonrelativistic energies the conversion is not applicable) thus the ionization caused by them is different as well. A specific example of how an incorrect treatment of the spatial and temporal evolutions of the distribution functions can lead to errors in computing the ratio of low energy electrons to runaway electrons is provided in part 2 of the following section. Therefore DB compared their model not with RB theory but with itself. Note that important input to the EDF, and thus to the ionization rate, comes from the electrons having a speed much lower than the speed of light, therefore any comparison made without taking into account the shape of the EDF is meaningless. [5] DB make several errors in calculating the ratio of low energy electrons to runaway electrons and comparing to previous work. [6] 1) On page 3 DB derive expression (5) for Nle/Nre and then proceed to substitute a constant value for the attachment time (τa = 2 × 10−8 s−1) to arrive at the erroneous conclusion that Nle/Nre = 13000 to 38000 for fields of 3000 to 300 kV/m (corresponding to over-voltages of ~13.9 and 1.39 in the theory of runaway breakdown). In fact the dissociative attachment and three-body attachment rates are a function of the overvoltage (compare the measurements of Colman et al. [2010] which are in agreement with the measurements of Davies [1983] in the field range where they overlap). From these references we find that the runaway avalanche rate exceeds the total attachment rate above δ0 = 2. When proper scaling of the three-body attachment rate is taken into account, the runaway avalanche rate at 15 km altitude exceeds the total attachment rate over the entire range of δ0. When the correct attachment rates are taken into account the ratio of Nle/Nre derived from their formulation (equation 5) approaches a value of 210,000 ( = εre/W) at low δ0. The ratio falls off at higher δ0 but is still greater than 10,000 for δ0 = 15. [7] 2) The analysis performed by DB applies only in the frame of reference that follows the runaway electrons (they have omitted the advective term that accounts for runaway electron transport from their equation 4). In reality the runaway avalanche evolves in space and the secondary electrons are left behind by the runaway electrons. If one sits at a fixed point the secondary electrons will continue to grow in number as the runaway electrons flow through the region until attachment occurs. The number of runaways in that region remains the same and is defined by the number of avalanche lengths from the point of origin of the breakdown to the spatial point of interest. Thus the ratio Nle/Nre continues to grow until attachment occurs. This effect was totally missed by DB and when taken into account yields a ratio at δ0 ∼ 2.0 equal to approximately 200,000 at sea level. At 15 km where the attachment rates are slow, the ratio exceeds 1 × 106. Thus the ratio of low energy electrons to relativistic electrons is either equal to or greatly exceeds the values generally quoted by us in the literature at the lower values of δ0 of greatest interest. [8] 3) The lower limit of the DB Monte Carlo computations is 100 eV, however it is exactly in the energy range below 100 eV that the EDF grows sharply (by 3 orders of magnitude) until it reaches the lower ionization boundary of 11.6 eV. This result leads to a very large spike in the ionization rate at the lower energies 30–50 eV. As a result the low energy range gives an important contribution to the ionization rate. Using the electron distribution function [Gurevich et al., 2004] and ionization cross-sections of nitrogen and oxygen molecules by electron impact [Hwang et al., 1996] we estimate that electrons in the energy range 30–100 eV produce about the same ionization rate as those in the range 100–1,000 eV. An error by a factor of two in the ionization rate can result in large errors in the computed number of low energy electrons or in the conductivity of the air and this critical effect was completely missed in the DB paper. [9] The comparison of the MC model with the experiments made by DB has no direct relation to the problem at hand. DB referred to the well-known experiments on air ionization by fast electrons [Knoll, 2000]. In those experiments mono-energetic electron beams with energies of about 1 MeV were used. However, the runaway avalanche electrons are distributed in a certain way in energy space and the ionization by low energy electrons is more efficient than that by the high-energy electrons. Experiments using an electron source distributed in energy space do not exist. Therefore there is no direct experimental measurement of the exponentially growing runaway avalanche of fast electrons. [10] DB emphasized the fact that the ionization is determined by the relativistic electron avalanche and not by the runaway breakdown. This is mostly a philological statement, however in order to study the physical mechanism of ionization let us compare the energy expended by the applied electric field in the range of lower energy versus the high-energy electrons. [12] Robert Lysak thanks the reviewer for his or her assistance in evaluating this paper.

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Леонид Вениаминович Келдыш (к 80-летию со дня рождения), Андреев А.Ф., Арсеев П.И., Васильев М.А., Гуревич А.В., Копаев Ю.В., Крохин О.Н., Максимов Е.Г., Месяц Г.А., Ритус В.И., Рубаков В.А., Руденко О.В., Садовский М.В.