PURPOSE:Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone density, decreased bone strength, and increased fracture risk. While resistance exercise has been shown to attenuate osteoporosis, the optimal timing for exercise intervention remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the timing of resistance exercise-initiated before, after, or throughout the period of estrogen deficiency-differentially affects bone health in ovariectomized mice, and to provide a theoretical basis for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention and treatment with exercise. METHODS:Five-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of five groups: sham operation group (SHAM), ovariectomized sedentary group (OVX), pre-OVX +exercise group (Pre-OVX+E), OVX +exercise group (OVX+E), and post-OVX + exercise group (Post-OVX+E). Mice performed a ladder-climbing resistance exercise protocol at the designated time points. Bone microstructure was assessed by Micro-CT, bone biomechanical properties by three-point bending test, osteogenic and osteoclast-related factors by RT-qPCR, western blot assays and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, and potential regulatory molecular mechanisms through RNA-Seq analysis. RESULTS:All three exercise groups could enhance the bone biomechanical properties and improve the bone microstructure of ovariectomized mice. The Post-OVX+E group performed better than the other exercise groups on microstructure in both cortical bone and cancellous bone. The Post-OVX+E group and the OVX+E group showed better effects on the expression of osteogenic and osteoclast-related factors. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the ECM-receptor interaction pathway represented the common signaling pathway shared among groups. CONCLUSIONS:Resistance exercise at different periods before and after ovariectomy can attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized mice, with exercise after ovariectomy demonstrating superior protective benefits on bone. The mechanism underlying these beneficial effects may involve the ECM-receptor interaction pathway.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and compromised bone microstructure. Recent studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of OP is closely related to the imbalance of bone and lipid metabolism. Bone and lipid can communicate and influence each other by secreting bone-derived factors or adipokines. This kind of crosstalk is crucial for maintaining the equilibrium between bone and fat. Meanwhile, multiple signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Notch, Hedgehog, and PI3K/Akt pathways can also regulate bone-fat crosstalk. In addition, in the bone marrow microenvironment, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes also have close interactions, jointly maintaining bone-lipid metabolic balance. Exercise, as a non-invasive intervention method, can regulate bone tissue, adipose tissue, and bone marrow adipose tissue in multiple aspects and shows great potential in improving OP. Although the effect of exercise on bone-lipid metabolism has been widely confirmed, its specific molecular mechanism and its role in bone-fat crosstalk still need further exploration. In light of this, based on the review of research progress related to bone-fat crosstalk, this article summarizes the effects of exercise on this crosstalk and its underlying mechanism in improving OP, providing theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of OP through exercise.

PURPOSE:This study aimed to examine the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on energy supply during sport-specific tests in male taekwondo athletes. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of IPC's efficacy in enhancing energy supply in a taekwondo context, underscoring its potential to optimize performance in combat sports. METHODS:Sixteen male taekwondo athletes completed a randomized crossover trial comparing an IPC condition (220 mmHg) with a sham condition (20 mmHg). Performance was evaluated via the frequency speed kick test (FSKT), and energy system contributions were quantified via the PCr-La-O₂ method. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and a generalized linear mixed model were used to analyze the data. RESULTS:IPC significantly increased the total number of kicks in each FSKT group (98.4 ± 6.6 vs. 94.0 ± 5.5, p = 0.049, d = 0.72; 94.4 ± 7.7 vs. 89.3 ± 5.5, p = 0.036, d = 0.77; 93.1 ± 7.5 vs. 86.8 ± 6.3, p = 0.015, d = 0.90) and the aerobic energy supply (294.09 ± 50.35 vs. 270.44 ± 49.30, P = 0.031, d = 0.47). The postexercise blood lactate clearance rate was greater in the IPC trial (14.07 ± 4.94 vs. 9.14 ± 6.84, p = 0.02, d = 0.81), despite no differences in glycolytic or phosphagen contributions (49.32 ± 13.11 vs. 43.00 ± 12.25, p = 0.055). CONCLUSION:IPC appears to enhance taekwondo performance by improving aerobic metabolism and accelerating lactate clearance, thereby promoting synergistic interactions between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems and improving energy supply. Notably, the performance benefits of IPC became more pronounced as exercise duration increased, suggesting a cumulative ergogenic effect during prolonged high-intensity activity.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may protect against prolonged ischemic damage by improving autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. While IPC has been studied for enhancing athletic performance and recovery, its impact on ANS function and competitive status around exercise remains unclear. This study examined IPC’s effects on ANS function before and after taekwondo-specific tests. This study employed a single-blind, randomized crossover design (IPC vs. Sham). Fifteen taekwondo athletes completed the frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) after each intervention, delivering repeated kicks to an electronic gear within a set time to assess specific anaerobic capacity. Heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were continuously monitored, while lactate and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were measured. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA or generalized linear mixed models. HRV analysis revealed a trend toward significance for the main effect of trial for LF (F = 3.18, p = 0.085, partial η²=0.102) and HF (F = 3.211, p = 0.084, partial η²=0.102). The DFA α1 during warm-up was significantly greater in the IPC (1.29 ± 0.15 vs. 1.15 ± 0.21, p = 0.049, d = 0.74), with a marginal main effect (F = 4.163, p = 0.051, partial η²=0.129). Post-test sample entropy was lower in the IPC (β=-0.149, SE = 0.052, t=-2.862, p = 0.0125, d = 0.74). HRR at 60 s post-exercise had a significant main effect (F = 6.038, p = 0.02, partial η²=0.177), with higher values in the IPC after the second (22.47 ± 6.83 bpm vs. 17.53 ± 5.34 bpm, p = 0.036, d = 0.79) and third tests (31.2 ± 8.78 bpm vs. 25.13 ± 6.05 bpm, p = 0.036, d = 0.78). The 5-minute HRR post-test also improved with IPC (72.33 ± 8.71 bpm vs. 66.33 ± 12.85 bpm, p = 0.041, d = 0.53). Compared to SHAM, the total quantity of each set of FSKTs in the IPC was greater (98.67 ± 6.48 vs. 93.8 ± 5.00, p = 0.029, d = 0.83; 94.67 ± 7.05 vs. 89.13 ± 5.85, p = 0.027, d = 0.85; 94.00 ± 7.29 vs. 87.47 ± 6.27, p = 0.014, d = 0.96), and the first-round scores increased in the third test (19.93 ± 1.44 vs. 18.73 ± 1.53, p = 0.035, d = 0.81). Lactate clearance rate was greater in IPC (13.20 ± 4.84

Bone is a highly calcified and vascularized tissue. The vascular system plays a vital role in supporting bone growth and repair, such as the provision of nutrients, growth factors, and metabolic waste transfer. Moreover, the additional functions of the bone vasculature, such as the secretion of various factors and the regulation of bone-related signaling pathways, are essential for maintaining bone health. In the bone microenvironment, bone tissue cells play a critical role in regulating angiogenesis, including osteoblasts, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and osteoclasts. Osteogenesis and bone angiogenesis are closely linked. The decrease in osteogenesis and bone angiogenesis caused by aging leads to osteoporosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various physiological processes, including osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs could mediate the crosstalk between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate angiogenesis‒osteogenesis crosstalk remains unclear. In this review, we describe in detail the ways in which lncRNAs regulate the crosstalk between osteogenesis and angiogenesis to promote bone health, aiming to provide new directions for the study of the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate bone metabolism.

The decisive movements that determine judo performance rely on anaerobic power. Currently, the optimum training protocol for increasing the anaerobic endurance of heavyweight judo athletes remains elusive due to tricky balance between training loads increase and injury prevention. This study investigated the impact of sprint interval climbing incorporated into the regular training on the anaerobic training load of heavyweight judo athletes. Five judo athletes of the female +78 kg category from the Chinese national team (average age: 26.8 ± 2.8 years; height: 185.6 ± 5.7 cm; weight: 127.8 ± 5.8 kg; judo training experience: 15 ± 3.5 years) conducted only regular training from October to December 2019 while climbing training was added to regular training from January to March 2020. A climbing fitness test was performed once per month from January to March 2020. The anaerobic training loads in the training and simulated matches were monitored through blood lactate and heart rate metrics, the physical fitness of the subjects was monitored through blood metrics such as creatine kinase, and the internal load of the subjects was assessed using Omegawave Technology readiness scores. We found that sprint interval climbing increased the levels of blood lactate (P = 0.00) and heart rate metrics (P = 0.00) in the training and/or simulated matches and the performance in the fitness tests. Meanwhile, physiological parameters and the internal load remained comparable before and after climbing training. These results suggested that sprint interval climbing increased anaerobic training load without obvious muscular damage or fitness decrease. Finally, lack of a control group due to limited availability of the subjects meeting the criteria and the need to maximize the performance of each subject in future matches was the major limitation of this study.

Bone maintains a relatively stable bone mass by balancing bone formation and resorption. The development of osteoporosis is closely associated with the disruption of this balance. Muscles and bones, integral components of the musculoskeletal system, are functionally interconnected, and the onset of osteoporosis is frequently linked to the decline in skeletal muscle function. Exosomes play a crucial role in facilitating chemical information exchange between muscles and bones. This study aims to elucidate the effects of skeletal muscle-derived exosomes on bone formation and resorption, investigate their therapeutic potential for osteoporosis, and propose novel strategies for osteoporosis treatment and targeted drug development. The Translational Potential of this Article: This study investigated the potential of skeletal muscle-derived exosomes in osteoporosis treatment, elucidating their critical role in modulating bone formation and resorption. By clarifying the interaction mechanisms between muscle and bone mediated by exosomes, this research laid a theoretical foundation for novel therapeutic strategies. Therapies based on serve as more targeted and efficient interventions with fewer side effects, thereby advancing the field of bone tissue engineering and offering new prospects for the prevention and management of osteoporosis.

As the elderly population grows, the number of patients with metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis has increased sharply, posing a significant threat to public health and social economics. Although pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis demonstrate therapeutic benefits, their prolonged use is associated with varying degrees of adverse effects. As a non-pharmacological intervention, exercise is widely recognized for its cost-effectiveness, safety, and lack of toxic side effects, making it a recommended treatment for osteoporosis prevention and management. Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise can improve metabolic bone diseases by modulating the Senescent Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). However, the mechanisms through which exercise influences SASP remain unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the effects of exercise on SASP and elucidate the specific mechanisms by which exercise regulates SASP to alleviate osteoporosis, providing a theoretical basis for osteoporosis through exercise and developing targeted therapies.

The ongoing advancement of aerospace technology globally offers technical support for human exploration of outer space. Nevertheless, astronauts encounter microgravity environments during their missions in outer space, which significantly affects the functionality of various physiological systems, including the skeletal, muscular and immune systems. Among them, microgravity-induced bone loss is particularly severe. Bone loss markedly elevates the risk of osteoporosis and fractures, presenting a substantial obstacle to astronauts’ ability to perform tasks in the space environment and maintain their physical health. Consequently, implementing scientifically grounded preventive and therapeutic measures is essential for mitigating microgravity-induced bone loss. Currently, numerous intervention strategies have been demonstrated to effectively address microgravity-induced bone loss, such as pharmacological treatment, nutritional supplementation, and exercise intervention. However, the efficacy of these interventions varies, and some may result in adverse effects. Therefore, this narrative review analyzes and summarizes the effects of various interventions on bone loss caused by microgravity, aiming to provide a scientific theoretical basis for determining the optimal intervention strategy.

PurposeIn recent years, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has emerged as an effective strategy to increase tissue resistance against long-term ischemic damage and has been increasingly integrated into exercise regimens. However, further research is needed to explore the impact of IPC-mediated metabolic alterations from an exercise standpoint to conduct a comprehensive exploration of metabolic alterations and their exercise-related mechanisms during acute IPC.MethodsNontarget metabolomics was performed on blood samples obtained from 8 male athletes both before and after IPC. The studies included the identification of differentially abundant metabolites, analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis for differentially abundant metabolites, and metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA).ResultsNineteen differentially abundant metabolites were identified, with increasing levels of five metabolites, such as O-desmethyltramadol and D-gluconate, whereas 14 metabolites, including 9-hydroxy-10e, 12z-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), tetradione, 2-hexenal, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and phosphatidylserine (PS), decreased. ROC curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.9375 for D-gluconate. Both KEGG enrichment analysis and MSEA revealed enrichment in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).ConclusionThis study revealed that PPP, D-gluconate, O-desmethyltramadol, and D-2-aminobutyric acid could be upregulated within 5 min after acute IPC, whereas 2,4-D, PS, 9-HODE, 2-hexenal, and tetradinone could be downregulated. These identified metabolites show promise for improving physical functional status and could be harnessed to enhance athletic performance.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a type of bone disease with bone loss and deterioration of skeletal function that occurs in women after menopause. Studies have found that early-life exercise can reduce the risk of fractures and decrease the occurrence of osteoporosis, making it a promising approach for preventing and reversing bone loss. In this study, to identify the optimal forms of exercise during early life to optimize bone health and provide suggestions for promoting bone health through exercise training during early life, we conducted different forms of exercise interventions including ladder climbing, treadmill running, combined training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) on adolescent mice for 8 weeks and observed the accumulation of bone mass and arrangement of bone microstructure in adult mice. After removing the ovaries bilaterally, the mice were resting for 22 weeks to simulate the bone loss condition observed in postmenopausal women. We examined the resistance of the bone microstructure to degradation in response to exercise during early life and characterized the specific effects of different forms of exercise on countering bone microstructure deterioration. Our findings demonstrate that early-life exercise exerts long-term beneficial effects on bone health. All four forms of early-life exercise can delay bone loss due to decreased estrogen and improve the bone microstructure to varying degrees, with resistance and vibration training demonstrating superior protective benefits.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that konjac glucomannan (KGM) can prevent dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. While exercise may also impact the gut microbiome, there are limited studies reporting its protective effect on antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Therefore, this study investigated the preventive and regulatory effects of a combination of 6-week exercise and KGM intervention on antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in C57BL/6J mice compared with a single intervention. The results showed that combined exercise and KGM intervention could restore the changes in the relative abundance of Bacteroides (3.73% with CTL versus 14.23% with ATBX versus 4.46% with EK) and Prevotellaceae_Prevotella (0.33% with CTL versus 0.00% with ATBX versus 0.30% with EK) induced by antibiotics (p < 0.05), and minimized the Bray–Curtis distance induced by antibiotics (0.55 with CTL versus 0.81 with ATBX versus 0.80 with EXC versus 0.83 with KGM versus 0.75 with EK). Compared with the combined intervention, exercise intervention also produced a certain level of recovery effects; the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae (1.96% with CTL versus 0.09% with ATBX versus 0.49% with EXC) was restored, while KGM supplementation showed the best preventive effect. In addition, the combination of exercise and KGM significantly enriched microbial purine metabolic pathways (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that combining exercise with KGM could be a promising approach to reducing the side effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiome.

The intestinal tract of humans harbors a dynamic and complex bacterial community known as the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in regulating functions such as metabolism and immunity in the human body. Numerous studies conducted in recent decades have also highlighted the significant potential of the gut microbiota in promoting human health. It is widely recognized that training and nutrition strategies are pivotal factors that allow athletes to achieve optimal performance. Consequently, there has been an increasing focus on whether training and dietary patterns influence sports performance through their impact on the gut microbiota. In this review, we aim to present the concept and primary functions of the gut microbiota, explore the relationship between exercise and the gut microbiota, and specifically examine the popular dietary patterns associated with athletes’ sports performance while considering their interaction with the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which dietary patterns affect sports performance from a nutritional perspective, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay among dietary patterns, the gut microbiota, and sports performance. We have found that the precise application of specific dietary patterns (ketogenic diet, plant-based diet, high-protein diet, Mediterranean diet, and high intake of carbohydrate) can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of illness in health promotion, etc., as well as promoting recovery and controlling weight with regard to improving sports performance, etc. In conclusion, although it can be inferred that certain aspects of an athlete’s ability may benefit from specific dietary patterns mediated by the gut microbiota to some extent, further high-quality clinical studies are warranted to substantiate these claims and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Overtraining affects individuals engaged in high-volume training, potentially hindering athletic performance and revealing shortcomings in suggested solutions. This study evaluated the impact of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with varying molecular weights on the gut microbiome, endurance, and strength in mice subjected to excessive training. The native KGM (1.82 × 107 Da) was enzymatically degraded using endo-1,4-β-mannanase to generate moderate molecular weight KGM (KGM-EM, 1.89 × 105 Da) and low molecular weight KGM (KGM-EL, 1.34 × 104 Da). These fractions were characterized and compared with the native KGM regarding their effects on mice undergoing excessive training. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between KGM's molecular weight and its capacity to mitigate the adverse impacts of excessive training on strength or/and endurance (a significant increase of 55.57 % and 55.70 % by the native KGM compared with the excessive training group). In addition, the native KGM exhibited superior preservation of microbial diversity and composition in fecal samples against excessive training-induced shifts, along with increased production of individual and total short-chain fatty acids in plasma compared with the two degraded products. Overall, these results highlight the potential benefits of high molecular weight KGM for preventing overtraining syndrome and enhancing athletic performance in animal models.

In recent years, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has garnered significant attention in sports research. While IPC has demonstrated positive effects in high-intensity sports such as judo and swimming, its potential benefits for enhancing the performance of Taekwondo athletes have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IPC on taekwondo performance and to observe the metabolic characteristics associated with enhancing sports performance via LC‒MS/MS-based plasma metabolomics. Seventeen participants underwent the repeated frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) after IPC, along with pre- and post-exercise plasma metabolite analysis. Differential abundance metabolite analysis, enriched pathway analysis, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGNCA) were employed to delve into metabolic characteristics. The findings highlighted a significant enhancement in FSKT performance in the experimental group. Metabolomic analysis revealed 109 differentially abundant metabolites, including Dl-lactate, hypoxanthine, acetylcarnitine, and acetylsalicylic acid. Enriched pathway analysis revealed pathways such as pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion, ascorbic acid and aldonic acid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the Warburg effect. In conclusion, IPC can significantly increase the specific athletic abilities of Taekwondo athletes, with enhancements linked to anaerobic metabolism, PPP utilization, the Warburg effect for energy production, redox system stability, reduced muscle fatigue, and pain alleviation.

Background Exercise in humid and hot environments (HHEs) may result in decreased perception, motor performance, and memory owing to endogenous heat production and exogenous load. However, whether a single bout of exercise (SBOE) intensity affects the magnitude of changes in the levels of hemocytes remains controversial. In this article, we aimed to investigate the effects of a SBOE of varying intensities on blood cells in HHE. Methods Thirty-two volunteers were randomly divided into a quiet control group (QC), 55% VO2max intensity exercise group (HHE55%), 70% VO2max intensity exercise group (HHE70%), and 85% VO2max intensity exercise group (HHE85%). The participants in the exercise groups were assigned to perform an SBOE on the treadmill under HHE conditions for 30 min, whereas participants in the QC remained still under HHE conditions for 30 min (temperature: 28–32 °C, relative humidity: 85–95%). Results The net body mass (NBM), perfusion index (PI), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet (PLT), and plateletcrit (PCT) values were affected significantly by the exercise intensity (P < 0.01) the hemoglobin (HGB) and neutrophil count (NE) were affected significantly by exercise intensity (P < 0.05). After an SBOE, compared with that before exercise, the sublingual temperature (ST) of all groups, the NBM and MCV of all exercise groups, the PI of the HHE55% and HHE70% groups, the HGB, hematocrit (HCT), and NE of the HHE70% group, the red blood cell count (RBC), PLT, and PCT of the HHE70% and HHE85% groups, and the white blood cell count (WBC) of HHE85% changed very significantly (P < 0.01). The PCT of QC, blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels in the HHE55% group, the lymphocyte count (LY) in the HHE70% group, and the HGB and HCT in the HHE85% group changed significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion Low- and moderate-intensity SBOE in HHE could increase the serum EPO and serum sTfR levels and decrease the serum IL-3 levels. Conversely, a high-intensity load could increase the risk of inflammation. Therefore, low-intensity exercise may be more appropriate for an SBOE in HHE.

It has been well documented that exercise can improve bone metabolism, promote bone growth and development, and alleviate bone loss. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and other bone tissue cells, and regulation of balance between bone formation and bone resorption by targeting osteogenic factors or bone resorption factors. Thus miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Recently, regulation of miRNAs are shown to be one of the ways by which exercise or mechanical stress promotes the positive balance of bone metabolism. Exercise induces changes of miRNAs expression in bone tissue and regulates the expression of related osteogenic factors or bone resorption factors, to further strengthen the osteogenic effect of exercise. This review summarizes relevant studies on the mechanism whereby exercise regulates bone metabolism via miRNAs, providing a theoretical basis for osteoporosis prevention and treatment with exercise.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the effects of different intensities of exercise humid heat acclimation on blood cells. Materials and methods: Thirty-two volunteers underwent a nine-day exercise humid heat acclimation (temperature: 28-32celcius, humidity: 85-95%, 30 minutes per day), randomly divided into quiet control group (QC), 55% VO2max (HHA55%), 70% VO2max (HHA70%) and 85% VO2max intensity exercise group (HHA85%). The HHA55%, HHA70%, and HHA85% exercise 30 minutes each day, while the QC sit quietly 30 minutes per day. The day before and after the exercise humid heat acclimation program, we examined the net body weight, sublingual temperature, and venous blood collected from the anterior cubital fossa of participants.Results: We found that hemoglobin (P<0.05), hematocrit (P<0.01), and plateletcrit (P<0.05) were all affected by the intensity of exercise. And compared with pre-exercise, the net body weight in HHA55%, HHA70%, and HHA85% all had varying degrees of decline, but there were no significant; sublingual temperature (P<0.05) and red blood cell count (P<0.05) of HHA70%, hemoglobin (P<0.05) of HHA55%, platelets (P<0.01) and plateletcrit (P<0.01) of QC decreased significantly; hematocrit (P<0.05) of QC, mean corpuscular volume of QC (P<0.01) and HHA55% (P<0.01), and plateletcrit (P<0.05) of HHA85% increased significantly. Compared with pre-exercise, erythropoietin in QC, HHA55% and HHA70% post-exercise increased slightly, and decreased slightly in HHA85%; soluble transferrin receptor in HHA55% increased; interleukin 3 of QC, HHA55%, and HHA70% decreased, but there were all no significant differences compared with pre-exercise and (P>0.05), and nor did between groups.Conclusions: Our results showed that low-and moderate-intensity exercise might positively improve blood cells and anti-inflammatory effects. Low-and moderate-intensity exercise might be a better exercise choice in a humid and hot environment.

本文运用文献资料、逻辑推理等研究方法,对业余马拉松跑者在冬季低温环境下训练提供建议和实践指导.研究认为,目前我国大部分业余跑者缺乏科学系统的训练方法,导致训练效果不明显.冬季训练是促进体能恢复和打好全面身体素质的关键.对此,本研究通过分析冬季低温暴露对业余马拉松跑者的身体机能及运动能力的影响,结合冬季气候环境特点进行不同的训练方法(包括耐力训练、力量训练和交叉训练)对业余跑者产生的训练效应,以及在冬季训练期间业余跑者的饮食与营养、冷损伤预防和身体机能监控等提出应对措施,以此促进提高业余马拉松跑者冬季训练期训练水平,为业余马拉松跑者科学化备战提供参考.

Bone-related diseases are major problems and heavy burdens faced by modern society. Current clinical approaches for the treatment of these pathological conditions often lead to complications and have limited therapeutic efficacy. In this context, the development of nanotherapeutic platforms, such as extracellular vesicles, can improve the relevant therapeutic effects. In particular, exosomes are nano-sized, lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles secreted by many cells in mammals. Due to their innate capacity to transport materials-including proteins, lipids, and genes-among cells, as well as their innate attraction to target cells, they are considered to be a crucial medium for cell communication and are involved in a number of biological processes. Exosomes have been used as drug delivery vehicles in recent bone tissue engineering studies, in order to regulate bone homeostasis. However, the precise workings of the exosome regulatory network in maintaining bone homeostasis and its potential for treating bone injury remain unclear. To provide a fresh perspective for the study of exosomes in drug delivery and bone-related diseases, in this paper, we review recent studies on the roles of exosomes for drug delivery in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, as well as the composition and characteristics of exosomes and their regulatory roles in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, aiming to provide new ideas for the therapeutic application of exosomes in the treatment of bone-related diseases.