This paper takes the pathophysiology course as an example to explore the practical path for Ideological ＆ Political education in pathophysiology education,including clarifying the Ideological ＆ Political education objectives,establishing educational resources,improving the ability and literacy of teachers,and reforming the Ideological ＆ Political education assessment system and feedback mechanism.By combining Ideological ＆ Political education with pathophysiology education,this paper aims to cultivate high-quality medical talents with both virtue and personnel.

课程思政目前已成为高等教学过程中加强大学生思想政治教育的主要途径之一.中医院校病理学课程思政的教学探索可以通过深入挖掘课程思政元素、拓展课程教学内容、采用混合式教学、案例教学和翻转课堂等多元化教学手段,将课程思政纳入新的课程考核评价体系,从而实现"教学"与"育人"的有机结合,为中国培养更多"德才兼备"的中医药人才.

目的:检测并比较雄黄与四种甲基化代谢物(MMAⅢ、DMAⅢ、MMAⅤ及DMAⅤ)遗传毒性大小.方法:以CHL细胞为研究对象,对雄黄浸出液和四种甲基化代谢物开展细胞毒性试验确定各自的IC50;各物质统一以1/4 IC50 为剂量标准,开展染色体畸变实验、微核实验、单细胞凝胶电泳实验,进行遗传毒性的检测与比较.结果:各物质在1/4 IC50 给药剂量下,雄黄浸出液染色体畸变率为7.5％,MMAⅢ和DMAⅢ畸变率分别是10％和14％,而MMAⅤ和DMAⅤ畸变率在5％～10％之间;雄黄浸出液与四种甲基化代谢物均能引起CHL细胞微核率增加,且除雄黄浸出液外,四种甲基化代谢物与空白对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);各物质均能引起CHL细胞的彗星尾长、Olive尾距、尾DNA％增加(P＜0.05),且MMAⅢ和DMAⅢ组的上述三个观察指标较雄黄浸出液组明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:雄黄浸出液的遗传毒性明显低于MMAⅢ和DMAⅢ,但与MMAⅤ和DMAⅤ相比未见显著差异.

目的 探讨聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰的氢氧化铝纳米颗粒(Rehydragel?HS)联合肿瘤来源自噬小体(DRibbles)的抗肿瘤作用.方法 PEI修饰的HS(HS/PEI)联合卵清蛋白(OVA)抗原后与树突状细胞(DCs)共孵育,流式细胞仪检测DCs对HS/PEI-OVA的摄取,Western blotting检测不同孵育时间DCs中泛素化OVA蛋白的表达;与B3 Z细胞(表达LacZ的H-2Kb-OVA257-264特异性CD8+T细胞杂交瘤)共孵育后,氯苯酚红-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(CPRG)法检测DCs对OVA抗原递呈能力的改变.DCs负载HS/PEI-DRibbles(OVA+)后与B3 Z细胞共孵育,CPRG方法检测DCs对DRibbles抗原递呈能力的改变.皮下接种小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16-OVA构建小鼠黑色素瘤模型,探讨负载HS/PEI-DRibbles(OVA+)的DCs疫苗的抗肿瘤作用.结果 与HS/PEI-OVA孵育6 h后DCs对OVA抗原摄取、递呈能力显著增强,DCs中泛素化OVA蛋白的表达显著增加.HS/PEI能显著增强DCs对DRibbles抗原的递呈能力.小鼠的B16-OVA皮下移植瘤模型中,DCs-HS/PEI-DRibbles(OVA+)疫苗可显著抑制小鼠的肿瘤生长并延长小鼠的生存时间且在体内诱导有效的抗原特异性免疫应答.结论 DCs-HS/PEI-DRibbles疫苗能诱导高效的抗肿瘤应答,为今后DCs疫苗的临床应用及肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了新策略.

微课符合网络时代学习渠道多元化、学习方式微型化等特征而受到越来越多的关注,并且微课是在线学习和移动学习的重要数字化学习资源.如何将微课理念应用于混合学习,提高学习效率,值得探究.本文对微课在中医药院校病理学教学的应用做了初步的探讨,阐述了其给中医药院校病理学教学改革带来的机遇.通过混合学习的微课平台,其先进的教学理念、丰富的教学内容和科学的教学设计,可以在病理学教学过程中更加突出学习中的重难点、增强师生的交流与沟通、加强与临床各学科的联系,更好地培养医学综合性人才.

雄激素性脱发是临床上常见的脱发类型,表现为毛囊变小、毛发减少,影响人的心理状态和生活质量.西医认为该病与雄激素相关且具有遗传性,研究结果显示该病的发病与雄激素受体亲和力增强、毛囊单位的5α-还原酶水平增高,基因,生长因子等因素有关.中医则认为湿热浸润,血热(虚)风燥,肝肾不足可导致该病发生.目前中西医均有应对雄激素性脱发的方法.文章分别从中医、西医、中西医结合三个方面阐释雄激素性脱发的机理、表现和目前的治疗进展.

病理学是一门联系基础医学和临床医学的桥梁学科.本文从培养中医学专业目标出发,探索在病理学教学中实施传统的LBL课堂授课与小组讨论的PBL授课相结合的混合教学模式,并利用THEOL网络教学平台进一步丰满混合教学模式,以期学生在扎实掌握病理学理论知识的同时提升临床诊断能力及自主学习能力.

三七是五加科植物三七的干燥根和根茎,主要产于云南和广西.本品活血消肿,止痛力强,为治瘀血诸证之佳品,尤为伤科要药,可应用于咯血、吐血、衄血、便血、崩漏、外伤出血、痈疽肿痛等病症[1].中医学认为三七散瘀止血、消肿定痛,具有止血而不留瘀,化瘀而不伤正的特点.三七的化学成分为人参皂苷、三七皂苷、三七素及多糖,其中三七总皂苷是主要有效成分[2].目前研究表明三七总皂苷作用广泛,主要应用于心脑血管疾病以及免疫、老年痴呆、肿瘤等疾病.现就其近年来的研究进展作综述如下.

慕课是大规模开放在线课程的简称,其迅猛发展对传统教学模式造成了强烈的冲击.本文对慕课在中医院校病理学教学的应用做了初步的探讨,阐述了慕课给中医院校病理学教学改革带来的机遇,认为通过慕课先进的教学理念、丰富的教学内容和科学的教学设计,可以在病理学教学过程中更加突出学习中的重难点、增强师生的交流与沟通、加强与临床各学科的联系,更好的培养医学综合性人才.但如何更好地在中医院校病理学教学中开展慕课有待进一步研究.

病理学是一门实践性很强的学科，在基础医学和临床医学教学中占有重要地位。为提高病理学实验教学质量，改革传统教学方法，笔者采用了一些新的教学方法。本文主要探讨教学改革方法和优势以及在实施过程中发现的问题。

目的:探讨牛黄解毒片方中中药配伍能否减低雄黄的肝毒性及其与肝细胞凋亡的关系.方法:40只ICR小鼠随机分为雄黄组,牛黄解毒片全方组(7.8 g·kg-1),牛黄解毒片全方去甘草黄芩大黄组(3.8 g·kg-1),牛黄解毒片全方去雄黄组(7.3 g·kg-1)和正常组5组,雄黄组剂量设置为0.5 g·kg-1,根据《中国药典》的牛黄解毒片组方比例,设置其他给药组剂量(含等效雄黄量),各组经口给药9周,观察小鼠肝组织病理变化与氧化损伤,并应用末端转移酶标记技术(TUNEL)和免疫组化法检测肝细胞原位凋亡和凋亡相关分子Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况.结果:雄黄组小鼠肝组织出现显著水肿,且局部有坏死,而牛黄解毒片全方组及其他给药组的肝组织未见明显异常;与正常组比较,雄黄组的丙二醛(MDA)明显升高(P＜0.05);TUNEL凋亡指数,Bax表达平均吸光度A明显增加,Bcl-2表达平均A明显减少(P＜0.05);与雄黄组比较,牛黄解毒片全方组的MDA明显降低(P＜0.05),TUNEL凋亡指数,Bax表达平均A明显下降,Bcl-2表达平均A明显增加(P＜0.05);全方去甘草、黄芩、大黄后,凋亡指数较全方组增加,Bax表达亦明显增加,但Bcl-2表达无明显变化.结论:牛黄解毒片方中中药配伍可减低雄黄的肝毒性,抑制雄黄诱导的肝细胞凋亡可认为是牛黄解毒片配伍减低雄黄肝损伤的分子机制之一,抑制过程可能是通过促进Bcl-2表达而阻碍Bax表达来实现的,抑制药物与甘草、黄芩、大黄3味中药有关.

病理学是联系基础医学和临床医学之间的一门重要桥梁学科.病理学的教学重点和难点是学生思维方式的转换,学生要学会以临床思维来看待疾病,然而,单纯的理论教学很难达到这一目的.本论文探讨中医院校在病理教学中如何开展案例式教学,为培养学生临床思维以及今后走向临床打好坚实基础.

目的:探讨甘草对As2O3所致的小鼠遗传毒性能否产生抑制作用.方法:ICR小鼠随机分为As2O3组、As2O3加不同剂量甘草组和阴性对照组,分别开展小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验,观察甘草和As2O3联合给药对小鼠微核形成率和精子畸形率的影响;同时采用原子荧光光度法,检测不同组小鼠体内肝、肾组织砷元素的含量,分析甘草配伍对砷元素在小鼠体内吸收分布的影响.结果:As2O3加7.69g/kg甘草组和As2 O3加15.38g/kg甘草组的小鼠微核形成率较单独As2O3 (4.5mg/kg,1/10 LD50)组明显降低;As2O3加1.54g/kg、7.69g/kg和15.38g/kg甘草组的小鼠精子畸形率均较单独As2 O3组明显降低;As2O3加不同剂量甘草组的小鼠肝、肾组织砷元素含量均降低,但仅As2O3加15.38g/kg甘草组差异有显著性.结论:甘草对As2O3所致的小鼠遗传毒性有抑制作用,减少As2O3在体内组织的吸收与分布可能是机制之一.

BACKGROUND: Chitosan modification for magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can improve the agglomeration and stability of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and in addition, it can be used for tumor hyperthermia and gene therapy in the future.OBJECTIVE: To explore the biocompatibility of magnetic chitosan microspheres which have the potential application in tumor hyperthermia and gene therapy.METHODS: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using the modified chemical precipitation.Phacoemulsification method was used to add chitosan into magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the preparation of magnetic chitosan microspheres. Then, the following tests were performed.(1) Cytotoxicity test: L-929 cells were cultured in 1640 medium, polyacrylamide monomer solution, 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of magnetic chitosanmicrosphere extracts.(2) Hemolysis test: Magnetic chitosan microspheres leaching solution, saline and distilled water were added.(3) Micronucleus test: Kunming mice were intraperitoneally injected with magnetic chitosan microspheres suspension containing 5, 3.75, 2.5, 1.25 g/kg iron oxide magnetic fluid, cyclophosphamide and saline, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Magnetic chitosan microspheres of 200-300 nm in diameter had an increased dispersion effect. The result of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the toxicity of the material on L-929 cell lines belonged to no cytotoxicity. In the hemolysis test, the hemolysis rate of magnetic chitosan microspheres was 0.69% far less than 5%. In the micronucleus test, magnetic chitosan microspheres suspension did not cause DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy, and did not result in genetic toxicological effects produced by micronuclei. The magnetic chitosan microspheres did not appear with cacogenesis and mutagenesis. From the results, magnetic chitosan microspheres are a kind of high biocompatibility material.

天然来源的壳聚糖是自然界唯一的天然碱性多糖,它以其较好的生物相容性在药物控释释放、基因治疗和组织工程中有一定应用。磁性壳聚糖微球是近年来新兴的一种天然高分子磁性微球,其中报道最为多见的是Fe3O4纳米粒子与壳聚糖制备成的复合微球。本文就磁性壳聚糖微球的制备方法及在生物医药领域中的应用进行综述。

目的:探讨PBL 教学法在病理学教学中的应用效果.方法:对照组采用传统教学法,实验组采用PBL教学法,通过理论教学观察各组教学后效果并进行对比分析.结果:与对照组比,实验组理论教学客观题成绩有提高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),主观题成绩及总成绩有明显提高,存在显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:在病理学理论教学中应用 PBL 教学法教学效果优于传统教学法.

Clinically, thermotherapy, which includes heating certain organs or tissues to temperatures between 41 degrees C and 46 degrees C, also known as hyperthermia, has been long used in the treatment of tumors. With the development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as iron oxide nanoparticles, have been used for tumor hyperthermia, to absorb energy from an applied high-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) and transform it into heat at temperatures of 42-45 degrees C, at which tumor cells are very sensitive. Arsenic trioxide ( As2O3), a traditional Chinese medicine, is important for the research and treatment of human cancers. This chapter discusses the current status of the development of iron oxide MNPs and their application in the hyperthermic treatment of tumors, including their toxicity. Furthermore, we also review current studies using MNPs in combination with As2O3 for tumor therapy.

南京中医药大学西医基础课程教学改革采用以"器官系统为中心"的课程整合模式,将解剖学、组织学、生理学、微生物与免疫学、病理学5个学科的课程,以人体每个系统、器官为主线进行整合,形成新的教学模块"基础医学教程"。从2008年起,至今已有3届学生完成该课程的学习。现将我们3年来有关基础医学课程整合教学改革中有关病理学课程教学的经验和成果进行总结,同时对存在的问题进行分析,并提出对应之策。

BACKGROUND:Combination therapy for arterial embolization hyperthermia (AEH) with arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) nanoparticles (ATONs) is a novel treatment for solid malignancies. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility and therapeutic effect of AEH with As(2)O(3) nanoparticles in a rabbit liver cancer model. The protocol was approved by our institutional animal use committee. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In total, 60 VX(2) liver-tumor-bearing rabbits were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12/group) and received AEH with ATONs (Group 1), hepatic arterial embolization with ATONs (Group 2), lipiodol (Group 3), or saline (Group 4), on day 14 after tumor implantation. Twelve rabbits that received AEH with ATONs were prepared for temperature measurements, and were defined as Group 5. Computed tomography was used to measure the tumors' longest dimension, and evaluation was performed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Hepatic toxicity, tumor necrosis rate, vascular endothelial growth factor level, and microvessel density were determined. Survival rates were measured using the Kaplan-Meier method. The therapeutic temperature (42.5°C) was obtained in Group 5. Hepatotoxicity reactions occurred but were transient in all groups. Tumor growth was delayed and survival was prolonged in Group 1 (treated with AEH and ATONs). Plasma and tumor vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density were significantly inhibited in Group 1, while tumor necrosis rates were markedly enhanced compared with those in the control groups. CONCLUSIONS:ATON-based AEH is a safe and effective treatment that can be targeted at liver tumors using the dual effects of hyperthermia and chemotherapy. This therapy can delay tumor growth and noticeably inhibit tumor angiogenesis.

To explore the preparation and characters of a novel nanosized magnetic liposome that contained PEI-As2O3/Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (PEI- As2O3/MZF) complex. Experimental results suggest that PEI-As2O3/MZF magnetic nanoliposome is a kind of appropriate material which has multiple effects for tumor thermotherapy, gene therapy and chemotherapy.