敏感区域水环境管理面临经济发展快和水质要求高的双重矛盾,如何协调统筹是亟需解决的问题.本文提出采用敏感区域供水排水河道分离格局规划、典型行业废水和市政污水综合性风险控制成套技术、受纳排水河道水质持续净化与生态化成套技术、废水与污水痕量毒害污染物削除关键技术、区域治水市场化经营模式的探索等成套管理模式.该管理模式在广州东部水源区域实施效果显著.

In January 2012, a serious accident polluted the Longjiang River with high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and other concomitant metals and metalloids in the water. After emergency treatment (i.e., the addition of coagulants), these metals and metalloids were transferred from the water into the sediment through precipitation of the flocculent materials produced. In this study, the long-term distribution of six metals and metalloids in the sediment of the Longjiang River was investigated and their ecological risks were assessed. Approximately 1 year after the accident (i.e., late 2012), the average Cd content in the sediment of the affected sites decreased to 25.6 ± 19.5 mg/kg, which was 8 times higher than that of 3.16 ± 3.18 mg/kg in the upstream reference sites. In 2016 and 2017, the average Cd content in the sediment of the affected sites further decreased to 4.91 ± 2.23 and 6.27 ± 4.27 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with late 2012, the amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cu obviously decreased in 2016 and 2017, whereas there were no obvious differences in the As and Hg amounts during 3 years considered. Among metals and metalloids, the average contribution of Cd to the potential ecological risk index (RI) was 90%, 69%, and 70% in the affected areas in 2012, 2016, and 2017, respectively, suggesting that Cd was the most important factor affecting the ecological risk of metals in the Longjiang River. It should be noted that the average contribution of Hg to RI in the affected areas increased from 8% in 2012 to 25% and 23% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The sequence of contribution of six elements was Cd > Hg > As>Pb > Cu ≈ Zn. A high ecological risk of metals and metalloids was found in the sediments of two reservoirs, probably owing to the barrier effect of the dam. This study will be useful for the environmental management of rivers affected by accidental pollution of metals and metalloids.

Emergent cadmium pollution can cause water quality deterioration in rivers, which destroys the aquatic eco-environment and poses threats to human health. Fish species in these aquatic systems are prone to such pollution incidents and act as important indicators of the pollution level. Because cadmium enters the systematic circulation of fish and is non-biodegradable, the investigation of cadmium accumulation in fish bodies provides insights into the detrimental effects of cadmium pollution on the aquatic biological system. This research aims to validate the eco-environmental risks associated with emergent cadmium pollution incidents based on the investigation of the different tissues and organs of diverse fish species. The investigation was conducted six times along the Longjiang River using sampling methods during which all fish species were also classified and analyzed based on the water layer they reside in and their feeding habits. The results show that the cadmium concentration in the fish tissues is significantly higher in the former three investigations compared with that of the latter three analyses. For herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous fish species, the cadmium concentration of their different tissues and organs follows the order:kidney > liver > gut > gill > egg > scale ≈ muscle. The cadmium concentration in the kidney is significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in any other organs of the fish species. This agrees with the fact that the kidney intensively metabolizes and accumulates heavy metals. The cadmium concentration in the same tissues or organs of the fish species living in different water layers follows the trend:demersal fish species > middle lower-layer species > middle upper-layer species. The sequence of the cadmium bioaccumulation factors in the muscles of different fish species is omnivore > carnivorous > herbivorous, that is, 8.32, 6.33, and 5.15, respectively, while the bioaccumulation factors in the muscles of the fish species in different water layers decrease in the following sequence:demersal fish species (8.18) > middle bottom-layer fish species (7.70) > middle upper-layer fish species (4.99). These experimental results indicate the biomagnification effects in heavy metal-polluted aquatic environments, where the bioaccumulation of heavy metals by fish is related to both the overall pollution level and local residential environment.

突发性镉污染事件能造成水体剧烈"瞬态污染".鱼类对水体和底泥中镉的摄入吸收导致镉在鱼类组织器官中富集,周边当地居民食用受镉污染的鱼类可能存在人体健康风险.以龙江突发性镉污染事件为例,以不同类型鱼类为研究对象,于2012年2月-2013年12月期间对广西龙江进行6次采样调查,分析了不同食性和生活水层鱼类肌肉的镉含量以及基于污染指数法和健康风险评价模型研究其污染水平和健康风险.调查结果表明,从不同时段看,突发事件初期鱼类肌肉中镉含量均较高,污染较严重,其中杂食性鱼类污染指数在4.73-5.65之间,底层鱼类污染指数在5.13-6.75之间,在采取应急处置措施后以及流水冲刷稀释下鱼类肌肉对镉的累积量逐步降低;根据食性排序,不同食性鱼类肌肉的污染水平为:杂食性>肉食性>草食性;不同生活水层鱼类肌肉其排序为:底层>中下层>中上层;在健康风险方面,受镉污染的杂食性鱼类和底层鱼类均分别相比于其他食性和水层的鱼类呈现出更大的健康风险值,但除突发事件初期事件发生点附近的S5(风险值为9.03×10-5·a-1)外,其他各监测断面鱼类肌肉中镉的平均健康风险均未超过国际防辐射委员会(ICRP)推荐的污染物所致健康危害的个人年风险最大可接受值(5.0×10-5·a-1),因而当地居民摄食本次镉污染事件的鱼类的潜在健康风险很小,但在突发事件初期应重视人们食用含镉杂食性鱼类和底层鱼类的健康风险.

针对海水养殖废水一次排放量大、污染物种类及结构复杂、寡营养、盐度较高等特点,采用水力筛网+连续流砂滤池+沸石吸附+活性炭吸附工艺处理某对虾人工繁育基地生产废水,稳定运行后,对CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、SS的去除率分别达到46.00％、35.25％、62.94％、84.34％、84.73％,处理出水的CODMn、BOD5、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、SS分别为(3.72±0.22)、(3.38±0.05)、(0.39±0.02)、(0.04±0.002)和(11.43±0.02) mg/L,可达到《海水养殖水排放要求》(SC/T 9103-2007)的一级标准.

Emissions (particularly aromatic compounds) from coal industries and biomass fuels combustion lead to high health risks for neighboring residents. To investigate the association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and 1,2-dimethylbenzene (BTEX) exposure with lung function and respiratory symptoms among adults and children near the coal-chemical industry in Northern China, adults and children from a county dotted with coal chemical industry were chosen as subjects for investigation (investigated area, IR). The control group consisted of adults and children from an agricultural county (control area, CR). The environmental and urinary PAH and BTEX levels of adults and children were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The Mann-Whitney U test and multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between pollutant exposure and the respiratory system. The results showed that in an ambient environment, levels of PAHs and BTEX in the IR were significantly higher than those in the CR. Particularly, the concentration profiles for air samples were IR > CR and indoor > outdoor. Both for adults and children, the geometric (GM) concentrations of urinary PAHs and BTEX from the IR were significantly higher than those measured in the CR. Additionally, the urinary PAH exposure level profiles of smokers were higher than those of nonsmokers, indicating that indoor air and smoking were both important nonoccupational exposure sources. The decline of the forced expiratory in the first second (FEV1, %) and the forced expiratory middle flow rate (FEF25%) in children were associated with increasing urinary PAH metabolite levels (p < 0.05). The increase in urinary 1-OHN, 3-OHPhe, 4-OHPhe and 1-OHP levels could be linked to a decrease in FEV1 (r = -0.179, p < 0.05) and FEF25% with the coefficient of -0.166, -0.201 and -0.175 (p < 0.05), respectively. Medical examinations and lung function tests indicated that residents in the IR had higher occurrences of chest inflammation or declining lung function than residents in the CR. Moreover, exposure to PAHs and BTEX could decrease child lung function, though decreased lung function was not observed in adults. Both urinary monitoring and lung function data showed that children were more sensitive to PAH and BTEX exposure than adults.

近年来,农村生活垃圾热解气化炉正在我国部分山区大量使用,实际运行过程中污染物并未得到有效的控制,易导致严重的二次污染.重点介绍垃圾热解气化过程氮、硫、氯、重金属元素的迁移转化机制以及二噁英形成机理,并总结了不同污染物相应的排放控制措施,对垃圾热解气化污染的排放控制研究进行了展望.

Carbonaceous microspheres (CAS) with tunable size, monodispersity and oxygenated functional groups have attracted intensive interest recently owning to potential use in various fields. A facile synthesis of glucose derived CAS is presented by hydrothermal treatment with the help of small amount of anion polyacrylamide (APAM). Different from most other CAS produced with high glucose concentration, the obtained spheres show regular shape and narrow sized distribution, which in turn exert great influence on their application as adsorbent. The results exhibit a substantial reduction in sphere size from 1.57 to 0.48 mu m and 1.77 to 0.75 mu m as the substrate glucose concentration was 0.5 M and 1 M, respectively. A degree of polymerization via intermolecular dehydration and aldol condensation is found reduced by the formation of hydrogen bond via the adsorption of APAM on carbonaceous seeds. The resulted increment in surface charge suppressed the crosslinking reaction thus promoted the monodispersity of CAS, which bestowed the CAS superior performance as an efficient adsorbent for a cationic dye Methyl Blue (MB). Experiments revealed that the CAS, which was further treated with alkaline, can have much higher MB adsorption capacity (348.1 mg/g) than most other reported materials due to the electrostatic interaction with those deprotonated hydrophilic functional groups on CAS surface. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic investigation for the serious problems of livestock and poultry breeding in China and the technical demand of promoting the utilization of manure.Based on the status quo of large-scale livestock and poultry farming in typical areas in China, the work had been done beared on statistics and analysis of the modes and proportions of utilization of manure resources. Such a statistical method had been applied to the country-identified large-scale farm, which the total amount of pollutants reduction was in accordance with the"12th Five-Year Plan"standards.The results showed that there were some differences in the modes of resource utilization due to livestock and poultry manure at different scales and types:(1)Hogs,dairy cattle and beef cattle in total accounted for more than 75% of the agricultural manure storage;(2)Laying hens and broiler chickens accounted for about 65% of the total production of the organic manure produced by fecal production. It is demonstrated that the major modes of resource utilization of dung and urine were related to the natural characteristics, agricultural production methods, farming scale and economic development level in the area. It was concluded that the unreasonable planning, lacking of cleansing during breeding, false selection of manure utilizing modes were the major problems in China's large-scale livestock and poultry fecal resources utilization.

In early January 2012, the Longjiang River was subjected to a serious cadmium (Cd) pollution accident, which led to negatively environmental and social impacts. A series of measures of emergency treatment were subsequently taken to reduce water Cd level. However, little information was available about the change of Cd level in environmental matrices and long-term effect of this pollution accident to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this study investigated the distribution of Cd in water and sediment of this river for two years since pollution accident, as well as assessed its ecological risk to aquatic ecosystem of Longjiang River. The results showed that it was efficient for taking emergency treatment measures to decrease water Cd concentration to below the threshold value of national drinking water quality standard of China. There was high risk (HQ > 1) to aquatic ecosystem in some of reaches between February and July 2012, but low or no risk (HQ < 1) between December 2012 to December 2013. Cd concentration in sediment in polluted reaches increased after pollution accident and emergency treatments in 2012, but decreased in 2013. During flood period, the sediment containing high concentration of Cd in Longjiang River was migrated to downstream Liujiang River. Cd content in sediment was reduced to background level after two years of the pollution accident occurrence. The study provides basic information about Cd levels in different media after pollution accident, which is helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of emergency treatments and the variation of ecological risk, as well as in conducting water management and conservation.

A reliable method for simultaneous determination of monomethylmercury (MeHg) and monoethylmercury (EtHg) in water by gas chromatography with cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry was developed and validated. The experimental conditions, including derivatisation pH, distillation, and complexing agents, were optimized in detail. The absolute detection limits (3σ) were 0.007 ng/L as Hg for MeHg and 0.004 ng/L as Hg for EtHg. The relative standard deviation values (n = 6) for 0.1 ng/L of MeHg and EtHg were 2.7 and 2.1%, 1.0 ng/L of MeHg and EtHg were 6.0 and 6.9%, 4.4 ng/L of MeHg and EtHg were 2.8 and 2.7%, respectively. In addition, five different water samples were analyzed, including river water (RW), effluent wastewater (EW), seawater (SW), industrial wastewater (IW), underground water (UW), and the spiked recoveries of MeHg, were all greater than 85%, whereas EtHg was 86.0% in RW, 83.0% in EW, 87.0% in UW, 82.6% in SW, and 80% in IW. Formation of artefact MeHg and EtHg was studied during distillation. The level of artefact MeHg formed by methylation of Hg(II) during distillation varies from ~ 0.002 to 0.009% for river water and from ~ 0.002 to 0.004% for effluent wastewater, ethylation of Hg(II) was not observed. The method was validated for a variety of water sources with Hg(II) concentrations under 440 ng/L.

2010年受“凡亚比”台风强降雨及诱发的次生灾害泥石流影响,高州水库集水区内植被及水环境质量受到严重损害.为评估此次灾害对集水区生态环境的影响,对比分析了灾害前后遥感数据及水体水质变化.结果表明,灾害对集水区高植被覆盖度区域造成较严重破坏,高植被覆盖度区域呈下降趋势,灾后集水区的高植被覆盖区转出面积(932.7km2)大于转入面积(889.4 km2),主要转变为中植被覆盖度区域,高植被覆盖度区域实际面积由灾前932.28 km2减少到灾后889.404 km2,面积减少42.884 km2;中植被覆盖区面积增加37.354 km2,无植被及低植被覆盖面积变化不大.灾后短时间内造成水库水质发生较大变化,库区及入库河流中DO、pH、SD、CODMn与Chl.a浓度降低;浊度与TN、NO3-N、NH4-N、TP、Fe浓度升高;三条入库河流Fe浓度超出地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)中限值,其中古丁河口处Fe浓度超标准限值6.4倍;古丁河TN浓度和朋情河口处TN、TP浓度均超地表水Ⅲ类标准;水库供水口底层水体TN、TP含量浓度超地表水Ⅲ类标准,Fe浓度也超出标准限值,严重影响供水水质.由于台风强降雨极端气候变化和土地使用改变等因素综合影响,区域灾害类型趋向复合型变化,使得生态环境保护和供水水质安全保障面临更大的挑战.

To explore the accumulation characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in wild fish species, the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg) in the muscle samples of eight wild fish species collected from Diaojiang River, Guangxi were analyzed. The degree of pollution, food safety and health risk of heavy metals in wild fish species were evaluated using the average pollution index and the target hazard quotient methods. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in wild fish species ranged from 0.041 to 1.160, 0.0001 to 0.066, 0.173 to 0.789, 0.010 to 2.420 and 0.0007 to 0.077mg·kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and As in wild fish species exceeded the limit values of the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB 2762-2012), and the over-standard rates were 5.06% and 64.56% respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Hg did not exceed the standard. The average pollution index results showed that Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus were seriously polluted by heavy metals. The Oreochromis niloticus were moderately polluted. The Siniperca kneri Garman, Carassius auratus, Pseudohemiculter dispar, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Hemiculter leucisculus were slightly polluted. Higher bioaccumulation factors of Pb, Cr and Hg were found in wild fish species from Diaojiang River. The concentrations of heavy metals in carnivorous fish and omnivorous fish were higher than those in herbivorous fish. Potential health risk assessment showed that the total target hazard quotients (TTHQ) of Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus were higher than 1. It indicated that the local residents posed higher human health risk due to the long-term consumption of Acheilognathus tonkinensis and Acheilognathus barbatus. Among all the TTHQ in wild fish species (except Pseudohemiculter dispar and Hemiculter leucisculus), the contribution rate of As was the highest, and the average contribution rate reached 76.63%, which indicated that As was the main risk factor.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) originated from compost of cattle manure had been extracted and added to Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB905 to study its effects on the physiological and toxin-producing characteristics via the determination of cell growth, pigments content and algal toxins content. The concentration of DOM was evaluated by using dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The final concentrations of DOC designed for cultural medium, marked as CK, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, were 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that: 1)Cell density influenced by DOM increased in treatments T1 to T5 at day 2; The maximum growth rate occurred in treatment T4 (5.97×106 cells/mL) at day 2, with a 21.67% increase than that of CK. DOM could increase cell growth in treatments T1 to T3 but inhibit cell density in treatments T4 and T5 at day 4, the maximum growth rate occurred in treatment T2 (9.23×106 cells/mL) with a 15.27% increase than that of CK. DOM could only promote the cell growth in treatments T1 and T2, but inhibit cell density in treatments T3 to T5 at day 6, the maximum growth rate occurred in treatment T1 (13.34×106 cells/mL) with a 10.35% increase than that of CK. 2)Compost source of DOM inhibited the synthesis of algal toxins, the lowest content of Microcystin-LR in cells was occurred in treatment T5 at day 2, with a 53.13% decrease than that of CK. The lowest content of Dha7-Microcystin-LR in cells was occurred in treatment T5 at day 4, with a 78.51% decrease than that of CK. 3)There was no significant effect among DOM treatments on the synthesis of Chl-a or carotenoid in cells.

A systematic survey on concentrations of Cd,Cu,Pb and As in eight kinds of vegetables and their corresponding soils at 10 sampling sites near the Daye Copper Plant in Daye City,Hubei Province,China,was carried out for assessing heavy metal pollution,bio-concentration ability and potential health risk to local inhabitants due to exposure via consumption of vegetables.The results showed that the soils of the studied vegetable plots were seriously contaminated by heavy metals and the mean concentrations ofCd,Cu,Pb and As reached 5.28 mg/kg,193.37 mg/kg,93.83 mg/kg and 36.56 mg/kg,and are 31.06,6.30,3.51 and 2.97 times of background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in the soils of Hubei Province,respectively.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Cd.The proportions of vegetable samples which Cd and Cu concentrations exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2012) were 68％ and 6％,respectively.The values of bio-concentration factor from soil to edible part of vegetable decreased in the order of Cd ＞ Cu ＞ As ＞ Pb,and the bio-concentration factor values of all heavy metals in the edible part of leafy vegetables were higher than the non-leafy vegetables.The soils and vegetables were heavily polluted by heavy metals,as shown by the influence index of comprehensive quality of soils and vegetables is 10.07.The consumption of the polluted vegetables would lead to potential health risk especially for children,since both THQ values of Cd and As via the consumption of polluted vegetables were above 1.The total metals THQs for adults and children were 2.11-5.06,2.78-6.64,respectively,due to consumption of vegetable around the plant.The potential health risk for local residents living nearby Daye Copper Plant is serious due to the combined heavy metal in vegetables.

归纳了水专项东江项目2008-2013年的主要研究成果:针对保护优质水源的国家需求,选择典型的东江流域开展前瞻性的水污染控制技术研发并进行工程示范,创建了由常规水质指标实时在线化,痕量污染物控制指标识别筛选全流域优化,生物毒性指标甄别多属性全程化等成套技术构成的水源流域水质风险识别技术体系;由各类工艺废水脱毒减害,同质污水区域集中强化处理,排水持续净化等成套技术构成的水环境风险控制工程技术体系;由水生物链各物种生长状况评级,生境恢复和物种受损关键环节恢复等成套技术构成的生态健康维护技术体系.集成以上3个技术体系形成成套的流域水环境风险控制技术体系集.基于上述技术创新提出了“控制风险、维护生态、保水甘甜、发展持续”的水源流域管理创新总体策略.研发的技术体系与策略在东江流域的示范与应用,实现了东江主干流水质常年优于Ⅱ类的污染控制目标.

The hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was doped in PbO2 anode through coelectrodeposition method. The morphology, structure, and contact angle of the electrode were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and contact angle goniometer. Electrochemical properties were determined by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and accelerated life test. Experimental results showed that PVDF-doped PbO2 still possessed β-PbO2 crystallographic structures. Contact angle, oxygen evolution potential, and life span increased with PVDF doped amount. The oxygen evolution potential of Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2-PVDF (1wt%) was 1.83V (vs. saturated calomel electrode, SCE). Results of the accelerated life tests of different anodes illustrated that 45.75h for Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2-PVDF (1wt%) was much longer than the 8.37h for Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 and 2.45h for Ti/PbO2. Approximately 92.1% of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation was achieved in 180min at initial pH3 at applied current density of 40mA/cm2 at Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2-PVDF (1.0wt%).

Because of mountain cold-trapping, the soil in the Tibetan Plateau may be an important global sink of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). However, there are limited data on OCPs in the soils of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the atmospheric transport and deposition mechanisms of OCPs also need to be further studied. In this study, the sampling area covered most regions of the Tibetan Plateau. The detection frequencies of ΣChlordane (sum of trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane and oxychlordane), HCB, ΣNonachlor (sum of trans- and cis-nonachlor), DDTs, ΣEndo (sum of endosulfan-I, endosulfan-II and endosulfate), aldrin, HCHs, ΣHeptachlor (sum of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide), mirex and dieldrin were 100%, 98.3%, 96.6%, 94.8%, 89.7%, 87.9%, 62.1%, 55.2%, 32.8% and 6.9%, respectively. DDTs (with arithmetic mean values of 1050ngkg-1 dw) and HCHs (393ngkg-1) were the principal OCPs in cultivated soils, whereas ΣEndo (192ngkg-1) and ΣChlordane (152ngkg-1) were the principal OCPs in non-cultivated soils. Local use of DDTs, dicofol and HCHs may be an important source of OCP accumulation in the soil of the Tibetan Plateau. Aldrin and endosulfan are considered to be good indicators for studying atmospheric transport and deposition of OCPs from South Asia and Southeast Asia. Two zones with high OCP levels were found in the southeast and northwest of the Tibetan Plateau. The zones have dissimilar pollution sources of OCPs and are influenced by different factors that affect their precipitation scavenging efficiency. The amount of precipitation was the dominant factor in the southeast, whereas large differences in temperature and wind speed were the dominant factors in the northwest.

Excess sludge contains a large quantity of water with water content reaching about 97%-99%. Besides microorganisms and germs, the sludge is of complicated composition, including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, PPCPs, endocrine disrupters, etc. It covers a large area with harmfulness, so it needs further treatment. However, due to existence of extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge, the sludge has poor dehydration property, so how to improve dehydration of sludge is a difficult point in water treatment industry. Chemical conditioning—mechanical dehydration method is sludge dehydration technology which has been widely applied in China. Most sludge treatment plants use organic and inorganic conditioners like polyacrylamide (PAM), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS), etc. With characteristics of low toxicity and degradation resistance, these conditioners pose potential risks to the environment and they are adverse to follow-up resource utilization. Therefore, influences of 17 conditioners on sludge dehydration ratio were discussed in this paper, expecting to seek for green, environmentally friendly and highly efficient conditioner so as to improve resource utilization ratio of sludge.