通过实地走访调研,对炉霍县饲草产业发展现状进行了摸底分析,梳理了饲草产业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了适宜当地的牧草发展对策.

草原虫害的爆发严重威胁草原生态系统的安全,草原虫害的发生趋势预测及防治工作在保护草原生态系统方面具有重要性意义.本文通过统计分析红原县2013～2021 年草原虫害发生情况及其与环境温度的相关性,结果发现:红原县草原虫害年平均发生面积为6.59×104hm2,年平均严重危害面积2.86×104hm2.其中土蝗年平均危害面积为2.41×104hm2,年平均严重危害面积为1.23×104hm2;草原毛虫年平均危害面积为4.04×104hm2,年平均严重危害面积为1.45×104hm2;其他害虫年平均危害面积为0.16×104hm2,年平均严重危害面积为0.03×104hm2;红原县2013～2021 年间累计防治1.08×105hm2.此外,草原害虫发生面积随温度的增加呈增加的趋势,但相关性不显著.本文的结果为草原虫害的发生机制提供参考.

为解决我国西南地区种草养畜脱节、饲草紧缺等矛盾,推进我国草畜循环农业的发展,四川省广安市多年来致力于草畜循环一体化技术探索,整合产业专家技术资源精准对接,探索"以地定畜、以畜定草、粪肥还草、种养平衡、环境友好"的种养循环一体化技术,采取"标准化现代化规模养殖场+配套种植优质牧草基地",精准设计路径,打通种养循环,形成草畜一体化的生态畜牧综合经营体系.

Ensiling is a simple and effective method of alleviating a shortage of forage for ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and stage-increased temperature on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of oat silage on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The silage was treated with local laboratory inoculant (I) and commercial inoculant (S) and stored at ambient temperature (<10 °C) or stage-increased (5, 10 and 15 days) temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C for 60 days. The results showed that stage-increased storage temperature can improve silage fermentation. Compared with 10 °C, a stage-increased storage temperature of 15 °C effectively (p < 0.05) promoted the fermentation rate of silage by increasing the dominance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, with higher lactic, acetic and propionic acid contents and a lower ammonia-N ratio of the total N and final pH value. Compared with S, treatment with I increased the water-soluble carbohydrate and lactic acid contents and decreased the ammonia-N ratio of the total N and final pH value. This work demonstrated that increasing the storage temperature in stages using a warming infrastructure facilitates the preservation of oat silage in cold regions, and the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria could advance silage fermentation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

To investigate the effect of ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau on anaerobic fermentation and subsequent methane emissions, oats grown under different ambient UV conditions (UV1, 100% ambient UV radiation; UV2, 50% ambient UV radiation) were fermented with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) inoculant treatments. The UV2 treatment increased (P < 0.05) epiphytic bacterial counts and reduced (P < 0.05) the water-soluble carbohydrate contents of oat. Both the UV2 treatment and the LP inoculant substantially increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and inhibited detrimental microorganisms (enterobacteria and yeasts) during anaerobic fermentation, resulting in the absence of butyric acid. The UV2 treatment increased (P < 0.05) the acid detergent fiber contents after anaerobic fermentation and indirectly increased (P < 0.05) methane emissions by 8.52-14.69% during in vitro ruminal digestion. This study demonstrated that low ambient UV radiation during cultivation facilitated anaerobic fermentation and consequently enhanced subsequent methane emissions from the rumen.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the silage quality of forage soybean-corn stover silage in the south of China. Forage soybean were combined manually with corn stover by ratios of R1 (25:75), R2 (50:50) and R3 (75:25) in fresh weight (FM) and ensiled in bag silos for 60 days at room temperature (20-25 degrees C). All silages were treated without (control) or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant (G,Lactobacillus plantarumandLactobacillus buchneri, 10(5) cfu/g, of FM), cellulase (C, 0.02% of FM) and C + G. R1 silage had appropriate V-score value with high lactic acid content and low pH value and ammonia-N(NH3-N) content, undetectable levels of propionic acid (PA) and butyric acid (BA). C and C + G reduced undesirable microorganisms of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, resulting in improved nutritive value of R2 silage, as indicated by lower neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, and higher crude protein content, in vitro ruminal dry matter digestibility, gross energy and metabolizable energy values as compared to the control. Additives did not improve the quality of R3 silage with high pH value and NH3-N content, BA and PA contents and undesirable microorganism counts. These results confirmed that high-quality silage produced from mixtures (25:75) of forage soybean and corn stover in the south of China; additives (especially for C + G) could enhance the silage quality of forage soybean-corn stover (50:50); and high proportion (>75%) of forage soybean was difficult to ensile.

草业机械是发展规模化饲草生产的重要基础.本文结合川西北牧区饲草产业发展现状,针对草业机械设备推广应用中存在的问题,深入一线开展机械设备应用调查研究,为川西北牧区饲草产业发展、草业机械设备推广应用提供技术指导和参考.

Sichuan Province is rich in grassland resources which is one of the five pastoral areas in China. It is an important part of the national Qinghai–Tibet plateau ecological barrier area and has a very important strategic position in the country. Starting from the current situation of grassland resources in Sichuan Province, based on the achievements and existing problems of grassland ecological protection, this paper puts forward countermeasures for grassland ecological protection in Sichuan, aiming to better promote the high-quality development of grassland in Sichuan and the construction of ecological barriers in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

为了探究海拔高度对燕麦(A vena sativ a L.)青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落特征的影响,本研究以不同海拔地区种植的燕麦为原料,制作青贮饲料,分别贮存在低海拔地区(成都)和高海拔地区(红原),测定发酵指标和细菌群落特征.结果表明,随着海拔升高,燕麦青贮饲料中细菌群落组成和结构均发生变化(P<0.01):乳酸菌属相对丰富度呈上升趋势,而不良菌(如梭状芽孢杆菌)属相对丰富度呈下降趋势.不同海拔地区种植的燕麦在同一地区青贮后可溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白、丁酸和氨态氮含量以及微生物数量均存在差异(P<0.05).综上,海拔高度影响燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落特征.

禾豆混播具有提质增产效应,是人工草地建植的最主要方式之一.为了发挥混播草地的优势及生产潜力,维持混播草地的持续稳定生产,本文从混播组合及比例、种间竞争与协同、改土培肥以及禾豆混播对根系的影响等方面综述了禾豆混播草地提质增产效应,总结了禾豆混播草地中的“根—土—草—微生物—酶”之间的关系,以期为禾豆混播草地研究提供理论支持.

本试验以抽穗期燕麦为试验材料,自然晾晒条件下设置0h (W0)、4h (W4)、8h (W8)等3个萎蔫时间,调节水分(W0,75％～80％;W4,70％～75％;W8,60％～70％),实验室袋装青贮,评价了萎蔫处理对青贮饲料发酵品质和营养成分的影响.结果 表明:相对于W0或W8,W4处理的青贮饲料pH值和氨态氮/总氮比值显著降低(P＜0.05),而乳酸、总酸、可溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量显著增加(P＜0.05),改善了青贮饲料发酵品质和营养品质.川西北高寒牧区饲草萎蔫过程中,较强紫外线辐射致使原料附着微生物的组成和数量发生明显变化,萎蔫处理时间过长反而不利于青贮发酵.因此,青贮原料的含水量应该控制在70％ ～ 75％.

川西北高寒草地是生态脆弱区,草地退化、沙化、鼠荒地、鼠虫害对草原生态的危害十分严重.通过对红原、若尔盖和色达3个深度贫困县典型高寒草地为主的草地生态状况深入调研,总结工作成效,分析存在问题,结合地方发展需求,提出了生态优先、健全制度、加大投入、科技创新、提升能力的对策措施,以及以草原沙化和鼠荒地治理为生态攻坚重点的植被恢复技术模式.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a low temperature tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of oat silage. Oats were harvested at the flowering stage and wilted to dry matter content of approximately 270 g/kg fresh weight. Wilted and chopped oats were used to make mini round bale silages. Silages were prepared without (control) or with a low temperature tolerant LAB inoculant including Lactobacillus plantarum BP18, Pediococcus pentosaceus HS1 and L. buchneri LP22 and then separately stored at different geographic locations (L, Chengdu Plain; H, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau) for 120 days. High contents of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were found in LAB inoculated silage. Inoculation with LAB increased (P < 0.05) lactic acid and acetic acid contents, and decreased (P < 0.05) the final pH of silage stored at the H location. However, LAB inoculation reduced (P < 0.05) the bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), richness index (Chao 1) and diversity index (Shannon) of silage stored at the L location. The dominant genera from silage samples were Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Clostridium, with a total relative abundance of 71 similar to 93 %. LAB inoculation increased the abundance of desirable Lactobacillus and inhibited the growth of undesirable Clostridium in silage. Therefore, inoculation of low temperature tolerant LAB at ensiling could stimulate favorable fermentation and reconstruct the bacterial community for better preservation of high moist oat silage nutrients.

受气候变化及人类活动的影响,川西北牧区草原退化严重,草原沙化问题表现突出.本文分析了川西北草原沙化的现状及其成因,概述了四川省草原沙化治理技术研究概况,对沙化草地治理存在的问题进行了梳理和总结,旨在为推动川西北牧区沙化草地治理提供参考.

选育优良的金花菜(Medicago polymorpha L.)资源对于补充牲畜冬季饲草,绿肥还田,提高谷物产量具有积极意义.本研究在对四川省内金花菜野生种质资源进行调查的基础上,采集了30份样本种子,经播种栽培,测量了植株高度、生物量、种子产量等7个主要农艺性状指标.主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明:金花菜种质间农艺性状变异程度较高,变异范围为9.03％ ～59.85％;7个农艺性状可归为2个主成分,累计贡献率达到75.943％,最大程度地反映了30份金花菜资源的农艺性状特征,其中植株鲜重、干重和种子产量(带荚)是金花菜农艺性状变异的主要性状;植株鲜重、干重与株高、种子产量均有极显著的正相关关系(r＞0.6,P＜0.01);采用平方欧氏距离系统聚类分析法将30份金花菜资源分为3类;四川境内野生金花菜种质资源丰富,其中,SAG15品种产量优势明显,可作为优质品种开发的候选品种.

对10个青贮玉米品种自然发病情况进行调查,并采用病级分类方法对抗病性分类.结果表明:对锈病表现抗性和中抗的品种有3个和5个,分别占供试品种的30％和50％;对大斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有4个和5个,分别占供试品种的40％和50％;对褐斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有6个和3个,分别占供试品种的60％和30％;对小斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有6个和3个,分别占供试品种的60％和30％.多数品种对青贮玉米4种病害抗性表现较好,可从青贮玉米供试材料中选用优良抗病材料用于四川地区种植.

饲草产业是保障草地畜牧业健康可持续发展的重要基石.文章对红原县饲草产业发展现状进行了总结分析,针对制约饲草产业发展的关键问题,提出了相应的发展策略,为红原县饲草产业健康发展提供参考.

通过对20个黑麦草品种自然发病调查,采用病级分类和系统聚类分析方法进行抗病性评价.结果表明,对锈病表现抗性和中抗的品种有10个和5个,分别占供试品种的50％和25％;对镰孢枯萎病表现抗性和中抗的品种有14个和4个,分别占供试品种的70％和20％;对灰梨孢灰斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有14个和5个,分别占供试品种的70％和25％;对离孺孢叶斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有14个和6个,分别占供试品种的70％和30％.多数品种对黑麦草4种病害抗性表现较好,可从黑麦草供试材料中选用优良抗病材料用于四川地区种植;也可从黑麦草供试材料中选择感病或高抗型品种进一步研究黑麦草抗病性机理.

金花菜是一年生或越年生豆科草本植物,起源于地中海地区,在世界各地广泛分布,本文归纳现有主要的金花菜品种资源,总结金花菜的利用情况,为金花菜的开发利用及相关研究提供参考.

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of yak (Bos grunniens) grazing intensity on aboveground biomass and identify the optimum grazing intensity of alpine meadow in northwest Sichuan area.Three grazing intensities were considered, namely light grazing (0.71 yak·ha-1), moderate grazing (1.19 yak·ha-1), and heavy grazing (1.60 yak·ha-1), which were selected based on the food intake of the yaks and the average annual biomass of the meadow.The grazing experiment lasted for 3 years.The species richness of the plants and the aboveground biomass were determined.The results showed that the species richness tended to decrease as the grazing intensity increased.In the third year of grazing, the annual aboveground biomass of the meadow under moderate grazing was the highest, followed by that of the meadow under light grazing, and that of the meadow under heavy grazing was the lowest.In the third year, compared with the first year, there was a decrease in the proportion of forbs and an increase in that of grass among the annual biomass in the meadows under light and moderate grazing.In contrast, there was no change in the proportion of forbs and a decrease in that of grass in the meadow under heavy grazing.Meanwhile, the proportion of sedge increased in all meadows irrespective of the grazing intensity.In conclusion, moderate grazing (1.19 yak·ha-1) is best due to its beneficial effects on yield and the growth of grass and sedge.