Cities are assuming an increasingly pivotal role in global climate governance. They function not only as key drivers of "bottom-up" governance initiatives but also as active practitioners of a "learning-by-doing" approach in tackling climate challenges. A key issue in understanding urban climate actions relates to when and where they cooperate and/or compete with other urban areas as they address climate challenges. This study conducts a systematic review to identify 61 relevant studies from the perspective of competition and cooperation theories, through iterative screening and to consider the roles of competition and cooperation in these studies. The findings reveal that competitive dynamics within climate governance are mainly reflected in the allocation of carbon responsibilities, access to climate finance, and the development of green technologies and innovation. Cooperative interactions, by contrast, are more evident in both "hard" domains such as the exchange of resources and technologies and "soft" domains including policy learning, experience sharing, and information flows. Different climate issues further demonstrate an embedded configuration in which competition and cooperation are jointly integrated throughout the policy process. The analysis builds understanding of urban climate governance across multiple levels, polycentric structures, and intercity network arrangements, and it identifies a number of critical gaps in the literature that could be addressed in future research.

The rational allocation of authority across government levels is crucial for the effective provision of environmental public goods. Based on China’s environmental policy texts (1973–2023) and case studies, this paper analyzes the division and adjustment of environmental governance powers. The findings reveal selective decentralization under the trend of centralization over the past fifty years in China’s environmental governance: (1) Legislative power has been conditionally devolved, to encourage distinctive local environmental legislation that is non-contradictory to central legislation; (2) Administrative power has transitioned from an ambiguous two-tier system to a three-category framework with attempts to quantify shared authorities. This recentralization aligns with the principle that national public goods are provided by the central government, while regional ones are supplied jointly; (3) Supervisory power has transitioned from local to vertical management, and its oversight has been elevated to a national initiative, receiving strong political endorsement.

Scientifically measuring the level of environmental governance (EGL) and understanding its spatial convergence has important reference value for ecological governance. In this paper, the global entropy method is applied to measure the EGL of 284 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2019, which are divided into three major river basins, including the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River, to observe the spatial–temporal evolutionary characterization through a standard deviation ellipse model. The coefficient of variation and the spatial econometric model are the tools used to conduct the spatial convergence test. The results are as follows: (1) China’s EGL is low overall, though it is fluctuating upward at low magnitude, and the three major river basins follow the ranking: The Pearl River Basin > The Yangtze River Basin > The Yellow River Basin. (2) Spatially, the distribution pattern of China’s EGL changes from “scattered and sporadic” to “multipolar core”. (3) The center of China’s environmental governance was concentrated in the east from 2007 to 2019, and the EGL in the midstream and downstream regions of the three major river basins increased rapidly. (4) Environmental governance in China has significant absolute and conditional β-convergence characteristics, as do the three major basins, while the ranking of convergence speed remains “Yangtze River Basin > Yellow River Basin > Pearl River Basin”. Of these, economic development accelerated the convergence rate of environmental governance in China and its three major river basins; financial pressure significantly inhibited the convergence of the EGL of the Yellow River Basin. The improvement of the EGL in the Pearl River Basin was also negatively influenced by the industrial structure.

文章运用包含非期望产出的超效率SBM-DEA模型测算2007-2019年全国207个地级及以上城市的环境治理绩效,并从流域视角出发,采用Dagum基尼系数和非参数Kernel核密度考察黄河、长江和珠江三大流域的区域差异和动态演进特征,同时运用变异系数和空间计量模型检验其空间收敛性.研究发现:①时空分布上,全国环境治理绩效整体较低,但依旧低幅度波动式上升,三大流域呈现"珠江流域＞黄河流域＞长江流域"格局;空间变化上全国环境治理绩效呈现"离散零星"到"多极核"的分布格局变化,其中珠江流域的连片分布态势最为明显.②区域差异上,虽三大流域环境治理绩效的组间差异波动式缓慢下降,但组内差异持续扩大,组内差异和超变密度是区域差异的主要来源.③动态演进上,全国及三大流域均存在明显左拖尾和极化现象;除黄河流域外,全国及其他两大流域的内部绝对差异逐渐缩小.④收敛性上,除长江流域存在σ发散外,全国及其他两大流域普遍存在σ收敛、绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.此外,经济发展、技术支持、财政压力、外商投资和政府偏好等对不同流域环境治理绩效的影响具有显著异质性.

[目的]再野化被认为是生态保护修复的重要手段,有必要进一步从景观尺度探索基于再野化的生态保护修复新理念和新方法,并在宏观尺度考察再野化对生态保护修复的重要价值.[方法]采用验证性案例分析,本文利用1992-2022年802份政策文本,通过量化比对和质化提炼相结合的方法,检验再野化TSD模型在中国生态保护修复中的适用性,并讨论中国生态保护修复的独特制度设计.[结果]研究发现:①在中国生态保护修复中,TSD模型的目标与3个理论要素均得到验证.其中,目标包含"复杂生态系统自我维持"和"生态功能与体验",3个理论要素指"营养复杂性""随机自然扰动"和"扩散".②根据横向要素对比检验,中国生态保护修复目标对"生态功能与体验"关注不足;理论要素中聚焦"营养复杂性"和"随机自然扰动",对"扩散"关注稍有不足.③纵向要素演化检验显示,中国生态保护修复目标已从单纯的"土地退出"延伸到"山水林田湖草沙"生命共同体建设;三大理论要素中,营养复杂性这一维度逐渐从物种规模扩大转向物种回归,随机自然扰动维度从人类主导转向自然恢复,扩散维度则不断从核心地保护过渡到自然保护地网络重构.[结论]再野化TSD模型适用于中国生态保护修复,且其适用性与中国生态保护修复政策以土地利用变化为基础密不可分.不同于北美对引入大型哺乳动物的重视,也区别于欧洲对废弃土地的被动管理,中国基于土地利用的生态保护修复强调人类从生产性土地有管理地主动撤退,是符合国情、具有中国特色的政策设计.

科学测度和分析"双碳"目标下中国耕地利用生态效率对实现耕地可持续利用、农业农村高质量发展具有重要参考价值.从耕地利用生态效率内涵出发,基于碳汇、碳排放和面源污染视角构建中国耕地利用生态效率评价指标体系,运用包含非期望产出的混合超效率SBM-DEA模型、Dagum基尼系数、Kernel密度估计、空间收敛模型等方法分析2001-2020年中国耕地利用生态效率的时空分异、区域差异、动态演进及收敛性.结果表明:①中国省级耕地利用生态效率整体较高,但呈现下降趋势,三大粮食功能区耕地利用生态效率整体呈现"粮食主销区＞粮食产销平衡区＞粮食主产区"的区域分布格局.②区域间差异和区域内差异是中国耕地利用生态效率的区域差异主要来源,粮食主产区和粮食产销平衡区耕地利用生态效率区域内基尼系数超过全国总体基尼系数.③除粮食主产区外,全国及其他粮食功能区耕地利用生态效率均存在一定程度的两极或多级分化现象.④除粮食主产区存在发散特征外,全国、粮食主销区和粮食产销平衡区均存在不同程度的σ收敛、绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.此外,经济发展水平、科技进步状况、城镇化率等对不同粮食功能区耕地利用生态效率的影响具有显著异质性.

As a composite indicator that incorporates economic efficiency and environmental protection, ecological efficiency is a valuable tool for measuring regional green development and accelerating regional green transformation. As the economy transitions, Chinese economic growth targets affect local governments’ behaviors, thereby impacting ecological efficiency. In this study, the ecological efficiency level of 284 cities in China was measured using the EBM-DEA method from 2007 to 2019, and the spatial exploration analysis method and the dynamic double fixed effect spatial Durbin model were applied to analyze urban ecological efficiency’s spatial correlations, impacts, and mechanisms. The conclusions are as follows: China’s urban ecological efficiency has increased over time. At the spatial level, it shows the distribution characteristics of east > northeast > middle > west. In terms of spatial agglomeration, there are typically spatial agglomerations, high–high agglomerations, and low–low agglomerations in Chinese cities’ ecological efficiency. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth target and ecological efficiency. According to regional differences, the economic growth target in the eastern region has a U-shaped impact on ecological efficiency, while in the central, northeast, and western cities they have an inverted U-shaped effect on ecological efficiency. In terms of the impact mechanism, through the intermediary effect test, it is found that appropriate economic growth target setting can promote the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure. Excessive economic growth target setting can inhibit the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure. The proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure can promote ecological efficiency. The enlightenment is as follows: China should weaken the economic growth target in official promotion assessment, set differentiated economic growth targets for different regions, and increase the proportion of energy conservation and environmental protection expenditure and fiscal science and technology expenditure to promote ecological efficiency.

畅通社会性流动需要抓住经济发展和改善收入分配两个先后环节,防止陷入贫富两极分化和社会阶层固化,逐步实现共同富裕.促进生产要素流动和优化资源配置,动员社会生产要素参与生产活动,挖掘中国经济增长潜力,促进经济较快增长是畅通社会性流动和实现共同富裕的物质保障.以完善税制为重点,改革和完善所得、财产和收入调节,改善收入分配是逐步畅通社会性流动和实现共同富裕的直接手段.充分发挥中国公有制经济的独特优势,提高教育质量和技术信息扩散,是畅通社会性流动和实现共同富裕的重要支撑.

基于中国2007-2019年284个地级市的面板数据,采用空间杜宾模型方法,对环保支出和地方政府竞争对环境污染治理的影响进行了实证检验.结果表明:城市间的环境污染具有空间溢出性.从整体上看,环保支出本身能够显著降低环境污染水平,地方政府竞争加剧了环境污染,环保支出在地方政府竞争的作用下对环境污染的影响不显著,但在时间和经济发展水平方面存在异质性.地方政府应合理划分财力与支出责任,加大环保支出规模,完善绿色政绩考核机制,加快产业结构升级,加速技术创新,以助力实现"美丽中国"的建设目标.

Green innovation is an important way to integrate China's innovation-driven strategy with sustainable development strategy. Adopting the attention-based view in policy implementation analysis, this paper constructs an analytical framework of how the local government's attention paid to green innovation (LGA-GI) affects green innovation efficiency (GIE). Using the panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2009 to 2020, we describe the temporal and spatial characteristics of LGA-GI, empirically test the impact of LGA-GI on GIE through two-way fixed effects models, and then compare the effects in the three stages of green innovation. The major findings are as follows: (1) the LGA-GI in China from 2009 to 2020 shows an upward trend with mild fluctuations, and peaks three times in 2012, 2016, and 2018. The spatial distribution of LGA-GI has changed from a pattern of "low in the middle" (low LGA-GI in the central region) to "continuous highs with scattered lows". (2) LGA-GI has a significant positive effect on the overall GIE, but the effect is concentrated in the stage of knowledge absorption and commercialization, rather than in the stage of knowledge innovation. The implication of these results is that local governments need to allocate more attention to green innovation and maintain its continuity, and governments at all levels should distribute policy implementation resources based on the characteristics of different green innovation stages.

适应气候变化的科技政策是该领域科技活动的重要保障.以2007—2020年期间212份适应气候变化的中央科技政策文件作为分析样本,采用共词和聚类方法,分析不同时期适应性科技政策主题聚焦点演进和变化.研究结果显示,"技术研发""技术成果应用推广""资金保障""监测应急能力发展规划""水利科技发展支持"等主题发生了明显的政策逻辑变迁.整体来看,适应性科技政策呈现密切结合国家气候适应战略演进而深化发展的特点,未来中国适应气候变化的科技政策应进一步引导适应技术科研方向,助力气候适应科技成果转化,提供财政、信息等资源支持.

基于五螺旋理论,评价2008—2019年中国30个省份绿色创新系统耦合协调时空分布规律.运用空间杜宾模型探讨影响绿色创新系统耦合协调的主要因素.研究发现中国各省份绿色创新系统耦合协调度呈逐年上升态势,绿色创新系统耦合协调度呈现东部>中部>西部>东北的特征;在直接效应层面,市场化水平、对外开放水平、城镇化水平能有效促进绿色创新系统耦合协调水平上升,产业结构高级化则抑制绿色创新系统耦合协调水平提升,财政自主度未对绿色创新系统耦合协调水平产生影响.基于此,提出提升中国绿色创新系统耦合协调水平的政策建议.

随着生态文明建设的持续推进,地方政府生态环保意识和行为发生了积极变化,环境保护不再像其他公共物品一样容易被忽视,实施环境治理完成环保任务成为地方政府的重要工作目标.采用演化博弈分析方法,引入环境问责、环保绩效考核等作为中央政府约束机制的指标,构建地方政府财政环保支出竞争博弈模型,得到影响地方政府财政环保支出竞争博弈行为的关键因素.结果表明:一是地方政府的财政环保支出存在竞争行为;二是地方政府财政环保支出竞争行为受到治污成本、环境治理效果、污染排放量、外部效应、中央政府的环境问责及环保绩效考核等因素影响;三是在中央政府约束机制下,地方政府财政环保支出竞争的表现形式向"逐顶竞争"转变,从而带来区域环境质量的整体改善.

通过对2006-2016年我国278个地级市的面板数据进行分析,验证财力缺口和支出责任匹配程度对污染排放的影响,研究结果表明:财力与支出责任不匹配度与污染物排放显著负相关,地方政府履行事权的财力缺口与工业二氧化硫、工业烟(粉)尘排放正相关.自国家高度重视生态文明建设以来,中央和地方政府对污染防治的重视程度显著提高,地方政府财力缺口与污染物排放显著负相关,环境质量问题日益得到地方政府的重视,且全国大部分地级城市已经跨过环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点.从财政治理视角推进污染防治工作,需要合理划分中央和地方政府的环保事权与支出责任,完善中央对地方以及省级政府内部转移支付,加强污染产业规制、监督与约束,完善环保绩效考核体系,为确保打赢污染防治攻坚战提供有效的财政治理基础.

财政分权体制产生的激励机制催生了地方政府间为增长而竞争的局面,为增长而竞争在推动中国经济发展的同时,也通过放松环境监管标准、减少环境保护投入和削弱环保部门独立性加剧了环境问题的严重性.随着中国经济进入新常态、国税地税征管体制改革、考核问责机制的修正以及民众环保意识的觉醒,中央政府逐渐引导地方政府由为增长而竞争向为环保而竞争转型.然而,为环保而竞争目标的实现除了使地方政府具备积极进行环境治理的动机外,还需要改革财政体制,完善生态补偿机制、长效环保问责制度、探索区域协调治理模式来配合实现.

供给侧结构性改革是中国经济进入新常态后的战略抉择.减税是实行供给侧结构性改革的必然选择,减税与实现"三去一降一补"存在严密的逻辑契合,以减税推进供给侧结构性改革是一项系统工程.在供给侧结构性改革的背景下,我国的减税降费工作已经取得了一定的成效,但是其推进的进程还受到其他体制机制因素的制约,如现行分税制下地方政府事权与支出责任不匹配、政府"放管服"改革还有待深化、税收法治化进程还有待推进等,还需要财政体制、政府职能、考核机制、供给模式、法律法规的多方面配合,才能实现调整经济结构、优化资源配置、提升经济增长质量的目标.

以2003-2015年中国30个省份的面板数据为分析单位,以能够同时反映经济发展和环境质量状况的生态效率作为衡量绿色发展的指标,运用非期望产出SBM-DEA方法测算了2003-2015年中国30个省份的区域生态效率,并分区域检验了税收竞争对绿色发展的空间溢出效应.研究表明:在晋升锦标赛体制下,地方政府间存在税收竞争,并且属于策略模仿行为;生态效率具有路径依赖和空间溢出性;全国范围内各省份之间的税收竞争提升了本地区的绿色发展,却抑制了相邻地区的绿色发展;东部地区各省份之间的税收竞争是趋优竞争,对绿色发展有显著的促进作用;中西部地区各省份的税收竞争属于趋劣竞争,对本地区和相邻地区的绿色发展起到了抑制作用.

中国式财政分权为地方政府的财政支出竞争创造了可能.基于策略互动的视角,使用30个省级地区2007-2016年的面板数据,采用莫兰指数、局部莫兰指数和空间杜宾模型方法,实证检验了地方政府间环境保护支出竞争的存在,以及环境保护支出竞争对环境污染的空间效应.研究结果表明:地方政府在环境保护支出方面存在竞争,环境保护已不再像其他非经济性公共品一样容易被地方政府忽视,地方政府间的环境保护支出竞争为策略模仿行为;同时,环境保护支出竞争存在空间溢出效应.进一步分析发现,地理相邻的地方政府间的环境保护支出有利于降低本地区的污染物排放.由此,改变政绩考核机制,加大环保支出、优化产业结构、降低污染排放、充分利用市场机制及公众参与环保监督、探索地方政府环境污染区域协调治理方式是改善环境状况的重要政策选择.

本文围绕中央对民族地区的转移支付以及民族地区内部转移支付是否能有效缓解民族地区县际间财力不均等问题进行研究.利用民族地区县级面板数据,测算转移支付前后变异指数的离散程度,对各项转移支付对财力的均等化效应进行实证分析.结果表明,转移支付制度能够有效发挥均衡民族地区县际间财力水平的作用,其中专项转移支付对民族地区县际间财力均等化效应最强;税收返还和原体制补助对民族地区县际间财力均等化效应为负;此外,调节地区间财力均等化水平的一般性转移支付对缩小民族地区县际间财力差距的作用不明显.今后可通过优化转移支付结构、实施公平导向的转移支付、科学合理地计算转移支付额等途径,提高民族地区县级财力均等化水平.

以中国区域间的税收竞争为背景,以地税数据替代传统的企业所得税测算税负,将宏观税负分解为行业税负,分析地区间税收竞争和税收竞争行业差异特征表明,税收竞争呈现动态调整趋势,主要行业税负由于要素流动性差异等原因在不同地区税收竞争中表现出动态调整特征.税收优惠政策应根据地区税收竞争动态调整以及行业税收竞争相对税负而确定,由区域性减税为主转向行业减税为主和区域性减税为辅,在总量减税前提下准确实施分时期结构性减税政策更有利于区域经济结构调整.