In this study, an eco-friendly passivation layer was fabricated on Zn-Al-Mg (ZAM) coated steel via steam oxidation, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional chromate treatments. Systematic electrochemical and microstructural evaluations demonstrate that the steam-induced oxide layer significantly enhances corrosion resistance. However, this improvement is not a simple monotonic function of layer thickness. Instead, investigations utilizing FIB-TEM and KPFM reveal that the mechanism is governed by a kinetic transition from initially uniform oxidation to a heterogeneous, phase-selective process. During the early stages, the preferential oxidation of Mg and the presence of high-density grain boundaries facilitate rapid diffusion pathways. In the steam environment, obvious separation of anodic and cathodic reaction areas occurs due to the potential differences between the Zn phases and the eutectic/Al-rich phases, causing finer constituent phases to exhibit accelerated oxidation kinetics. As the oxide layer thickens, the rate-controlling step shifts to the inward diffusion of oxidizing species, reinforcing the phase-selective nature of the passivation. These findings elucidate the microstructure-governed mechanism of steam-induced passivation and provide a theoretical foundation for the rational design of high-performance, chrome-free strategies for ZAM coatings.

The performance of visual detection models in industrial applications is strongly influenced by training dataset quality. Although imaging scheme design and algorithm optimization are often emphasized, systematic dataset quality evaluation remains insufficient. To address this gap, this study proposes a dataset quality evaluation framework for industrial object detection. It includes four dimensions and thirteen quantifiable indices: three for acquisition environment, two for image quality, three for dataset scale, and five for annotation quality. Normalization based on theoretical maximum scores is used to reduce biases caused by different score ranges, and dimension weights are assigned using Taguchi orthogonal experiments. Validation is performed on five public and three self-constructed datasets using YOLOv12n and RT-DETR-R18. A positive correlation trend is observed between the proposed scores and detection accuracy, with PLCC/SRCC/Kendall’s tau values of 0.685/0.850/0.764 and 0.656/0.826/0.691, respectively. After second-level weight optimization, the correlations increase to 0.775/0.922/0.837 and 0.748/0.898/0.764. Corresponding p-values and 95% confidence intervals are reported to quantify statistical uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis and ablation comparisons further verify the robustness and necessity of the proposed multidimensional framework. The proposed framework provides a quantifiable method and practical acquisition guidelines for improving industrial image dataset quality.

In this study, the influence of aging on microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of cold-rolled Ti-29Nb-11Ta-5Zr (TNTZ) alloys was investigated. The cold-rolled TNTZ exhibited a mixture of alpha ''+ omega+ beta phase microstructure accompanied by yield strength of 499 MPa, tensile strength of 779 MPa, and elastic modulus of 44 GPa. Aging under suitable condition can effectively tailor the microstructure of TNTZ alloy by leveraging the synergistic effect of nano-scale alpha phase and dislocations to enhance mechanical properties and improved elastic recovery. The aging process conducted at 500 & ring;C/30 min exhibits best optimized results by achieving enhanced yield strength of 691 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 913 MPa, elastic strain limit of 1.4 %, ductility of similar to 9 %, and a sacrificial increase in elastic modulus of 65 GPa. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed enhanced corrosion resistance in aged samples, marked by higher corrosion resistance and lower corrosion current compared to the cold rolled condition. In vitro cell culture (MC3T3-E1) tests exhibit that TNTZ alloy has an excellent cytotoxicity properties. These findings established that aging after cold-rolling is a promising route to optimize TNTZ for biomedical applications.

The inherent trade-off between strength and ductility in biodegradable Zn alloys has long hindered their clinical adoption as next-generation biomedical implants, while the corrosion rate needs further enhancement to reduce in vivo residence time for implant requirements. In this study, a novel gradient heterogeneous lamellar (GHL) structure was developed in Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li (wt%) alloy via an integrated extrusion-rotary swaging deformation process. The special structure combines the advantages of gradient structure and heterogeneous lamellar (HL) structure, achieving synchronous strength and ductility improvement. The R70 alloy exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 494 MPa and elongation (EL) of 81 %. The synergistic interplay of grain refinement, hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening, and plastic strain gradient leads to progressive enhancement of the strength-ductility synergy. The corrosion rate increased and the corrosion pattern tended towards uniform corrosion with the increase of deformation, which is attributed the uniform grain refinement and phases distribution, resulting in an increase in micro-electrochemical corrosion areas and non-uniformity of corrosion products between disordered textures after rotary-swaging. The R20 alloy presented an electrochemical corrosion rate of 188 mu m/year, an immersion corrosion rate in the first 15 days of 134 mu m/year, while the R70 alloy had corresponding values of 316 mu m /year and 156 mu m /year. The degradation products are nontoxic, and controlled release of bioactive ion (Zn2 +, Mn2+, Li+) synergistically promotes osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, the rotary-swaged Zn-0.45Mn-0.8Li alloy with GHL structure represented an ideal candidate for biodegradable medical implants, integrating excellent mechanical properties, controlled degradation kinetics, and osteogenic bioactivity.

In this study, a three-stage cold rotary swaging combined with intermediate annealing was employed to fabricate nickel aluminum bronze rods with a total area reduction ratio of 84%. The evolution of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties was systemically investigated. It was found that the sample before the deformation exists lamellar xIII phases, which transformed to spheroidized morphology during the three-stage rotary swaging. In addition, the matrix alpha grain was significantly refined from about 5 & micro;m to 1 & micro;m. The combination of the spherical second phases and fine grain size induced an enhanced yield strength of 584 MPa and elongation of 20.4% compared to 544 MPa and 15.5% of the initial sample. The electrochemical result showed that the corrosion properties of the initial sample and the deformed sample were similar. The current studies suggested that the three-stage cold rotary swaging is a promising route to improve the mechanical properties of NAB alloys without sacrificing the corrosion properties.

This study investigates the microstructure and multi-property evolution of a biodegradable Zn-0.45Li alloy processed by multi-pass cold drawing into ultrafine wires (diameter <= 0.3 mm). With increasing drawing deformation, significant grain refinement was achieved, reducing the average grain size from 2.80 f 0.83 mu m to 1.35 f 0.43 mu m. Remarkably, the wire exhibited an unusual combination of high ductility and retained strength, at 0.14 mm diameter, the elongation reached 216.4 f 24.6%, showing room-temperature superplasticity, while maintaining a tensile strength of 414.6 f 14.4 MPa. Microstructural analysis reveals that grain refinement promotes a deformation-mechanism transition from dislocation slip to grain-boundary sliding, which accounts for the simultaneous enhancement in plasticity and reduction in strength. Electrochemical and immersion tests indicate that the corrosion resistance decreases with greater drawing strain, primarily due to increased grainboundary density and refined LiZn4 phase distribution, which accelerate micro-galvanic and intergranular corrosion, leading to a directional, grid-like corrosion morphology. Cytocompatibility assessment shows that diluted extracts of the drawn alloy support L-929 cell adhesion and proliferation without significant cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that multi-pass drawing effectively tailors the mechanical, degradation, and biological performance of Zn-0.45Li wires, highlighting their potential as a promising candidate for fine-diameter biodegradable implants such as surgical sutures and cardiovascular stents.

The rising prevalence of orthopedic conditions, driven by an aging population, has led to a growing demand for advanced implant materials. Traditional metals such as stainless steel and titanium alloys are biologically inert and often necessitate secondary surgical removal, imposing both economic and psychological burdens on patients. Biodegradable zinc-based alloys offer promising alternatives due to their moderate degradation rates, biocompatibility, and tissue-healing properties. However, existing studies on Zn-Fe alloys primarily focus on composition optimization, with limited investigation into how processing methods influence their performance. This study explores the effects of rotary forging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-0.5Fe alloys. By refining grain structure and promoting dynamic recrystallization, rotary forging achieves significant improvements in ductility (60% elongation, a 114% increase compared to the extruded state) while maintaining corrosion resistance. Electrochemical and immersion tests reveal that rotary forging produces a denser and more protective corrosion layer, thereby improving the degradation performance of the material in simulated body fluid. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence staining tests confirm excellent biocompatibility, validating the material’s suitability for medical applications. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which rotary forging enhances the properties of Zn-0.5Fe alloys, providing a novel approach to tailoring biodegradable implant materials for orthopedic applications.

Monocular laser vision systems and machine learning-based micro-displacement measurement methods face critical limitations in feature representation accuracy and computational efficiency. Existing approaches rely on manually designed image metrics or suffer from excessive model complexity, leading to compromised precision and low computational efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose a lightweight deep learning framework integrating an optimized ResNet50V2 architecture with dual-laser composite imaging. Key innovations include: A structurally enhanced ResNet50V2 network that reduces parameters through depthwise separable convolutions and multi-scale feature extraction, while improving displacement-sensitive feature learning; A dual-laser imaging system that enhances robustness through adaptive fusion of complementary laser patterns. Experimental results demonstrate a measurement error below 0.07 mm with merely 12.98 million parameters, outperforming conventional machine learning methods in both precision and computational efficiency. The proposed system provides a cost-effective solution for high-precision micro-displacement measurement in resource-constrained industrial applications.

Zn-0.45Mn alloy in an extruded state was treated by multiple passes of rotary forging. The process generated 1 mm ultrafine grainZn-0.45Mn material with elongation as high as 154.2%. The rotary-forging process induced the onset of dynamic recrystallization accompanied by dislocation annihilation, forming ultrafine grain material with an average grain size of 0.89μm. Immersion experiments revealed that denser corrosion products resulted in a lower rate of Zn-0.45Mn alloy during long-term immersion, and the corrosion rate was maintained at 40μm/year for 30 d. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence staining experiments showed that the Zn-0.45Mn alloy exhibited good biocompatibility. Results indicatedthatrotary forging caused the Zn-0.45Mn alloy to be more plastic, providinggreater possibilities for subsequent practical applications.

Biodegradable Zn alloys have emerged as promising materials in orthopaedics, and optimising their mechanical strength for enhanced clinical applicability remains an active research area. In this study, we developed a ternary Zn-0.45Mn-xLi alloy system (x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) to address these challenges. The optimised Zn0.45Mn-0.5Li alloy was implanted into the femur of a rat. Material characterisation was performed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical tests, and tensile testing. The corrosion behaviour was explored using electrochemical tests, and the osteogenic effect was evaluated using micro-computed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The possible underlying mechanisms were explored using alkaline phosphatase staining, Oil Red O staining, immunofluorescence, and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that Li significantly enhanced the mechanical properties through dual mechanisms: (1) grain refinement strengthening and secondary phase precipitation strengthening, and (2) strengthening and toughening via Li(Mn,Zn)4 phase formation following grain coarsening. The Zn-0.45Mn-0.5Li alloy strongly inhibited fatty infiltration and promoted bone synthesis through activating the P38/MAPK pathway to drive differentiation fate of stem cells. The ternary design of alloying Zn-0.45Mn with Li can enhance mechanical strength and promote bone formation, showing potential for being used as bone implant material.

In this study, Zn-0.5Mn-0.2Mg alloys were prepared by hot-rolled and heat-treated at 100-300 degrees C. The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties were systemically investigated. It was found that the MnZn13, Mg2Zn11 second phases and texture are similar for the rolled and heat-treatment sample, but the grain size increased from 1.64 mu m to 11.24 mu m with the increasing heat-treatment temperature. The tensile strength increased and ductility decreased after heat treatment, and the maximum strength of 305 MPa was obtained at 300 degrees C. The improved strength was mainly attributed to the increased grain size which reduced the dominant grain boundary slip. Another result is that the localized corrosion phenomenon is reduced after heat treatment, especially for 200 degrees C heat-treated sample. In addition, the heat treatment has not deteriorated the cell viability of L-929 and shows no-toxicity in 25 % extract. The study demonstrates that heat treatment after rolling is a promising approach to improve the comprehensive properties of biodegradable Zn alloys.

The creep behavior of Zn-0.4Li-0.45Mn alloy, prepared by melt casting and hot extrusion as a potential biodegradable implant material, was investigated under stresses ranging from 70 to 260 MPa. Creep tests were conducted at 37 degrees C, 51 degrees C, and 121 degrees C, corresponding to body temperature, ethylene oxide sterilization, and autoclaving sterilization temperatures, respectively. The study found that the alloy exhibited significant creep deformation over 750 hours, particularly under low-stress conditions at 37 degrees C, where it demonstrated a high true stress exponent (3.70). The alloy's creep characteristics showed clear temperature dependence within this stress range, with an apparent creep activation energy of 74.5 kJ/mol at 70 MPa, suggesting that the creep mechanism is primarily controlled by a stress-sensitive, thermally activated process. Microstructural analysis revealed significant grain deformation on the alloy surface before and after creep, and scanning electron microscopy images showed grain boundary sliding, indicating this process as the primary mechanism for creep failure. Additionally, the Maxwell viscoelastic model was used to accurately characterize the alloy's behavior during the steady-state creep phase, with model fitting showing strong agreement with experimental data. These results not only enhance the understanding of the creep behavior of zinc alloys in biomedical applications but also provide a scientific basis for their potential use in materials science and engineering.

In this study, the extruded Zn-0.45Li alloy was processed through multiple passes of rotary forging to obtain ultrafine crystalline materials with 3 mm and 1 mm diameters. At 1 mm, the tensile strength reached 610 MPa, and the elongation remained at 38.4 %. The rotary forging treatment promoted the uniform distribution of LiZn4 phase and grain refinement. An extremely strong [0001]//ND basal texture was observed at 1 mm. The immersion and electrochemical experiments indicated that under the influence of the rotary forging process, the corrosion resistance of Zn-0.45Li monotonically decreased, and the final degradation rate was maintained at approximately 40 mu m/year. The results of cytotoxicity tests and fluorescence staining experiments showed that the Zn-0.45Li alloy exhibited excellent cytocompatibility, indicating that the rotary forging process effectively improves the comprehensive performance of Zn-0.45Li and has great potential for application.

Presently, variations in light source brightness significantly affect visual roughness measurement methods. To tackle this, a Full-reference imaging approach (FRI) is introduced to capture comprehensive light field information, encompassing incident and surface-reflected light. Utilizing the energy ratio between these fields minimizes light source interference and improves measurement accuracy. Initially, a relationship model, drawing upon Lambert-Beer and light scattering principles, correlates surface roughness with reflected and reference light energy. Theoretical feasibility is established, followed by validation of the model's robustness through numerical simulations. An FRI device is then developed to experimentally verify the model, showing a reduced impact of light source brightness on roughness measurements. Results demonstrate that the measurement system exhibits high stability and can detect a minimum roughness of 0.007 mu m even with significant variations in light source brightness.

In response to the significant influence of workpiece texture placement direction on the accuracy and reliability of visual roughness evaluation, a high-precision approach for measuring surface roughness using vertical incidence of circular structured light is proposed. Initially, the theory of vertical incidence method of circular structured light is described. Subsequently, the feasibility of the proposed imaging approach and its robustness against texture interference are validated using TRACEPRO simulations. The superiority of the proposed approach is confirmed by comparative analysis with oblique incidence method. An experimental setup is then designed based on the simulation model to capture images of samples with varying roughness and texture orientations. A model correlating structured light area features with roughness confirms the method's effectiveness and resistance to texture interference. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively mitigates texture effects, achieving an average roughness prediction error of 0.02 mu m.

Zinc (Zn)-based medical alloys are considered to be a biodegradable material with great potential. Hydroxyapatite (HA) can improve the osteogenic properties of Zn alloys, but its adhesion strength needs improvement. In this study, a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) interlayer and polylactic acid (PLA) composite layers containing different contents of nano-HA (nHA) were successively prepared on the pure Zn surface by MAO and sol–gel impregnation methods. The adhesion results showed that PLA could enhance the adhesion of HA on the Zn surface, where the adhesion of the Zn/MAO/PLA-nHA (7:3) composite coating was close to that of the pure PLA layer. In addition, the degradation rate of the implant could be controlled by varying the content of nHA in the composite coating while significantly improving its bioactivity. Finally, the addition of nHA increased the roughness of the surface of the composite coating, which was favorable for cell adhesion and proliferation. The highest adhesion density of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts was exhibited on the Zn/MAO/PLA-nHA (7:3) composite coating. The Zn/MAO/PLA-nHA (7:3) composite coatings showed good adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, and excellent cytocompatibility. Thus, this study provides a reasonable design guide for the modification of degradable Zn alloy surfaces in bone tissue engineering biomaterials.

In a precision machining environment, suspended particles in the air have a non-negligible effect on visual roughness measurement results. To address this issue, this paper analyzes the influence of particles on the visual roughness measurement from theoretical derivation and numerical simulation, respectively. Firstly, based on the Lambert-Beer and the light scattering principles, the propagation equation of incident light under the joint action of suspended particles and rough surfaces is derived. Then, a numerical simulation model is designed, and the theoretical equations are verified by simulation experiments. The influence of particle material, particle size (D), particle concentration (N), light wavelength (lambda), and SiC surface roughness (Ra) on the average electric field magnitude of the energy-acquisition boundary are analysed based on the simulation experiments. The theoretical derivation shows that the average electric field magnitude of the energy-acquisition boundary is mainly influenced by particle state and rough surface state. The simulation experiment results show that both the particle parameters and the rough surface parameters are consistent with the theoretical derivation. As Ra increases, the effect of N on the measurement results decreases. The results reveal the influence mechanism of suspended particles on the visual roughness measurement results and provide a basis for improving visual roughness measurement accuracy.

Utilizing microorganisms in corrosion inhibition presents a broad application prospect, but the complexity of their biological activities and living environments call for continued investigation and innovation. To uncover the corrosion behaviors and mechanisms effected by microorganisms, the effect of a novel strain named Photobacterium sp. 9-1 on the carbon steel corrosion process was investigated. Photobacterium sp. 9-1 was identified as a corrosion inhibition bacterium that could reduce the weight loss of carbon steel by approximately 97%. The biofilm formed on the metal surface, which was composed of bacteria, proteins, polysaccharides, etc., was a vital biological structure for the corrosion prevention. Further, we found that the corrosion inhibition effect induced by Photobacterium sp. 9-1 was dependent on the physiological activities of live bacteria. Thus, the discovery of efficient corrosion inhibition bacteria and further study of the relationship between the corrosion protection behavior of bacteria and metal materials could provide new insight into the design and application of economic and eco-friendly corrosion protection materials.

Biodegradable Zn-based alloys have excellent mechanical properties, a good corrosion rate, and favorable biocompatibility, which have broad application prospects. In this study, new biodegradable Zn-0.5Fex Li (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 wt%) alloys were successively prepared by melting and hot extrusion, and the effects of Li content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility of the alloys were investigated. The formation of FeZn 13 and eutectic LiZn 4 phases in the Zn-0.5Fex Li alloys and the grain size of the Zn0.5Fe-0.5Li alloys significantly reduced with an increase in Li content. The synergistic effect of solid solution and grain refinement of Li significantly improved the strength of the Zn-0.5Fe-0.5Li alloy and ensured the ductility of the alloy, which resulted in its optimum overall performance. The yield strength was 353.6 +/- 6.8 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength was 441.9 +/- 2.6 MPa, and the elongation was 26.8 +/- 0.8%. In addition, the Zn-0.5Fe0.5Li alloy showed excellent corrosion properties. The electrochemical corrosion rate was 0.735 mm/year, and the surface corrosion degradation morphology was uniform after immersion. The Zn-0.5Fe-0.5Li alloy also demonstrated the most favorable in vitro cytocompatibility in cellular experiments. Overall, the extruded Zn0.5Fe-0.5Li alloy is a promising biodegradable implant material with excellent mechanical properties, a suitable corrosion rate, and good cytocompatibility.