This study aimed to explore the implicit procedural learning and associated neural oscillatory activities in adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) using electroencephalography (EEG). The sample consisted of 22 adults with DCD (14 females) and 22 age-matched controls (11 females), aged 18-21 years. Participants engaged in a modified Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) designed to assess implicit sequence learning. Behavioral results did not show significant differences in reaction times or speed-accuracy trade-off indices between the DCD and control groups, suggesting that implicit sequence learning might not be impaired in adults with DCD. However, EEG analysis revealed marked differences in theta oscillation energies; notably, the DCD group displayed higher theta amplitudes in the frontal region and delayed peaks in frontal-region theta bands compared to controls. These findings suggest that while behavioral performance might appear typical, the underlying neural processes in the DCD group are significantly different and underscore procedural learning deficits in adults with DCD. The results enrich our understanding of the neural underpinnings of DCD and offer insights for devising targeted interventions to improve procedural learning abilities in affected individuals.

Background:Individuals with mind-wandering experience their attention decoupling from their main task at hand while others with flow experience fully engage in their task with the optimum experience. There seems to be a negative relationship between mind-wandering and flow. However, it remains unclear to what extent mind-wandering exerts an impact on flow. And it is also elusive whether physical activity and mindfulness, which are as important factors that affected individuals' attentional control and psychological health, are beneficial in explaining the association between mind-wandering and flow. The current study investigated the relationship between mind-wandering and flow, and the potential mediation effects of physical activity and mindfulness in this association.Methods:A cross-sectional exploratory study design, including multiple scales such as the Mind-Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ), Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Short Dispositional Flow Scale (S-DFS) was applied. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation coefficients were applied in the analysis of these data. A multiple mediation model was used to examine the relationships between mind-wandering, flow, physical activity, and mindfulness.Results:Mind-wandering was inversely associated with physical activity, mindfulness and flow, respectively; and flow was positively related to physical activity and mindfulness, respectively. Moreover, multiple mediation results demonstrated that physical activity and mindfulness, respectively, mediated the relationship between mind-wandering and flow.Conclusion:These findings are helpful to understand how our minds attend to the present moment, and the crucial roles of physical activity and mindfulness in the association between mind-wandering and flow. An implication of these is the possibility that the effective strategies aimed at enhancing both the levels of physical activity and mindfulness are needed to reduce the negative impact of mind-wandering on flow.

Cognitive theory of boredom presumes that boredom, an important potential indicator for self-dysregulation, represents to be the result of attention failure. And lapses of attention have been shown to act as a key signal in mind wandering (especially spontaneous mind wandering), which has been found to be positively associated with boredom. If both mind wandering and boredom concurrently occupy individuals' on-task processing resources, it would definitely influence their cognitive flexibility, which is an essential component for self-regulation. Until now, however, there has been little discussion about mind wandering, boredom, and cognitive flexibility at the same time. The present study investigated the hypothesis that boredom can mediate the effect of mind wandering on cognitive flexibility at trait-level by adopting a cross-sectional exploratory study design and anonymous structured questionnaires in three studies (N = 449,182 and 190 for Studies 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Correlation analysis demonstrated that mind wandering (especially spontaneous mind wandering) was positively related to boredom, and that cognitive flexibility was negatively related to mind wandering and boredom, respectively. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of mind wandering (especially spontaneous mind wandering) on cognitive flexibility through boredom. In conclusion, these findings are useful to build a theoretical framework for future clinical practice. An implication of these findings is the possibility that efficacious strategies targeting at reducing boredom are needed to decrease the detriment effect of spontaneous mind wandering on cognitive flexibility.

Mindfulness training has become popular among the Chinese public in recent years. However, most mindfulness related research in China has focused almost exclusively on the effects of interventions on trait, but not state mindfulness. More research and valid measures on state mindfulness are needed in this area in China. Accordingly, the present study aims to validate and assess the internal consistency and construct validity of the Chinese version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) in a non-clinical sample. The current study employed an international team of scholars to translate the TMS into Chinese language. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity analysis, and test–retest reliability were examined in study (sample 1 n = 220, sample 2 n = 59). Comparisons between correlation coefficients of the experienced (n = 65) and inexperienced subjects (n = 155) were explored. The Chinese TMS (Ch-TMS) demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with confirmatory factor analysis providing support for the established two-factor model. Both subscales demonstrated significant correlations in the expected directions in relation to the FFMQ-observing, FFMQ-non-reacting, SSAS-internal state awareness, and SSAS-awareness of surroundings. Our findings suggest that the Ch-TMS has acceptable psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing state mindfulness in a Chinese cultural context.

Caffeine, which is widely used for enhancing athletic performance, has been suggested to have a positive impact on cognition via stimulating the brain. However, no study published to date has explored the effects of different doses of caffeine ingestion on brain activation via cortical hemodynamics. The purpose of the present crossover, double-blind study was to investigate the effects of low, moderate, and high doses of caffeine ingestion on cognitive performance and brain activation. Ten healthy male subjects ingested placebo or caffeine (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass). The effects of each treatment condition were evaluated by Stroop tasks before and 60 min after the ingestion of caffeine. Reaction time (RT) and accuracy of responses to congruent and incongruent stimuli were assessed. As an index of brain activation with cognition, levels of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) were measured via near-infrared spectroscopy. A 4 × 2 mixed ANOVA revealed that there were significant interaction effects for RT in both incongruent and congruent conditions (P < 0.01, Pη2 = 0.384; P < 0.05, Pη2 = 0.259; and P < 0.05, Pη2 = 0.309). Both 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine ingestion significantly decreased RT to incongruent stimuli. The only dose of caffeine to decrease RT in response to congruent stimuli was 3 mg/kg. None of the doses of caffeine administered affected accuracy of responses to incongruent or congruent stimuli. Under the congruent stimulus condition, ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine significantly increased mean HbO in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole area, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.01, Pη2 = 0.319; P < 0.05, Pη2 = 0.263; and P < 0.05, Pη2 = 0.259, respectively). None of the doses of caffeine investigated affected HbO under the incongruent stimulus condition. Ingestion of low-dose caffeine has greater effects on cognition and brain activation than moderate and high doses of caffeine, suggesting that low-dose caffeine may be a selective supplement in enhancing executive function and prefrontal activities.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of one bout of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) on executive function in preschoolers, and the moderating effect of children's habitual physical activity (PA) levels. Method: Based on accelerometer data from three weekdays and one weekend, 63 children aged 3-5 years were divided into tertiles. Children in the upper (n = 21) and lower (n = 20) tertiles participated in an intervention experiment. Using a within-subject design, 41 children participated in 25 min of PA (20 min of MVPA) and a sedentary control condition in random order on 2 separate days. The day-night Stroop, Corsi block, and dimensional change card sort (DCCS) tasks were administered individually in counterbalanced order after completion of each intervention activity. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine pre-post-test changes in task performance in the high and low PA groups. Results: Flexibility performance on the DCCS task was temporarily enhanced by one bout of PA in preschoolers [F (1, 39) = 5.95, p = 0.02, eta(2) = 0.13]. An interaction effect was observed between the habitual PA level and acute PA on cognitive control [F (1, 39) = 5.47, p = 0.03, eta(2) = 0.12]. The acute PA intervention improved day-night Stroop reaction times in children with high (F = 9.15, p < 0.01), but not low, habitual PA levels (F = 0.10, p = 0.75). Conclusion: Acute MVPA temporarily improves the cognitive performance of preschoolers, with a greater benefit for children with higher habitual PA levels.

The present study investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using the Halo Sport device on repeated sprint cycling ability and on cognitive performance. In this triple-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study, nine physically active participants received either a placebo stimulation (Sham) or real stimulation (Halo) for 20 min. Participants then performed 5 × 6-s sprints interspersed with 24 s of active recovery on a cycle ergometer. Peak and mean power output were measured for each sprint. In addition, cognitive performance in terms of reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) was assessed via Stroop test pre- and post-stimulation. There was a significant interaction for mean power output [F(4,32) = 2.98, P = 0.03]. A main treatment effect was observed in all of the repeated sprints apart from the initial one. Halo did not affect RT in either the congruent or incongruent condition but did increase ACC in the incongruent condition [F(1,8) = 10.56, P = 0.012]. These results suggest that tDCS with the Halo Sport system is able to enhance aspects of sprint cycling ability and cognitive performance.

心智游移是日常生活中的常见现象,是个体思维活动从当前的任务活动中转移至自我产生的想法和感受上,其认知神经机制尚不明确.功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术在理解心智游移的认知神经机制方面发挥着重要作用.笔者主要从任务态的心智游移fMRI、静息态fMRI与心智游移的相关性角度对心智游移fMRI的研究进展进行全面综述.

Motor expertise acquired during long-term training in sports enables top athletes to predict the outcomes of domain-specific actions better than nonexperts do. However, whether expert players encode actions, in addition to the concrete sensorimotor level, also at a more abstract, conceptual level, remains unclear. The present study manipulated the congruence between body kinematics and the subsequent ball trajectory in videos of an expert player performing table tennis serves. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the brain activity was evaluated in expert and nonexpert table tennis players during their predictions on the fate of the ball trajectory in congruent versus incongruent videos. Compared with novices, expert players showed greater activation in the sensorimotor areas (right precentral and postcentral gyri) in the comparison between incongruent vs. congruent videos. They also showed greater activation in areas related to semantic processing: the posterior inferior parietal lobe (angular gyrus), middle temporal gyrus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that action anticipation in expert table tennis players engages both semantic and sensorimotor regions and suggests that skilled action observation in sports utilizes predictions both at motor-kinematic and conceptual levels.

BACKGROUND:Interference resolution refers to cognitive control processes enabling one to focus on task-related information while filtering out unrelated information. But the exact neural areas, which underlie a specific cognitive task on interference resolution, are still equivocal. The multi-source interference task (MSIT), as a particular cognitive task, is a well-established experimental paradigm used to evaluate interference resolution. Studies combining the MSIT with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that the MSIT evokes the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and cingulate-frontal-parietal cognitive-attentional networks. However, these brain areas have not been evaluated quantitatively and these findings have not been replicated.METHODS:In the current study, we firstly report a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional brain activation associated with the MSIT so as to identify the localization of interference resolution in such a specific cognitive task. Articles on MSIT-related fMRI published between 2003 and July 2017 were eligible. The electronic databases searched included PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar. Differential BOLD activation patterns between the incongruent and congruent condition were meta-analyzed in anisotropic effect-size signed differential mapping software.RESULTS:Robustness meta-analysis indicated that two significant activation clusters were shown to have reliable functional activity in comparisons between incongruent and congruent conditions. The first reliable activation cluster, which included the dACC, medial prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, replicated the previous MSIT-related fMRI study results. Furthermore, we found another reliable activation cluster comprising areas of the right insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right lenticular nucleus-putamen, which were not typically discussed in previous MSIT-related fMRI studies.CONCLUSIONS:The current meta-analysis study presents the reliable brain activation patterns on MSIT. These findings suggest that the cingulate-frontal-striatum network and right insula may allow control demands to resolve interference on MSIT. These results provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying interference resolution.

Mind-wandering is a common phenomenon that can at times have negative effects. Metacognition enhances one's ability to regulate the occurrence of mind-wandering. Although previous reviews supporting a significant association between wandering mind and metacognition have been published, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms of such an association and the psychological mechanisms that enable one to gain better control of his or her mind. In current study, we explored the relationship between mind-wandering and metacognition, and the potential mediating effects of self-control and mindfulness in this relationship. We used a cross-sectional survey design with multiple questionnaires, including the Mind-Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ), Metacognitions Questionnaire (MQ), Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), and Tangney's Self-control Scale (SCS). Multiple mediation analysis revealed mind-wandering was a significant predicator of meta-cognition, and that mindfulness, but not self-control could uniquely mediate the association between mind-wandering and metacognition. Moreover, self-control and mindfulness were found to mediate the relationship between mind-wandering and metacognition sequentially. Together, the present findings provide empirical evidence of influencing factors for better control of one's mind, and further indicate that mindfulness and self-control play distinct roles in the regulation of self-generated thoughts.

Objective To explore the effect of depression on loneliness in medical students',and the mediating effects of introverted personality and social support.Methods EPQ,UCLA,SSRS,and POMS questionnaire were used,and surveyed data was collected from Dalian Medical University medical students.Results The scores of depressive mood,introverted personality,social support and loneliness were (17.77±4.45),(11.97±5.21),(34.52±6.15) and (38.02±6.36).Depression was positively related to loneliness and introverted personality (r=0.286,0.508,P＜0.01),and social support was negatively related to loneliness (r =-0.443,P＜0.01).Introverted personality was positively related to loneliness(r=0.401,P＜0.01).The total effect value was 0.670.The mediating effect of introversion as mediator variable was 0.221,accounting for 33％ of the total effect.Social support as intermediary variable,intermediary effect value was 0.449,accounting for 67％ of the total effect.Standard value of mediating effect between depression and introverted personality showed as 0.508 (95％CI=0.475-0.725,P＜0.0i),standard value of mediating effect between depression and social support showed as-0.150 (95％CI=0.989-1.469,P＜0.01),introverted personality was the mediating variant of depression and loneliness,standard value of mediating effect was 0.156 (95％ CI=0.080-0.232,P＜0.01),social support was the mediating variant of depression and loneliness,standard value of mediating effect was 0.317 (95％ CI=0.177-0.457,P＜0.01).Conclusions Introverted personality and social support play an intermediary role between depression and loneliness.

The objective of the study was to explore the effects of physical activity on inhibitory control and abstinent drug addicts' brain dysfunction, and to further provide an effective complementary therapy for abstinent drug addicts.According to the physical activity, abstinent drug addicts were divided into the exercise group and the sedentary group.All the abstinent drug addicts performed Go/NoGo experiment to assess their inhibition abilities.Then the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (Resting-State functional MRI, RS-fMRI)data were collected.Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF)and regional homogeneity (ReHo), as the important analysis methods for RS-fMRI data, were used to explore the effects of physical activity on drug addicts' brain dysfunction.The results showed that: 1)NoGoaccuracy in the exercise group was significantly higher than that in the sedentary group.2)ALFF: The exercise group showed increased ALFF in bilateral insula, left inferior orbital frontal gyrus, bilateralmedial frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left superior occipital gyrus, left supplementary motor area and bilateral medial cingulate cortex compared with the sedentary group.3) ReHo: The exercise group showed increased ReHo in left middle occipital cortex, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left supplementary motor area compared with the sedentary group.The conclusions showed that: 1) physical activity could improve abstinent drug addicts' inhibition abilities.2)The positive effect of physical activity on the drug addicts' brain dysfunction might be associated with the increase of ALFF and ReHo in resting state.Physical activity was one of the critical factor to repair abstinent drug addicts' brain damage.

This paper is intended to propose a computational model for memory from the view of information processing. The model, called simplified memory information retrieval network (SMIRN), is a bimodular hierarchical functional memory network by abstracting memory function and simulating memory information processing. At first meta-memory is defined to express the neuron or brain cortices based on the biology and graph theories, and we develop an intra-modular network with the modeling algorithm by mapping the node and edge, and then the bi-modular network is delineated with intra-modular and inter-modular. At last a polynomial retrieval algorithm is introduced. In this paper we simulate the memory phenomena and functions of memorization and strengthening by information processing algorithms. The theoretical analysis and the simulation results show that the model is in accordance with the memory phenomena from information processing view.

Studies have shown a mean improvement of creative performance following meditation, however, differences among individuals have been neglected. We examine whether short-term integrative body–mind training (IBMT), can improve creative performance and seek to determine which people are most likely to benefit. In a randomized study using short-term IBMT or a control given same amount of relaxation training (30 min/day for 7 days), mood, personality and creative performances were assessed before and after training. The results indicated that the IBMT group had significantly greater creative performance than the relaxation control. A linear regression showed that five predictors in pre-tests including depression, anger, fatigue, introversion × vigor, and emotional stability × vigor accounted for 57% of the variance in the change in creativity before vs. after IBMT. Mood and personality may be useful tools to predict individual variation in the improvement of creative performance following meditation training.

抑制控制、注意转换和工作记忆是执行控制的最主要的要素。本文概述了这些要素的主要实验范式。

The aim of the present study was to examine electrophysiological and behavioral changes caused by different memory loads in a task-switching paradigm. A total of 31 healthy individuals were subjected to a task, in which the stimulus–response reversal paradigm was combined with the task-switching paradigm. The event-related potentials were recorded and the N2 component, an index of conflict processing, was measured. In addition, the neural sources of N2 were further analyzed by standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. The event-related potential results showed that high memory load triggered a higher N2 mean amplitude. Moreover, the standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography data showed that high memory load caused an increase in current densities at the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex in the task-switching paradigm. In summary, our findings provide electrophysiological evidence to interpret possible influences of memory loads on conflict monitoring and modulation during the task switching. These results imply that the working memory load overrules the influence of task-switching performance on the intensification of cognitive control.

Meditation has been shown to improve creativity in some situation. However, little is known about the brain systems underling insight into a problem when the person fails to solve the problem. Here, we examined the neural correlation using Chinese Remote Association Test, as a measure of creativity. We provide a solution following the failure of the participant to provide one. We examine how meditation in comparison with relaxation influences the reaction of the participant to a correct solution. The event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging showed greater activity, mainly distributed in the right cingulate gyrus (CG), insula, putamen, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and the superior temporal gyrus (STG). This pattern of activation was greater following 5 h of meditation training than the same amount of relaxation. Based on prior research, we speculate on the function of this pattern of brain activity: (i) CG may be involved in detecting conflict and breaking mental set, (ii) MFG/IFG may play an important role in restructuring of the problem representation, (iii) insula, IPL and STG may be associated with error detection, problem understanding or general attentive control and (iv) putamen may be activated by 'Aha' feeling.

目的:探讨短期整体身心调节法练习者的全身皮肤电导反应特点.方法:采用单因素完全随机实验设计,将68名在校大学生分为整体身心调节组和放松组,分别进行为期10天的整体身心调节训练和经典的肌肉放松训练,并于训练前和训练结束后,测试两组学生身体7个分支的皮肤电导反应.结果:训练前,大学生前3支皮肤电导反应大于后4支;训练10天后,与训练前相比,整体身心调节训练组第1、2支皮肤电导反应显著减小,7个分支的皮肤电导反应出现均衡的规律;放松训练组学生身体7个分支皮肤电导反应变化不显著.结论:短期整体身心调节法形成了全身皮肤电导反应的均衡,可能反映短期整体身心调节法的整体身心相互作用原理.