The integration of physical and chemical processes underpins life. Plant cells function as bioelectrical units, storing and converting energy through capacitive, inductive, and resistive properties. This study elucidates the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms governing salt transport and energy allocation in Aegiceras corniculatum leaves under combined salinity-waterlogging stress (T1: 0.1 M NaCl + 2 h; T2: 0.2 M NaCl + 4 h; T3: 0.4 M NaCl + 6 h). Results demonstrate that leaf intracellular water-salt transport dynamics, coupled with salt-transport gene expression, coordinately regulate active/passive transport, vacuolar compartmentalization, cytoplasmic Na+ levels, and excretion. High salinity reduced salt excretion rate/capacity (LISTR/LISTC) and downregulated SOS1, while impairing water-holding capacity (LIWHC) and transport activities. Concurrent VHAc1 upregulation elevated vacuolar H+, inhibiting the Na+/H+ antiporter and compromising vacuolar salt sequestration. With increasing stress intensity, energy allocation shifted toward stress responses. Both electrical (internal) energy and ATP-derived chemical energy---originating from photosynthesis---jointly sustain plant vitality and adaptability; growth is primarily supported by internal energy, and adaptive differences dictate photosynthetic performance. This integrated analysis reveals how water-salt dynamics and molecular regulation confer salt tolerance in mangroves, offering insights crucial for coastal ecosystem resilience.

Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate plant transmembrane and transcellular water transport, yet AQP expression alone cannot clarify their functional regulation under progressive drought. The real-time coupling between AQP expression and intracellular water dynamics remains unclear. We subjected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to four soil relative water content gradients for control, mild, moderate and severe drought. We combined electrophysiological measurement of intracellular water dynamics, leaf water potential, stem hydraulic conductance, photosynthetic and growth traits, with RT-qPCR analysis of four key AQP genes. The four AQPs exhibited distinct expression patterns with increasing drought and correlated significantly with intracellular water dynamics. SlTIP2;1 mediated vacuole‐to‐cytoplasm water transport, while SlPIP1;3 and SlTIP2;2 facilitated the reverse flux under severe drought. Mild drought induced moderate stomatal closure; stable or elevated AQP expression sustained intracellular water transport and cellular homeostasis. Moderate drought maintained AQP‐mediated transmembrane water exchange, enhanced water‐use efficiency and alleviated stress injury. Severe drought markedly downregulated AQPs, weakened water exchange, and reduced water-use efficiency, further restraining photosynthesis and growth. This study also found that tomatoes respond to severe drought stress by increasing vacuolar water storage capacity. The results confirm the close coordination between AQP expression and intracellular water dynamics and provide new insights into plant hydraulic regulation.

Investigating the intracellular water dynamics within leaves will clarify plant responses to different water conditions and provide a theoretical basis for enhancing water-use efficiency. Detached leaves of Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) were used as experimental materials in this study. Electrophysiological parameters of the leaves under saturated and non-saturated conditions were measured, and the intracellular water, nutrient, and energy related indices were calculated according to Nernst equation. The acceleration (a) reflecting the change rate of water transport rate in cells was defined and calculated, and the response characteristics of the two plant species to water were analyzed. The results showed that leaf intracellular metabolic activities of the two plant species were better in the saturated condition than those in non-saturated condition, and electrophysiological parameters could reflect the intrinsic characteristics and potential of the plants. Under saturated water condition, the intracellular water transport rate, electrophysiological ion transport efficiency and low nutrient tolerance of B. campestris were significantly higher than those of B. oleracea, and B. campestris showed high cell metabolic energy and metabolic activity. From non-saturated to saturated condition, the intracellular water transport rate of B. campestris changed rapidly, but the increase rate of intracellular water holding capacity was low, while that of B. oleracea was just the opposite. Therefore, B. campestris exhibited higher water sensitivity compared to B. oleracea.

Exogenous application of plant hormones has been considered a short-term and effective strategy to alleviate deleterious effects of water stress on plants. However, whether exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) directly enhances nitrogen accumulation and thereby alleviates drought stress in soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) remains to be investigated. This study set three water treatments (75% CK, 50% MD, 25% SD), with half of the plants at each level sprayed with 10−6 mol·L−1 GA3, measuring growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen content, water status, and electrophysiological parameters and calculating cellular metabolic electronic energy (ΔGB) based on Nernst equation. The results showed that drought reduced soybean nitrogen accumulation, photosynthesis, growth and yield. GA3 increased soybean nitrogen accumulation, improving photosynthesis and yield under CK, which enhanced the consumption of intracellular stored energy and reduced ΔGB. Under MD, GA3 improved leaf water status, promoted soybean nitrogen accumulation and photosynthesis and reduced ΔGB by allocating more energy to drought resistance; it could therefore mitigate the moderate drought stress on plants. ΔGB negatively correlated with total nitrogen content and yield, indicating that ΔGB was a potential indicator associated with nitrogen accumulation, which can guide the optimization of GA3 spraying strategies. Further studies on GA3 application details are necessary to improve the soybean yields under drought conditions.

This editorial defines the core mission, academic orientation, and six interrelated thematic pillars of Journal of Plant Electrobiology (JPE), which is a peer-reviewed international journal dedicated to advancing the interdisciplinary fusion of electronics, bioenergetics, biophysics, and plant science. JPE aims to showcase innovative researches that leverage electronic principles and technologies to address fundamental and applied questions in plant biology, foster cross-disciplinary collaboration, and accelerate the translation of plant electrobiology breakthroughs into solutions for sustainable agriculture, plant stress resilience, and environmental stewardship. Against the backdrop of rapid advancements in precision sensing, computational modeling, and nanotechnology, plant electrobiology has evolved from scattered observations to a systematic discipline. The superposition of the aforementioned technologies and models transforms the "invisible" plant electrical signals into "computable and applicable" phenotypic data. This upgrades electrical signals from mere "oscilloscope curves" to "high-throughput digital phenotypes", enhancing both the precision and continuity of plant trait detection. Consequently, this advancement propels plant electrobiology into an era of systems science and in-situ precise detection. These methodological and technical advances lay the foundation for JPE’s thematic framework and drive the field’s practical impact.

Hormesis is a phenomenon in which low doses of toxins stimulate organisms, while high doses have inhibitory effects. Soil heterogeneity nutrient spatial profoundly influences community structure and stress responses by altering the microenvironment around microorganisms. Studies on hormesis in soil ecosystems have made significant progress, but most of them have overlooked the impact of soil nutrient spatial heterogeneity on hormesis. To examine the effects of nutrient spatial heterogeneity on the hormesis of soil ecosystem under cadmium (Cd) stress, we constructed three patches with different spatial nutrient distribution but the same total nutrient content through different spatial discharge patterns. Different levels of Cd stress were applied to the patches, and after incubation, soil respiration rate, content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and metagenomic characteristics were measured. The results indicated that higher nutrient spatial heterogeneity enhanced the tolerance of soil respiration to Cd stress (the maximum stimulating dose increased from 0.03 to 3.0 mg·kg−1), and simultaneously improved the compensation capacity (Horzone increased from 0.04 to 21.59). The results also revealed that Cd stress had the least impact on soil microbial diversity of the high heterogeneity samples. The content of DOM initially displayed a hormesis-like phenomenon with increasing Cd stress, followed by a linear increase. Notably, the biphasic change trend became more pronounced as the degree of spatial heterogeneity increased (The maximum stimulation rate of DOM content increases from 10.8 to 22.9%). The hormetic response of soil respiration to nutrient spatial heterogeneity offers novel insights for the identification and mitigation of Cd pollution in ecosystems.

Leaf intracellular water is the retained part of transpiration water when it flows through leaf mesophyll cells, the intracellular water is directly and closely related to photosynthesis and growth of plant. However, little is known about the dynamic use traits of intracellular water and the influence on instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUEi) of plants at different water conditions. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were subjected to three different water supply strategies by regulating the soil relative water content (SWCR) (i.e., T1: 70 %-80 %-90 %, T2: 80 %-90 %-100 %, T3: 60 %-70 %-80 %) within three treatment phases (P1, P2 and P3). The electrophysiological and photosynthetic parameters, leaf water potential, nutrient contents, growth indices and yield were determined. Leaf intracellular water use traits including transport rate (LIWTR), water-holding capacity (LIWHC) and water-use efficiency (LIWUE) were calculated according to the Nernst equation using plant electrophysiological parameters. The results showed that photosynthesis, growth and yield of tomatoes could be promoted by increasing the water supply. Plants at T3 treatment initially experienced droughthardening and then could adapt to the surroundings and maintain high WUEi with increasing water supply at the following phases. Besides, the plants at T3 treatment only showed a small amount (9 %) of yield loss compared to control. High value of LIWTR and low value of LIWHC indicated that less water supply could facilitate the water transport within leaf cells, which improved the WUEi rather than the LIWUE. Sufficient water supply promoted the transpiration but did not accelerate the water transport within leaf cells and caused low value of WUEi. 70 %-80 % SWCR was a turning point for the changing status of leaf intracellular water in plants. In this study, the water supply strategy at T3 treatment was more conducive to balance the WUE improvement and yield loss in tomato plants than the other two. The use traits of leaf intracellular water based on plant electrophysiological parameters could provide support for the quick evaluation of plant water status.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main reasons limiting plant production of Brassica napus L. Exploring the dynamics of leaf intracellular substances and the correlations with photosynthesis and growth helps to understand the response mechanisms of B. napus L. to P deficiency. This study conducted experiments on B. napus L. plants by measuring the leaf electrophysiological parameters, leaf structure, elastic modulus (Em), photosynthesis, and growth indices under different P treatment conditions. The dynamics of leaf intracellular water and nutrients of B. napus L. were calculated and analyzed by using the electrophysiological parameters, and the plant tolerance threshold to low-P stress was discovered. The results indicated that the status of the leaf intracellular water and nutrients remained stable when the P concentration was not lower than 0.250 mmol·L−1, but maximized the photosynthesis and growth at a P level of 0.250 mmol·L−1. The 0.125 mmol·L−1 P concentration significantly decreased the mesophyll cell volume, and the palisade–sponge ratio and tightness degree of leaf tissue structure were remarkably increased. This led to an increase in cell elastic modulus, and significantly improved the water retention capacity of leaf cells. At the same time, the intracellular water use efficiency and total nutrient transport capacity of leaves remained stable. As a result, the photosynthesis and growth of plants were maintained at the same level as that of the control group. However, photosynthesis and growth were clearly inhibited with a further decrease in P concentration. Therefore, 0.125 mmol·L−1 was the tolerance threshold of B. napus L. to low P. With the help of electrophysiological information, the effects of the dynamics of intracellular substances on photosynthesis and growth of B. napus L. under low-P stress can be investigated, and the plant’s adaptive response can be revealed. However, the findings of the current hydroponic study are not directly applicable to field conditions with naturally P-deficient soils.

“双一流”高校建设的重要目标是为我国培养和储备创新人才，其基本要求在于全面提升高等院校本科生教育教学质量。为此，以环境类专业为例，讨论了本科生导师制的发展特征与现存状态，以及充分发挥本科生导师制能动性的改善措施，提出了以本科生导师制为核心机制，并与现存的学分制有效融合、协同并存和高效发展的科研创新人才培养新模式。提出建立“学分制—本科生导师制—毕业设计”一体化的综合培养模式以及相应的“理论知识—科研创新—实践能力”评价体系，旨在为高校本科生创新与实践能力有效提升提供理论基础和参考价值。

The karst carbon sink caused by rock outcrops results in enrichment of the bicarbonate in soil, affecting the physiological process of plants in an all-round way. Water is the basis of plant growth and metabolic activities. In heterogeneous rock outcrop habitats, the impact of bicarbonate enrichment on the intracellular water metabolism of plant leaf is still unclear, which needs to be revealed. In this paper, the Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia plants were selected as experimental materials, and electrophysiological indices were used to study their water holding, transfer and use efficiency under three simulated rock outcrop habitats, i.e., rock/soil ratio as 1, 1/4 and 0. By synchronously determining and analyzing the leaf water content, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the response characteristics of water metabolism within leaf cells to the heterogeneous rock outcrop habitats were revealed. The results showed that the soil bicarbonate content in rock outcrop habitats increased with increasing rock/soil ratio. Under the treatment of a higher concentration of bicarbonate, the leaf intra- and intercellular water acquisition and transfer efficiency as well as the photosynthetic utilization capacity of P. quinquefolia decreased, the leaf water content was lower, and those plants had low bicarbonate utilization efficiency, which greatly weakened their drought resistance. However, the Lonicera japonica had a high bicarbonate use capacity when facing the enrichment of bicarbonate within cells, the above-mentioned capacity could significantly improve the water status of the leaves, and the water content and intracellular water-holding capacity of plant leaves in large rock outcrop habitats were significantly better than in non-rock outcrop habitats. In addition, the higher intracellular water-holding capacity was likely to maintain the stability of the intra- and intercellular water environment, thus ensuring the full development of its photosynthetic metabolic capacity, and the stable intracellular water-use efficiency also made itself more vigorous under karstic drought. Taken together, the results suggested that the water metabolic traits of Lonicera japonica made it more adaptable to karst environments.

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has extensively spread in agricultural soils, posing potential threats to food safety and human health. Biochar and lime are two amendments used to remediate the soils contaminated with HMs. However, colloids have been shown to increase the mobility of HMs in paddy soils. Nevertheless, limited investigations have been made into the impact of biochar and lime on the formation of colloid-associated (colloidal) HMs in paddy soils. In this study, column and microcosm incubation experiments were conducted to examine how biochar and lime affected the availability of HMs (arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc) in different layers of paddy soils. The results revealed that biochar significantly inhibited the formation of colloidal HMs in the soil flooding phase, whereas the lime increased the colloidal HMs. These colloids containing HMs were identified as poorly dissolved metal sulfides. When the soil was drained, colloidal HMs transformed into dissolved forms, thereby improving the availability of HMs. Biochar decreased HM availability by reducing colloidal- but dissolved- HMs, whereas lime had the opposite effect. Hence, biochar demonstrated a stable and reliable remediation ability to decrease HM availability in paddy soil during flooding and drainage processes. In conclusion, this study highlighted that biochar efficiently reduced HM availability by mitigating the formation of colloidal HMs during flooding and their transformation into dissolved HMs during drainage in paddy soils.

亚硫酸氢钠是广泛采用的光合促进剂,对作物产量具有一定的促进效果,但如果亚硫酸氢钠超过一定的剂量,可能会造成作物与土壤中硫含量超标,对人和农业生态环境都会产生极大的危害.为了研究不同浓度亚硫酸氢钠溶液对植物光合作用的影响,本研究以一年生构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)为实验材料,叶面喷施0、1、2、5、10、20、50 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢钠,分析各浓度处理下构树叶片的光合参数、荧光参数以及叶绿素含量.结果 表明,1 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢钠处理可以显著提高植株的净光合速率(PN)、气孔导度(Gs)和光呼吸速率(RP);5 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢钠处理下叶绿素含量显著下降,而在超过20 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢钠处理下,植株的PN、Gs、Rp、暗呼速率、叶绿素含量、实际光化学量子产量以及电子传递速率均较对照组显著下降,初始荧光、调节性能量耗散的量子产额和光呼吸份额则显著增加.这些结果说明,低浓度的亚硫酸氢钠在光呼吸所占份额基本不变的条件下,同时提高了净光合速率和光呼吸速率,而高浓度的亚硫酸氢钠则会对植物造成胁迫,导致光呼吸份额的增加,较高比例的光呼吸消耗光合产物,净光合速率降低.

According to the law of energy conservation, the energy consumed by plants to resist adversity is equal to the difference between photosynthetic energy and growth energy consumption and cellular metabolic energy in plants. The cellular metabolic energy is calculated based on the electrical signals in plants. This study mainly investigated the effect of NaHSO3 on the growth and energy traits of the aquatic plant Iris pseudacorus L. and explored the effect of NaHSO3 on energy consumption in the process of plant development. In this study, NaHSO3 was used for simulating sulfur pollution in water medium. During the 20-day experiment period, the response of I. pseudocorus to the polluted water sources simulated by adding different concentrations of NaHSO3 (0, 0.5, 2, 4, 10 mmol·L−1) was monitored, and the internal mechanism of the relationship between the forms of energy and the removal of sulfur pollution was analyzed. After the 20-day exposure experiment, the growth and nutrient absorption capacity were significantly inhibited, and this inhibition proved to be concentration-dependent. In addition, high concentrations (4 and 10 mmol·L−1) of NaHSO3 might affect photosynthesis by disrupting cell membrane systems as it may interfere with membrane proteins and lipids and thus alter membrane integrity. Therefore, the cellular metabolic energy was increased and the sulfur absorption by I. pseudocorus was promoted under the low concentration (0.5 mmol/L−1) compared with the control, the role of NaHSO3 in promoting the growth of I. pseudocorus is much greater than its toxic effect under low concentrations. Under the hydroponic culture which contained 0.5 mmol·L−1 of NaHSO3, I. pseudocorus grew well and absorbed more sulfur. The results can be used as a reference for the cultivation of aquatic plants dealing with sulfur pollution, and dilution strategy can be set up to treat water medium that is seriously polluted with sulfur.

Wastewater contains dye or pharmaceuticals could imply severe environmental impacts due to their toxicity to ecosystems and, consequently, the generation of human health risks. In this work, the orange peel biochar was prepared through pyrolysis, and then Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDHs) was grown on the surface of the biochar (BC@Mg/Al-LDHs) by hydrothermal method. The material was characterised by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and other techniques. The adsorption performance, adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of BC@Mg/Al-LDHs on methylene blue (MB) or tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) were investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of BC@Mg/Al-LDHs for MB and TC were 75.98 and 29.08 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes, and removal percent was 93.99 and 62.06% for MB and TC, respectively. The obtained results investigate that the prepared BC@Mg/Al-LDHs materials for a broad range of applications in dye and pharmaceuticals separation from the water environment.

Water consumed by photosynthesis and growth rather than transpiration accounts for only 1–3% of the water absorbed by roots. Leaf intracellular water transport rate (LIWTR) based on physiological impedance (Z) provides information on the transport traits of the leaf internal retained water, which helps determine the intracellular water status. Solanum lycopersicum plants were subjected to five different levels of relative soil water content (SWC R ) (e.g., 100, 90, 80, 70, and 60%) for 3 months. The leaf water potential (Ψ L ), Z, photosynthesis, growth, and water-use efficiency (WUE) were determined. A coupling model between gripping force and physiological impedance was established according to the Nernst equation, and the inherent LIWTR (LIWTR i ) was determined. The results showed that LIWTR i together with Ψ L altered the intracellular water status as water supply changed. When SWC R was 100, 90, and 80%, stomatal closure reduced the transpiration and decreased the water transport within leaves. Net photosynthetic rate ( P N ) was inhibited by the decreased stomatal conductance (g s ) or Ψ L , but constant transport of the intracellular water was conducive to plant growth or dry matter accumulation. Remarkably, increased LIWTR i helped to improve the delivery and WUE of the retained leaf internal water, which maintained P N and improved the WUE at 70% but could not keep the plant growth and yields at 70 and 60% due to the further decrease of water supply and Ψ L . The increased transport rate of leaf intracellular water helped plants efficiently use intracellular water and maintain growth or photosynthesis, therefore, adapting to the decreasing water supply. The results demonstrate that the importance of transport of the leaf intracellular water in plant responses to water deficit by using electrophysiological parameters. However, the LIWTR in this research is not directly linked to the regulation of photosynthesis and growth, and the establishment of the direct relationship between leaf internal retained water and photosynthesis and growth needs further research.

The changes in plant life behaviors and water status are accompanied by electrophysiological activities. In this study, the theoretical relationship between clamping force (CF) and leaf resistance (R), capacitive reactance (XC), inductive reactance (XL), impedance (Z), and capacitance (C) were exposed as 3-parameter exponential decay and linear models based on bioenergetics, respectively, for mangrove species. The intracellular water metabolism parameters and salt transport characteristics were also determined based on mechanical equations with influences of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and rewatering (RW). The results show that the inherent capacitance and effective thickness could better represent Aegiceras corniculatum (A. corniculatum) species, and inherent resistance and impedance show obvious effects on Kandelia obovate (K. obovate) species at different salt levels. SNP application shows positive effect on different salt-resistance capacities of A. corniculatum, while K. obovate perform better in RW phase at high salt level. These outcomes indicates that K. obovate is more salt-resistant because RW process is consistent with actual situation, and response of A. corniculatum at high salt stress is irreversible, even in RW. It is concluded that the electrophysiological parameters could be used for the determination of salt-resistant capacities, which gave more enhanced and reliable information of mangroves’ life activities.

Except for transpired water, the intracellular water stored in leaves accounts for only 1–3% of the water absorbed by roots. Understanding water transport and use, as well as the related photosynthetic response, helps with determining plant water status and improving the revegetation efficiency in fragile karst habitats. In this study, we conducted experiments on 8 year old naturally growing plants of Coriaria nepalensis Wall., Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent., and Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl. in karst areas. We determined the diurnal variations in leaf electrophysiology, water potential, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results indicated that C. nepalensis plants maintained a high photosynthetic rate, with a high root water uptake ability and leaf intracellular water-holding capacity (LIWHC). The stomata quickly closed to conserve water within cells and protect the photosynthetic structure. B. papyrifera maintained stable intracellular water transport rate (LIWTR), and the photosynthetic efficiency was increased with increasing intracellular water-use efficiency (LIWUE). B. papyrifera also maintained its photosynthesis by efficiently using the transpired water when the LIWHC was increased. The inter- and intracellular water in the leaves of E. decipiens remained stable, which could be attributed to the leathery leaves and its high water-holding capacity. The photosynthesis of E. decipiens was low and stable. Compared with the high photosynthesis, high transpiration, and low instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUEi) pattern in C. nepalensis plants, E. decipiens plants exhibited low photosynthesis, low transpiration, and low WUEi, whereas B. papyrifera plants presented high photosynthesis, low transpiration, and high WUEi. Plants in karst regions change their transport and use of intracellular leaf water to regulate the photosynthetic performance, which differs among different plant species.

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz adapts to karst environments through a variety of adaptability mechanisms. However, the leaf intracellular water translocation and utilization mechanism is still unknown. This study hypothesizes that plants adapt to dehydration by synergistically adjusting the leaf anatomy, cell elasticity and intracellular water translocation. Leaf structure, elastic modulus (Em), physiological capacitance (CP), impedance (Z), water potential (ΨL), leaf tensity (LT) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the detached leaves in plants of O. violaceus and Brassica napus L. were measured at each water loss time (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h). The uniform leaves were randomly selected from five different plants for each species. The cell vacuole volume and translocation resistance of intracellular water could be represented by the electrophysiological parameters, such as CP and Z. The results indicated that timely shrinkage of O. violaceus leaves and mesophyll cells together with the increased water translocation resistance retained the intracellular water and maintained the turgor pressure. Water within sponge parenchyma could also be translocated into palisade parenchyma. The PSII reaction center was kept stable, and the photosynthetic activity of O. violaceus was clearly inhibited at 3 h. Palisade parenchyma of B. napus leaves increased quickly to improve the intercellular water translocation due to the strong cell stiffness. Gradually increasing intracellular water translocation resistance and recovery of the cell elasticity slowed down the leaf water loss, which, however, could not timely stop the damage on the PSII reaction center and the photochemical efficiency. The photochemical efficiency was seriously inhibited at 4 h and 5 h. The response mechanism of intracellular water to dehydration can be investigated with the help of leaf electrophysiological traits. However, the direct determination of plant drought resistance using electrophysiological information can still not be realized at present and needs further research.