The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) is both an ecosystem engineer and a major rodent pest in the alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Through its burrowing and soil-turnover activities, the species enhances soil aeration, promotes nutrient cycling, and increases microsite heterogeneity that can facilitate plant regeneration. Yet, its extensive mound building also reduces forage availability, alters vegetation structure, and accelerates soil erosion. These contrasting ecological roles make the abundance and positions of mounds key indicators for assessing rodent impacts and guiding grassland management. However, obtaining accurate and spatially explicit information on mound numbers and distribution remains difficult because traditional manual surveys are labor-intensive, spatially limited, and unsuitable for large-scale monitoring. UAV-based imagery provides new opportunities for automated detection, but the small size of mounds, their dense aggregation, and the heterogeneous background of alpine meadows pose substantial challenges for conventional algorithms. To address these limitations, we developed PZM-YOLO, an improved small-object detection model based on YOLOv5s that enhances feature extraction and localization accuracy for zokor mounds in complex UAV imagery. We compiled a multi-season UAV mound-image dataset and evaluated the model against several mainstream object-detection networks. PZM-YOLO achieved a precision of 91.1%, recall of 69.3%, AP50 of 76.1%, and an F1-score of 78.7%, outperforming the baseline YOLOv5s. Independent validation using 100 manually annotated UAV images further confirmed its reliability. The proposed framework enables automatic detection of plateau zokor mounds and provides quantitative information on mound abundance and mound position. This framework also offers a transferable approach for detecting indicators of subterranean rodents, such as mounds and holes, supporting ecological impact assessment and grassland restoration planning.

Grassland degradation is a major ecological issue on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, yet its effects on soil fauna communities remain insufficiently understood. Using high-throughput sequencing of 45 soil samples collected from natural (Nat), degraded (Deg), and desertified alpine grasslands (Des), we evaluated diversity patterns and community composition. The α-diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) did not differ significantly among the three degradation stages, indicating that overall richness and evenness were relatively stable. In contrast, β-diversity analyses revealed clear community differentiation, with Des samples clustering distinctly from Nat and Deg samples. Taxonomic profiles showed that Arthropoda dominated across all sites, while the relative abundances of Tardigrada and Nematoda were enriched in Des, and Rotifera and Cnidaria decreased. Venn analysis indicated that only 9,494 ASVs were shared across grassland types, accounting for 2.21% of the total taxa. However, the relative abundance of these shared ASVs increased significantly with increasing degradation, reaching 41.63% ± 18.76% in desertified alpine grasslands. These results suggest that although species diversity did not change markedly along the degradation gradient, pronounced shifts in the relative abundances of specific taxa led to a reassembly of soil fauna communities. LEfSe analysis further identified indicator taxa across different degradation stages, and association analyses with soil fungi revealed significant correlations among multiple taxa, implying a close linkage between soil fungi and variations in soil fauna diversity. Overall, these findings indicate that grassland degradation primarily reshapes soil fauna community structure through taxonomic replacement and dominance shifts rather than by altering species diversity.

Plants are consumed by a variety of organisms, including herbivores and pathogens, which significantly impact plant biomass, diversity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. While the impacts of vertebrate herbivores are well established, the effects of consumer groups such as insect herbivores, mollusks, and fungal pathogens on plant communities are less clear and remain understudied in many systems. Existing evidence of how they affect plant biomass, diversity, and community composition is mixed, and most studies have focused on individual consumer groups in isolation. However, different consumer groups interact with each other, directly or indirectly, in ways that alter their impacts on plants, and the consequences of these interactions for plant community structure and ecosystem function remain understudied. Further, consumer impacts vary across environmental gradients and likely depend on abiotic conditions such as climate, soil type, or elevation, and biotic conditions such as plant productivity, diversity, or community composition. Existing studies testing the impacts of invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens on plant communities differ substantially in methodology, making generalities across large scales difficult. This calls for experimental approaches that implement standardized protocols across many sites. Here, we introduce and report on the methodology of a novel global research network, The Bug-Network (BugNet), that implements standardized consumer-reduction experiments across 5 continents and 18 countries in diverse, herbaceous- or shrub-dominated ecosystems to investigate: (1) the influence of fungal pathogens, insect herbivores, and mollusks on plant diversity and ecosystem functioning, (2) interactions among these consumer groups, and (3) the abiotic and biotic drivers of context-dependent consumer impacts. BugNet aims to advance a predictive understanding of plant-consumer interactions in order to test fundamental ecological hypotheses and improve predictions of global change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

The degradation of grasslands on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has severely impacted the region’s ecology and productivity, subsequently affecting the dietary niche of the region’s herbivores. Currently, little is known about the dietary strategies of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae), an important species in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau ecosystem, or freely grazing yaks (Bos grunniens) in response to grassland degradation. Fecal samples from plateau pikas and yaks were collected from degraded grasslands in the southwestern part of the plateau. The feeding habits and interactions between plateau pikas and yaks were investigated using chloroplast trnL-P6 amplification and sequencing technology to determine how these have changed given different levels of grassland degradation. The results indicated that alterations in food resources due to grassland degradation led to significant differences in the proportions of shared food types consumed by yaks and pikas; hence, these species adjusted their dietary breadths to mitigate the adverse effects of grassland degradation. As grassland degradation intensified, the proportion of shared food types between yaks and plateau pikas increased, suggesting that grassland degradation may increase dietary competition between these two species.

Accurate identification of bare patches caused by Ochotona curzoniae disturbance is fundamental for scientifically assessing the damage level. Traditional methods for recognizing and calculating the area of bare patches are often computationally complex and inefficient. Here, we proposed a wavelet-enhanced U-shaped convolutional neural network (W-UNet) segmentation method based on deep learning for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery segmentation, which was based on the U-shaped convolutional neural network (UNet) architecture and used the 16-layer Visual Geometry Group network (VGG16) as the backbone. We introduced the coordinate attention mecha-nism (CA) in the skip connection section to enhance the spatial localization of target regions, and wavelet transform convolution (WTConv) during the encoding stage to improve high-frequency information extraction and the recovery of fine-grained features. Additionally, we employed a composite loss function combining Focal Loss and Dice Loss to effectively address the class imbalance issues. The results showed that the proposed method achieved a mean intersection over union (MIoU) of 81.2%, mean pixel accuracy (MPA) of 89.4%, and overall accuracy (ACC) of 95.8%, significantly outperforming the conventional UNet-Vgg model. This study would provide a robust technical framework for the efficient and accurate monitoring of bare patches induced by O. curzoniae infestation.

Background Alpine grassland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau has become an important ecological and environmental problem in recent years, and grassland degradation has changed the diversity of aboveground plants and the ecology of underground soil. As an important part of the soil ecosystem, soil fungi play a positive role in soil health and plant growth by decomposing organic matter, constructing mycorrhizal symbiosis system and secreting antibiotics. Results In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to compare soil fungal communities in natural, degraded and desertified grasslands, and to explore the effects of alpine grassland degradation on soil fungal communities and the adaptation mechanism of soil fungi to grassland degradation. Conclusions The study found that alpine grassland degradation altered soil fungal communities and increased the risk of potential disease.

通过实地走访调研,对炉霍县饲草产业发展现状进行了摸底分析,梳理了饲草产业发展中存在的主要问题,提出了适宜当地的牧草发展对策.

为明晰川东地区间作青贮玉米/大豆的可行性和筛选适宜的青贮玉米/大豆品种组合,本文以 4 个玉米品种、4 个大豆品种共16 个品种组合为研究对象,采用灰色关联度分析法对不同间作组合中的青贮玉米和青贮大豆农艺性状进行了综合分析和评价.结果发现,16 个组合下玉米和大豆均可收获,在川东地区采用间作模式种植青贮玉米和大豆具有一定的可行性;D1(南豆49×雅玉26)和C4(南豆30×雅玉 04889)组合下青贮玉米和青贮大豆生长性状均表现较好,D1 组合下参试的玉米、大豆关联度分别为0.7731 和0.7134,C4 组合下参试的玉米、大豆关联度分别为0.7492 和0.6921,适宜在川东地区种植.

草原鼠荒地是草地退化的一种表现形式,直接影响草地生态系统的功能与草地畜牧业生产.为探索川西北高原高寒草原鼠荒地优化的植被恢复模式及恢复效果,以未进行植被恢复鼠荒地草地为对照(CK),比较研究围栏封育下的肥料添加(FG)、肥料添加+牧草组合补播(FAGSR)两种典型植被恢复模式对高寒草原鼠荒地植物群落数量特征和土壤理化性状的影响.结果显示:(1)与CK相比,FAGSR植被高度、盖度、地上生物量分别显著提高1.62倍、34.26％、3.15倍,FG分别显著提高1.26倍、32.71％、1.4倍,同时,FAGSR植被高度和地上生物量较FG分别显著提高15.9％和71.06％(P<0.05);(2)3个处理对土壤容重无显著影响(P>0.05),但FAGSR土壤含水量显著高于CK,且增加了48.11％(P<0.05),而FAGSR与FG、FG与CK两者间均无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)表层(0～10cm)土壤有机质、土壤和土壤速效钾含量的变化规律一致(FAGSR>FG>CK),其中FAGSR与FG土壤有机质、全N含量均显著高于CK,FAGSR土壤速效K含量显著高于CK,土壤速效P表现为FAGSR显著高于CK和FG(P<0.05).肥料添加+牧草组合补播有利于高寒草原鼠荒地植被恢复.

本研究以服务于基层草地管理者及牧民为目标,研发科学、便捷、实用的高寒草甸健康评价方法.以甘肃省天祝县高寒草甸区为例,选择5块不同放牧强度的草地,进行健康状况评价.选取反映高寒草甸健康状况的生态指标(总盖度、群落层片结构和风蚀/水蚀状况)以及生产指标(总产草量、可食牧草比例和新鼠丘/鼠洞密度),并利用层次分析法和数据包络分析法计算指标权重组,运用灰色关联度法构造出最优指标集合.分别采用目测法、步测法、干重排序法等获得相应指标数据.结果表明:各指标权重为总盖度(0.232)、群落层片结构(0.341)、风蚀/水蚀(0.277)、总产草量(0.103)、可食牧草比例(0.037)、新鼠丘/鼠洞密度(0.011);5块不同放牧强度草地(A1-A5)健康评价结果为:A1亚健康(68分)、A2健康(80分)、A3亚健康(79分)、A4亚健康(74分)、A5警告(55分).本研究研发的草地健康评分表便于基层草地管理者及牧民对拟监测的高寒草甸健康状况进行监测评价.

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是高寒草甸关键物种,在草地生态系统物质循环和能量转化中扮演着重要角色.采用样方法研究了高原鼠兔干扰对川西北高寒草甸植物群落特征及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:1)高原鼠兔干扰显著降低了高寒草甸植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数、土壤含水量和紧实度(P＜0.05),而显著增加了多样性指数、表层土壤容重(P＜0.05);2)随干扰强度增加,植被盖度、高度和土壤紧实度呈显著下降趋势,而丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和表层土壤的含水量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,在高原鼠兔有效洞口密度为375～735个/hm2时达到最高;3)高原鼠兔干扰显著降低了禾本科和豆科功能群多样性指数和重要值,而显著增加了杂类草功能群多样性指数和重要值(P＜0.05),不同干扰强度下,各植被功能群多样性指数变化明显,其中,豆科功能群多样性指数呈下降趋势,而杂类草功能群多样性呈先上升后下降趋势.综上所述,高原鼠兔的干扰显著改变了川西北高原高寒草甸群落特征和土壤物理性状,适度的高原鼠兔干扰不仅增加了高寒草甸物种多样性,还改善了土壤条件,而高强度的鼠兔干扰降低了高寒草甸物种多样性和土壤含水量.

天然草原是长江上游地区面积最大的陆地生态系统,是长江流域水源涵养的根基和生态安全屏障,也是流域生态脆弱带和全球环境变化的敏感区,草原生态退化形势严峻,该区域中四川省尤为典型.本文通过文献查阅、实地踏勘、座谈交流等方式,摸清了四川长江流域草原资源的基本情况,对其空间分布、存在问题进行了分析,提出了以生态优先、保护与发展并举的对策措施,从而为长江上游地区的生态环境保护与建设提供必要的科学依据.

对四川省阿坝州若尔盖县鼠荒地采取"害鼠控制+围栏封育+禁牧+整地施肥+草种补播"的综合治理措施,并于治理前(2017年)和治理后(2018-2020年),采用堵洞开洞法调查高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)有效洞口数量,利用植物群落调查法调查植物群落结构和植物物种多样性,分析治理后高原鼠兔相对种群密度、植物群落结构和植物物种多样性的变化.结果显示:治理后第1年、第2年和第3年,高原鼠兔有效洞口数分别减少了 90.4％、90.6％和64.7％;植物种类分别增加了60.0％、40.0％和35.0％;植被平均高度分别增加了 437.3％、441.0％和442.2％;植被盖度增幅分别为 153.6％、152.0％和140.8％;平均鲜草产量分别达到 15 862.5、15 007.5和 12 547.5 kg/hm2,比治理前分别增加了 272.2％、252.0％和194.3％;丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数在治理1年后分别增加了 60.0％、26.0％、11.6％和8.9％,治理2年后分别增加了 40.0％、27.6％、13.3％和14.7％,治理3年后分别增加了 35.0％、27.9％、13.6％和16.3％.该综合治理措施有效地提高了试验区植被的高度、盖度和地上生物量,增加了物种丰富度和多样性指,改变了植物群落结构,降低了高原鼠兔种群密度.

现阶段,我国主要的生态养鹅模式有冬闲田种草养鹅、果树林下养鹅、玉米地养鹅、林下养鹅等.几种模式下,养鹅的首要因素和效益均与种草密切相关.川东地区具有良好的水热条件,独具发展养鹅业的天然优势.本文对川东地区种草养鹅的关键技术及效益进行了分析.

南方喀斯特地区放牧型人工草地开展划区轮牧,可有效地提高草地利用率且获得较高的放牧收益.确定科学的划区轮牧方案对于延长草地利用年限、降低杂草比例以及家畜增重等具有重要意义.本研究选择贵州灼圃多年生禾草/白三叶混播草地,以当地自由放牧为对照,开展了不同绵羊数量、放牧天数和轮牧频次对草地产草量、杂草比例和绵羊体重影响研究.2年试验结果显示,1)以草地总生物量、再生量、可食牧草生物量和禾豆比例为评价指标,6只绵羊,每个轮牧小区平均放牧12 d,轮牧频次3次效果最佳;2)以控制杂草生物量和杂草频度为评价指标,10只绵羊,每个轮牧小区平均放牧9 d,轮牧频次3次效果最佳;3)以绵羊月增重为评价指标,6只绵羊,每个轮牧小区平均放牧12 d,轮牧频次3次效果最佳.综合考虑划区轮牧对草地生产力、杂草控制和绵羊增重的影响,南方喀斯特地区禾草/白三叶混播人工草地建植初期实行划区轮牧以6只绵羊,每个轮牧小区放牧12 d,轮牧频次3次效果最佳.

Microtopographic variation is a common feature of natural ecosystems. On the Tibetan Plateau, this variation includes soil cracking that influences the dynamics of soil nutrients and seed trapping, which further affect species distributions. Despite their importance, cracks in alpine meadows have rarely been reported, and the effects of cracks on soil properties and plant distribution are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of microtopography induced by cracking on the soil properties, seed trapping, and plant community composition of crack mosaics in alpine meadows. The study focused on healed cracks that can recover from winter cracking and have not yet become irreversibly degraded. The results showed that the number of seeds in the healed cracks was significantly greater than that in the raised areas, by 2.37‐times. The soil chemical parameters in the healed cracks were significantly higher than those in the raised areas. There were also significant differences in the soil physical parameters between these two positions of the mosaic. Differences in species richness and importance values, and their dynamics (2013–2018), were correlated with these two spatial positions in the crack mosaics. Soil physical and chemical parameters together explained 71% of the plant community composition on the crack mosaics, and the interaction effect explained 52.4%. To some extent, crack mosaics composed of microtopography units favour the conservation of water and nutrients in the healed‐crack portion of the mosaic. We propose that cutting kobresia lawns will facilitate the repair of ecological processes and initiate a natural recovery in overgrazed alpine meadows.

四川省川西北高原是全国五大牧区之一,是青藏高原生态屏障区的重要组成部分,也是长江、黄河上游重要的水系发源区域,具有十分重要的战略地位.近年来,随着我国草牧业、旅游业及基础建设的高速发展,加上部分地区对草原资源的过度开发,导致草原退化程度加剧,草原鼠害频发已成为威胁草原生态安全的主要因素之一.本文将针对草原鼠害中的高原鼢鼠危害开展调查,阐述高原鼢鼠在四川的分布、危害现状,总结其防控中存在的问题并提出相应的防控对策,为促进草原生态文明建设提供参考.

鼠害是我国草原的主要生物灾害之一,严重威胁草原畜牧业的可持续发展,利用神经网络模型能够实现复杂环境下草原地物类型的识别与分割,该方法在草原鼠害监测与管理方面具有重要意义.本研究以若尔盖草原为例,将Mask R-CNN卷积神经网络模型、Res2Net网络与无人机影像数据相结合,提出了一种新型草原地物类型的识别与分割方法,对草原不同地物类型进行检测和分割,进而统计相应地物类型的面积与数量,建立了若尔盖草原的鼠害监测模型.得出如下结论:无人机低空遥感结合卷积神经网络模型的监测方法可以为若尔盖草原鼠害调查提供准确度甚高的解译结果;其中,土丘的检测精度最高,恢复斑块检测精度最低,但其面积占比最高;样地中土丘分布均匀,鼠洞呈集聚分布,两类害鼠分布空间、分布差异较大.研究结果反映的信息与鼠害发生区域基本一致,该方法为有效监测鼠害提供了决策支持,对有效保护草原生产力和实现草原的可持续发展具有重要的研究价值.

采用人工种草为主的技术治理若尔盖县草原鼠荒地120hm2,形成了"生物控鼠+围栏封育+草种补播(燕麦+老芒麦+草地早熟禾+中华羊茅=3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1)+合理利用"的鼠荒地治理技术模式.结果表明,综合治理2年后,示范区高原鼠兔控制效果达95.2％,植被高度、覆盖度、生物量大幅增加.示范区植被平均高度由7.55cm增加到20.34cm,提高了169.4％;植被覆盖度达76.0％,增加了 61.0％,植被高度、覆盖度第一年均较第二年增幅更大;地上生物量鲜重平均达8 358.2kg/hm2,提高了 4.7倍,禾本科、莎草科、杂类草、豆科和毒害草的生物量构成占比为18.4 ∶ 9.9 ∶ 6.2 ∶ 1.1 ∶ 1.植物群落结构发生明显变化,禾本科增幅最大,其次是莎草科、杂类草、豆科牧草,毒害草有所下降,可食牧草大幅度增加.

高寒草原作为青藏高原区主要的草地类型,在全球碳、氮循环、生物多样性维护、水土保持、畜牧业发展等方面发挥着重要的作用.在青海省果洛州玛多县高寒草原选取5块不同退化程度的样地,调查植物功能群组成和土壤理化性质,并采用多元排序法分析不同退化程度下植物功能群组成与土壤因子的关系,以期明确高寒草原功能群组成对草原退化的响应.结果 表明:(1)禾本科功能群丰富度和重要值均随退化程度增加呈先增后降趋势,盖度表现为降低趋势;杂类草功能群的丰富度、盖度和重要值均随退化程度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势.而杂类草功能群的相对重要值随退化程度增加而增加.(2)土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而降低;随退化程度加剧,土壤有机质和全氮呈降低的趋势.(3)随退化程度加剧,0-30 cm各土层深度的容重均增加,土壤通气孔隙度降低.(4)各功能群重要值与土壤通气孔隙度呈正相关关系,与土壤容重呈负相关关系;通过冗余分析,草地退化首先影响土壤物理属性进而影响草地功能群组成.