Nutrigenomics is an emerging research field to investigate the interactions between food components and genes and elucidate their impacts on health and diseases. Exercise, another critical factor influencing human health, is intricately linked with nutrition and genetics, and is influenced by a combination of genetic background, lifestyle choice, and environmental factors. The high-throughput sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatic tools have offered researchers to delve deeper into how individual genetic expression responses to exercise and how dietary interventions can enhance exercise performance and recovery through the gene expression changes and modifications. Among these mechanisms, gene expression emerges as the primary focus, highlighting its role in linking nutrients and exercise to metabolic pathways, muscle synthesis, and inflammation. While epigenetic modifications are briefly considered, the emphasis remains on how direct and indirect influences on gene expression drive physiological adaptations. Herein, the article reviews recent advancements in nutrigenomics within the context of exercise science, exploring gene-regulating mechanisms affected by specific nutrients and dietary patterns on exercise capacity, muscle synthesis, and damage repair. It also outlines the potential applications of personalized nutrition plans in athletic training and general fitness. In addition, this article addresses current challenges and potential issues in the practical implementation of nutrigenomics in exercise-induced health promotion. Future studies should emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration to unravel the intricate gene-nutrition-exercise interaction networks, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation and technological support for the advancement of precision exercise nutrition.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by severe mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). The substantial generation of mROS in the MASH liver, resulting from lipid surplus and electron transport chain (ETC) overload, impairs mitochondrial structure and functionality, thereby contributing to the development of severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Regular exercise represents an effective strategy for the treatment of MASH. Understanding the effects of exercise on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function is essential for effective treatment of MASH. This article reviews the pathological alterations in mitochondrial β-oxidation, ETC efficiency and mROS production within MASH liver. Additionally, it discusses how exercise influences the redox state and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms-such as biogenesis, mitophagy, fusion, and fission-within the MASH liver. The article emphasizes the importance of in-depth studies on exercise-induced MASH mitigation through the enhancement of mitochondrial redox balance, quality control, and function. Exploring the relationship between exercise and hepatic mitochondria could provide valuable insights into identifying potential therapeutic targets for MASH.

It is well known that appropriate aerobic exercise can effectively alleviate fatty liver and enhance brain function. The concept of multi-organ crosstalk coordinating disease progression has become the current research hot topic. However, there remains an urgent need to elucidate its specific mechanisms. This study aimed to explore the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on liver health and cognitive function, and to further uncover the regulatory effect of aerobic exercise by liver-specific activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) knockout (ATF3cKO) mice in a “liver-brain” axis mode. The 5-week-old C57BL/6 and ATF3cKO mice were fed with HFD for 32 weeks, and sequentially subjected to aerobic exercise intervention at the 20th week for another 12 consecutive weeks. Meanwhile, C57BL/6 mice were provided with a normal diet as the control group. The functional parameters of liver and brain of all mice were assessed. Cognitive capacity of all mice was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM). Inflammatory factors in the serum and brain of mice were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of inflammasomes was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signal pathways was analyzed by Western blotting. In this study, HFD impaired hepatic and brain functions, while aerobic exercise and liver-specific Atf3 knockout suppressed inflammatory factors in the peripheral circulation through hepatoprotective mechanisms, thereby attenuating cerebral inflammation and preserving neurological integrity, as well as mitigating HFD-induced cognitive decline.

The swift acceleration of advances in precision medicine has attracted clinicians, health systems, and policymakers, thus leaving an indelible mark on the landscape of medical practice. The increasing acknowledgment of precision medicine shows the rise of a promising new field that can change medical practice and provide medical care. Simultaneously, there is an increasing interest in precision exercise, which refers to an approach in healthcare and fitness where exercise regimens are tailored to individual responses and characteristics. Precision exercise has evolved as a response to the understanding that individuals exhibit a wide range of responses to exercise regimens, attributed to genetic modifications and other biological factors. The purpose of this article is to offer a comprehensive evaluation of basic principles, methods, and practical applications of precision exercise. Additionally, exercise biomarkers serve as pivotal indicators, bridging biological mechanisms of exercise with overall health. These biomarkers offer insights into individual physiological responses, enabling the customization of exercise regimens to optimize health outcomes. Herein, this article underscores the transformative potential of precision exercise in revolutionizing personalized healthcare and customized exercise regimens, guided by the insights based on exercise biomarkers. As precision medicine continues to evolve, precision exercise stands at the forefront, thereby promising a future where medical and exercise interventions are uniquely customized for optimal health outcomes.

目的:探讨低温环境下运动对肥胖大鼠白色脂肪棕色化及腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助激活因子1α(PGC-1α)及解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)等蛋白表达的影响.方法:4周龄雄性SD大鼠通过9周高脂膳食喂养建立营养性肥胖模型,将造模成功的32只大鼠随机分为常温安静组(NTS组)、常温运动组(NTE组)、低温安静组(CES组)、低温运动组(CEE组),每组8只.常温环境为24℃～26℃,低温环境为3℃～4℃,相对湿度均为50％～60％.安静组不运动,运动组隔天进行2次跑台运动,每次30 min,中间间歇10 min,跑速为25 m/min,坡度0°,每天记录食量、体长和体重.5周后采用Micro-CT LCT200检测内脏脂肪、皮下脂肪、棕色脂肪和体脂质量及其与体重的比率,并以棕色脂肪CT扫描图像进行3D软件重建灰度图,获取灰度值.解剖采集腹股沟脂肪并用Western-blot法检测AMPK、PGC-1a和UCP1蛋白的表达.结果:5周实验后,(1)常温运动组、低温安静组、低温运动组大鼠体重较常温安静组显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),且低温运动组体重及Lee's指数显著低于常温运动组和低温安静组(P<0.05);(2)棕色脂肪灰度值从高到低依次为低温运动组、低温安静组、常温运动组、常温安静组;常温运动组内脏脂肪率和体脂率显著低于常温安静组和低温安静组(P<0.05,P<0.01),而低温运动组则显著低于常温安静组、常温运动组和低温安静组(P<0.05,P<0.01);低温安静组皮下脂肪率显著高于常温运动组和低温运动组(P<0.05),且常温安静组显著高于低温运动组(P<0.05);低温安静组和低温运动组棕色脂肪率均显著高于常温安静组、常温运动组(P<0.05);(3)常温运动组、低温安静组、低温运动组大鼠腹股沟脂肪组织AMPK、PGC-1α、UCP1蛋白表达均显著高于常温安静组(P<0.05,P<0.01),且低温运动组大鼠腹股沟脂肪组织AMPK、PGC-1α、UCP1蛋白表达显著高于常温运动组和低温安静组(P<0.05).结论:低温下运动可更有效诱导大鼠腹股沟AMPK、PGC-1α、UCP1蛋白过表达,从而促进白色脂肪棕色化,使体脂减少、体重降低.

目的:探讨低温环境下运动对肥胖大鼠白色脂肪棕色化及腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）、过氧法:4周龄雄性SD大鼠通过9周高脂膳食喂养建立营养性肥胖模型,将造模成功的32只大鼠随机分为常温安静组（NTS组）、常温运动组（NTE组）、低温安静组（CES组）、低温运动组（CEE组）,每组8只。常温环跑台运动,每次30 min,中间间歇10 min,跑速为25 m/min,坡度0°,每天记录食量、体长和体重。5周后采用Micro-CT LCT200检测内脏脂肪、皮下脂肪、棕色脂肪和体脂质量及其与体重的比率,并以棕色脂肪CT PGC-1a和UCP1蛋白的表达。结果:5周实验后,（1）常温运动组、低温安静组、低温运动组大鼠体重较常温安静组显著下降（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,且低温运动组体重及Lee’s指数显著低于常温运动组和低温安静组（P＜0.05）;（2）棕色脂肪灰度值从高到低依次为低温运动组、低温安静组、常温运动组、常温安静组;常温运动组内脏脂肪率和体脂率显著低于常温安静组和低温安静组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,而低温运动组则显著低于常温安静组、常温运动组和低温安静组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;低温安静组皮下脂肪率显著高于常温运动组和低温运动组（P＜0.05）,且常温安静组显著高于低温运动组（P＜0.05）;低温安静组和低温运动组棕色脂肪率均显著高于常温安静组、常温运动组（P＜0.05）;（3）常温运动组、低温安静组、低温运动组大鼠腹股沟脂肪组织AMPK、PGC-1α、UCP1蛋白表达均显著高于常温安静组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,且低温运动组大鼠温下运动可更有效诱导大鼠腹股沟AMPK、PGC-1α、UCP1蛋白过表达,从而促进白色脂肪棕色化,使体脂减少、体重降低。

背景:低温和运动干预下脂肪组织及其分布会产生变化,使脂肪组织功能发生改变,这对肥胖及相关代谢性疾病的治疗具有积极意义,但至今对不同低温暴露下运动的效应尚未报道,有待进一步研究.目的:观察5周不同方式低温运动干预后肥胖大鼠白色脂肪棕色化效应及解偶联蛋白1表达的变化.方法:将采用高脂饲料饮食方法建立的64只营养性肥胖SD大鼠随机均分为常温组、间歇低温组、急性低温组及持续低温组,其中每组又分别分为安静组及运动组.常温环境为24-26℃,低温环境为3-4℃,相对湿度均为50％-60％;持续低温每天均在低温环境中,间歇低温每天在低温环境4 h,急性低温在干预最后一天在低温环境暴露4 h;安静组自由活动,运动组隔天进行每次30 min共1 h的间歇跑台运动,跑速为25 m/min,坡度0°.5周后采用Micro-CT LCT200测量脂肪组织比率;采集肩胛间及腹股沟脂肪组织用苏木精-伊红染色观察其形态学变化;采用Western-blot检测腹股沟脂肪组织中解偶联蛋白1表达.结果与结论:①间歇低温运动组、持续低温安静及运动组肩胛间脂肪细胞体积显著减小,数量明显增多,脂滴逐渐消失,细胞间毛细血管逐渐增多;间歇及持续低温运动组大鼠腹股沟白色脂肪细胞中出现多室,细胞体积变小且均匀,组织更加紧密,具有明显的棕色化趋势;②持续低温运动组大鼠内脏脂肪率和体脂率最低,且显著低于常温安静及运动组、急性低温安静及运动组、间歇及持续低温安静组(P<0.05);③安静组中常温组的皮下脂肪率显著低于急性及间歇低温组(P<0.05),而运动组中急性低温组显著低于常温组(P<0.05);④3个低温安静及持续低温运动组棕色脂肪率均显著高于常温安静组(P<0.05),急性低温安静组显著高于急性低温运动组(P<0.05),间歇低温安静组显著高于间歇低温运动组(P<0.05),急性低温运动组显著低于间歇和持续低温运动组(P<0.05);⑤解偶联蛋白1表达方面,各运动组较其对应的安静组均显著上调(P<0.05),其中常温安静组最低,持续低温运动组蛋白表达最高,其次为间歇低温运动组(P<0.05);⑥结果显示,持续和间歇低温运动更能诱导皮下腹股沟白色脂肪棕色化,降低肥胖机体的体脂率,该效应与腹股沟脂肪组织形态学及解偶联蛋白1变化有关.

In prolonged intense exercise training, the training load of athletes may be reduced once their hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]s) are decreased dramatically. We previously reported that intermittent hypoxia exposure (IHE) could be used to alleviate the decrease of [Hb] and help to maintain the training load in rats. To further explore the feasibility of applying IHE intervention to athletes during prolonged intense exercise training, 6 trained swimmers were recruited to conduct a 4-week IHE intervention at the intervals after their [Hb] dropped for 10% or more during their training season. IHE intervention lasted 1 h and took place once a day and five times a week. Hematological and hormonal parameters, including [Hb], red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes, serum erythropoietin (EPO), testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) were examined. After the IHE intervention was launched, [Hb], RBC and Hct of the subjects were increased progressively with their maximum levels (P < 0.01) showing at the third or fourth week, respectively. An increase in reticulocyte count (P < 0.01) suggests that IHE intervention promotes erythropoiesis to increase [Hb]. Besides, serum level of EPO, the hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was overall higher than that before the IHE intervention, although it was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the serum level of T, another hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was increased progressively with the maximum level showing at the fourth week. Collectively, this study further confirms that IHE intervention may be used as a new strategy to prevent intense exercise training-induced reductions in [Hb].

目的: 观察在递增负荷运动期间饮用100%枸杞汁对男大学生血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(C)、胰岛素(INS)、胰高血糖素(PG)和血糖(Glu)变化,探讨100%枸杞汁在递增负荷运动期间对机体下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴应激和血糖调节的作用。方法: 将28名健康男性大学生随机分为对照组(C组,16人)和实验组(E组,12人),所有受试者进行为期32 d、4个阶段的递增负荷运动,运动期间E组每人每天睡前饮用100 ml 100%枸杞汁。在实验前和每阶段结束后次日晨采用血糖仪测试受试者Glu及ELISA法测试血清ACTH、C、INS、PG。结果: ①与运动前相比,递增负荷运动期间两组受试者血清ACTH浓度均在第1、2阶段下降后,第3、4阶段持续升高(P＜0.01),且E组稍高于C组;②递增负荷运动期间受试者血清C呈持续下降趋势,E组第4阶段末显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);③递增负荷运动期间受试者血清INS水平先上升再下降,第4阶段末C组的浓度下降明显(P＜0.05);④实验末期E组血清PG显著降低(P＜0.05);⑤实验后期受试者Glu浓度下降,C组的Glu浓度下降趋势明显(P＜0.05)。结论: 100%枸杞汁可改善递增负荷期间机体HPA轴功能,提高机体对大负荷的应激能力,并调节机体血糖平衡。.

目的:观察在递增负荷运动期间饮用100％枸杞汁对男大学生血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(C)、胰岛素(INS)、胰高血糖素(PG)和血糖(Glu)变化,探讨100％枸杞汁在递增负荷运动期间对机体下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴应激和血糖调节的作用.方法:将28名健康男性大学生随机分为对照组(C组,16人)和实验组(E组,12人),所有受试者进行为期32 d、4个阶段的递增负荷运动,运动期间E组每人每天睡前饮用100 ml 100％枸杞汁.在实验前和每阶段结束后次日晨采用血糖仪测试受试者Glu及ELISA法测试血清ACTH、C、INS、PG.结果:①与运动前相比,递增负荷运动期间两组受试者血清ACTH浓度均在第1、2阶段下降后,第3、4阶段持续升高(P<0.01),且E组稍高于C组;②递增负荷运动期间受试者血清C呈持续下降趋势,E组第4阶段末显著低于对照组(P<0.05);③递增负荷运动期间受试者血清INS水平先上升再下降,第4阶段末C组的浓度下降明显(P<0.05);④实验末期E组血清PG显著降低(P<0.05);⑤实验后期受试者Glu浓度下降,C组的Glu浓度下降趋势明显(P<0.05).结论:100％枸杞汁可改善递增负荷期间机体HPA轴功能,提高机体对大负荷的应激能力,并调节机体血糖平衡.

界定体育运动中冷环境的概念,从冷环境引起机体生理反应分析静息和运动状态下机体的物质、能量代谢特征和运动能力表现.不同温度冷环境下运动引起机体生理反应和代谢特征不同,但都围绕维持体温和满足运动时骨骼肌能量需求进行调节.为应对低温对机体功能的影响,冷环境下训练和比赛前需做好应对措施.

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the function of Lycium Barbarum juice on exercise stress regulation when male university students drank Lycium Barbarum juice during increasing resistance exercise, by observing the effects of oral Lycium Barbarum juice on the blood glucose, serum Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), insulin and glucagon concentration. Methods 21 to 22, healthy, 28 male university students participated in the study. They were randomly divided into a control group (n=16)and an experimental group(n=12). All participants completed four-stage incremental load movement for a total of 32 days. The exercise intensity of four stages was 60% VO2max, 70% VO2max, 80% VO2max and 90% VO2max, respectively. Each stage was exercised every-other-day, 4 times per stage and 1 hour each time. During the exercise, each subject in the experimental group drank 100 ml of 100% Lycium Barbarum juice before going to bed every day. Before the experiment and the morning after the end of each phase, a participant’s elbow-venous blood was collected to separate the serum. In all serum substances, the concentrations of ACTH, insulin, glucagon were detected by ELISA system. Fasting blood glucose concentration was detected by a blood glucose meter (Kyoto GT-1640 glucose meter, Japan). SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results 1) The serum ACTH concentration of the subjects continually increased with the progress of the incremental load exercise and reached the highest at the end of the fourth stage. Compared with the increase in the control group (P<0.05), the experimental group was more significant (P<0.01). 2) Compared with before the experiment, both control group and experimental group were no obvious changes of blood glucose concentration in the first and second stages, and the control group was significantly decreased in the third and fourth stages (P<0.05), while the experimental group was not (P>0.05). 3) During the increasing load exercise, the changes of insulin in serum of the participants were basically the same. The insulin level increased significantly at the end of the first stage and decreased successively at the end of the last three stages. At the end of the fourth stage, the serum insulin level of the control group decreased more significantly (P<0.05) than the experimental group (P>0.05). 4) The glucagon concentration in the control group continued to increase with the increase of the load. By contrast, the glucagon concentration in the experimental group gradually decreased at the end of the first stage and then increased at the end of the fourth stage. However, all of the increase and decrease are not statistically significant. Conclusions During increasing resistance exercise, drinking Lycium Barbarum juice can increase the ability of the body to regulate Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), insulin and glucagon through the exercise stress regulation systems, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Hormone system (HPA) and the Sympathetic-Adrenal Medullary system. It plays an important role in maintaining blood sugar levels during increasing resistance exercise and accelerating post-exercise function recovery after exercise.