Orf virus (ORFV), a zoonotic parapoxvirus, causes contagious ecthyma in small ruminants. It is uniquely characterized by its ability to cause proliferative, self-resolving skin lesions and systematically evade host immunity to cause repeated infections. This review provides an in-depth analysis of ORFV pathogenesis, focusing on viral entry, replication, and lesion development. Furthermore, we highlight the sophisticated immune evasion strategies employed by ORFV that enable it to thrive as a pathogen. By integrating recent molecular and immunological advances, we illustrate how key viral immunomodulatory proteins systematically subvert innate and adaptive host defenses, including interferon pathways, NF-κB signaling, and apoptosis. Deciphering these complex virus-host interactions not only clarifies ORFV’s evolutionary success but is also critical for designing effective vaccines and novel therapeutics.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-induced piglet diarrhea remains one of the most threatening infectious diseases in the swine industry across many countries. Although commercial vaccines are available, their efficacy in preventing the incidence and prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) remains unsatisfactory. Here we developed three subunit vaccine candidates based on four antigenic domains of the PEDV spike (S) protein expressed in E. coli: core neutralizing epitope (COE), S1 subunit domain A (S1A), and more conservative antigenic epitopes heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and heptad repeat (HR2) in S2 protein. Vaccination of the three vaccine candidates (COE, COE-S1A, and COE-HR1-HR2) induced substantial humoral and cellular expression, as evidenced by increase in specific antibody production and mRNA expression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Among them, the COE-HR1-HR2 construct demonstrated a superior outcome. Furthermore, comparative screening of immune adjuvants was conducted to optimize vaccine efficacy. CpG ODN, in combination with the COE-HR1-HR2 fusion protein, induced enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses compared with Freund’s adjuvant and GEL 02, and was comparable to ISA660VG. Taken together, in view of the incomplete protection provided by current vaccines against PEDV, there is an urgent need for next-generation formulations that can effectively reduce disease burden and promote robust herd immunity. Our preliminary findings indicate that the COE-HR1-HR2 candidate, by integrating the core S1 and conserved S2 antigenic epitopes, offers the potential for developing novel multi-epitope vaccine against PEDV that could induce protective immunity thereby reducing disease development.

Background:Eimeria tenella poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, and understanding the correlation between metabolic changes in cecal tissues and microbial community alterations is crucial for studying parasite-host interactions. Aims and Objectives:To investigate the associations among dominant bacterial populations, key functional genes, and altered metabolites in cecal tissues and contents during E. tenella infection. Materials and Methods:Metagenomic analysis was first performed on cecal contents to identify the dominant bacterial communities, followed by metabolomic analysis of cecal tissues and contents. Correlation analysis was then conducted to evaluate the relationships among microbial communities, functional genes, and differential metabolites. Results:Correlation analysis showed that increased potentially pathogenic genera were generally positively associated with upregulated metabolites and negatively associated with downregulated metabolites, whereas reduced commensal genera showed the opposite trend. Shared KEGG pathways co-enriched by differential metabolites and microbial functional genes were identified, mainly involving amino acid metabolism, transport systems, membrane-associated metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. The metabolites linked to dominant bacterial communities were primarily enriched in pathways such as amino sugar metabolism, sialic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These findings reflected complex metabolic reprogramming and interactions between the host and pathogen, especially in cecal tissue repair, immune regulation, and metabolic competition with the pathogen. Conclusion:This study provided valuable insights into parasite-host interactions and laid a foundation for understanding the role of bacterial community-associated metabolites in cecal coccidiosis.

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dried distiller's grains on the intestinal flora and metabolic profile of Guanling crossbred cattle. Twelve healthy Guanling crossbred cattle (Guanling yellow cattle × Simmental cattle) were randomly divided into two groups, with six replicates per group and one cattle per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the replacement group was fed a diet in which 25% of the concentrate was replaced with dried distiller's grains. The pre-test period was 15 days, and the formal test period was 60 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the replacement group exhibited an increased relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and a decreased relative abundance of Bacteroidota, while the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were increased. In the replacement group, the relative abundance of the hgcI clade, Lactobacillus and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group were increased, and the relative abundance of Bacteroides was decreased. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed that α Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria-related genera had the highest LDA scores in the replacement group, whereas the control group was dominated by Bacteroidetes-related genera. Metabolomics analysis identified 14 differential metabolites, among which 12 metabolites, including sphingosine, taurocholic acid, lithocholyltaurine, and indole-3-ethanol, were significantly up-regulated, while L-tyrosine and cinnamic acid were down-regulated. These metabolites were enriched in 16 pathways, including primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that genera such as C39, Ruminococcus_UCG-014, and hgcI clade were positively correlated with metabolites including taurocholic acid and sphingosine. The study shows that dietary supplementation with dried distiller's grains may positively affect the growth, fattening, and intestinal health of Guanling crossbred cattle by regulating Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and related metabolites, thereby participating in fiber degradation, lipid metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes.

The experiment aimed to investigate the optimal processing technology for rice straw fermented with compound probiotics. Using molasses, distiller's grains, corn flour and wheat bran as exogenous additives, rice straw was fermented with compound probiotics consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The viable count, pH value, lactic acid (LA) content, and crude protein (CP) content were used as evaluation indicators. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation substrate composition and fermentation conditions. The results showed that the optimal substrate composition was 46% rice straw, 3% molasses, 30% distiller's grains, 12% corn flour, and 9% wheat bran. The optimal fermentation conditions were initial pH value 6, inoculum size 20%, and fermentation time 10 days. Compared with the control, the concentrations of LA and CP of the optimized fermented rice straw were extremely increased (P<0.01), the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly decreased. The study shows that this study provides a feasible fermentation process reference for the resource utilization of rice straw and a reference for the application of multi-strain synergistic fermentation in the conversion of agricultural waste.

Abstract Plant-derived peptides show hepatoprotective biological functions. An octapeptide (Gly-Phe-Cys-Asp-Arg-Met-Pro-Leu), termed P3-1, was isolated from macadamia nuts for the first time. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of P3-1 on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and clarified the molecular basis of this action. The results showed that P3-1 attenuated hepatic pathological damage, improved lipid metabolism and liver function indices, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in NAFLD mice. In addition, P3-1 enhanced intestinal barrier function, thereby improving hepatic metabolic function and inflammatory status by restoring gut microbiota balance. P3-1 alleviated lipid peroxidation by activating key NAFLD-related signaling pathways involving PPARα/RXRα. P3-1 regulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, including APOA1, FASN, SCD-1, and FABP1, and suppressed NF-κB expression, thereby effectively attenuating inflammatory responses. These results indicate that P3-1 improves lipid metabolism and inflammatory status by modulating the liver–gut axis and shows potential as a functional health-oriented food ingredient.

Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic widely used to prevent coccidiosis and inhibit Gram-positive bacteria. Composting is widely regarded as an effective strategy for reducing the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure. However, the long half-life of monensin may impose selective pressure on ARG attenuation, while its potential ecological risk remains unclear. In this study, metagenomics was used to analyze the effect of monensin residues on microbial communities during chicken manure composting (1, 15, and 45 days). Results showed that monensin significantly changed the structure of microbial communities during composting. It suppressed functional groups within Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, particularly the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces. Simultaneously, it promoted tolerant taxa, including Proteobacteria and the genus Halomonas. The results of qPCR for six representative ARGs (aadD, ant2-I, sul1, sul2, tetZ, and tetL) revealed that monensin could reduce the attenuation of some ARGs. Furthermore, monensin increased the abundance of several mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during the middle composting phase, especially the integron intI1 and transposase tnpA. Co-occurrence network analysis suggested stronger associations among specific ARGs, MGEs, and tolerant bacteria under monensin exposure, indicating a potential increase risk of ARG dissemination. Monensin may suppress ARGs attenuation during manure composting by changing microbial communities and increasing the potential risk of ARG dissemination via MGEs. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of livestock waste and ecological risk assessment of monensin.

Taste receptor family 1 (T1R) and taste receptor family 2 (T2R) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) responsible for sweet, umami, and bitter taste perception. Their widespread ectopic expression of T1Rs and T2Rs in extraoral tissues suggest important physiological functions beyond taste. However, their roles in immune regulation and mucosal immunity have not been comprehensively summarized. We aimed to review the current evidence on the roles of T1Rs and T2Rs in immune cell function, respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity, and disease susceptibility. Relevant studies investigating the expression, signaling mechanisms, and immunological functions of T1Rs and T2Rs were critically reviewed and synthesized. Current evidence indicates that T1Rs and T2Rs regulate immune cell activity, including inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial defense. In the respiratory and intestinal mucosa, these receptors function as chemosensory sentinels that detect microbial or dietary stimuli and initiate innate immune responses. In addition, receptor polymorphisms, particularly in TAS2R38, are associated with disease susceptibility and clinical outcomes. T1Rs and T2Rs are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for immune-related diseases. However, further studies are needed to identify endogenous ligands, validate findings in primary human cells, and support future clinical translation.

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine mycoplasmosis, a disease that can lead to respiratory issues, otitis media, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle and causes huge economic losses to the cattle breeding industry. Although vaccination represents the most effective method for the prevention of M. bovis, there is a lack of commercially available subunit vaccines that are effective against this disease. Here, we developed several subunit vaccine candidates using different combinations of membrane proteins M27, M32, M498, and M663 derived from a M. bovis strain isolated in Guizhou Province, China. Subsequently, the immune efficacy of the subunit vaccine candidates was evaluated in mice through immunization and challenge experiments. The results showed that the M. bovis subunit vaccines constructed from different protein fusions (M27-32, M27-498, M27-663, M27-32–498, M27-32–663, M27-498–663, and M27-32–498-663) were capable of eliciting the secretion of specific antibodies in mice. Furthermore, these candidates also induced robust TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in the serum of mice, suggesting the induction of Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. Microscopically, these M. bovis subunit vaccine candidates were also effective in reducing lung tissue damage caused by M. bovis infection, suggesting that they provide good protection against challenge with virulent M. bovis. Among the tested vaccine candidates, the M27-498–663 and the M27-32–498-663 subunit vaccine candidates demonstrated the most robust immune efficacy, laying the foundation for the effective control of M. bovis.

Distiller’s grains (DG), a major by-product of the Chinese Baijiu industry, represent an inexpensive yet high-quality protein raw material. Previous studies have shown that probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG) hold the potential to serve as an effective livestock feed resource. However, the impacts of feeding FDG-based diets on rumen enzyme activities, rumen microbial communities and metabolism in finishing cattle, along with their underlying regulatory mechanisms, remain poorly understood. After 45 days of feeding FDG diets, rumen enzyme activities increased significantly. Feeding 10

Distiller's grains (DG) are a potential source of animal feeds, and many studies have indicated positive regulatory roles of feeding DG diets in animal breeding. However, there is currently a dearth of research on the actions and underlying mechanisms of probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG)-based diets in cattle breeding. This study aimed to assess the impact of integrating FDG into the diet of finishing cattle on their fecal microbial community and metabolites. Thirty Simmental crossbred cattle (local yellow cattle × Simmental cattle, 8.5 months old, 420.38 ± 68.11 kg) were selected and randomly divided into three dietary treatments, including the basal diet group (CON group), the FDG replacing 10% concentrate (FDG-10%) group, and the FDG replacing 20% concentrate (FDG-20%) group. 16S and ITS sequencing of fecal samples collected from each group on the 30th day of the formal feeding suggested that feeding FDG diets had little effect on the composition and diversity of fecal bacterial and fungal communities in finishing cattle. However, the relative abundance of cellulose-degrading bacteria, including the Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Ruminococcaceae family was significantly higher in both the FDG-20% vs CON comparison and the FDG-20% vs FDG-10% comparison. Besides, the FDG-10% group had a significant drop in the relative abundance of Aspergillus and a noteworthy increase in the relative abundance of Candida when compared to the CON group. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that the addition of FDG modified the levels of organoheterocyclic compounds, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and benzenoids in the feces of finishing cattle and significantly enhanced the metabolic pathway of bile secretion. Further correlation analyses suggested a close association between the significantly differential fecal microbiota and metabolites. In conclusion, these results suggest that FDG supplementation has little effect on the structure and diversity of the fecal microbiota in finishing cattle, but alters intestinal metabolite profiles and influences bile secretion pathways by modulating the relative abundance of genera of fecal bacteria and fungi Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Mucor, and Candida. These findings provide a scientific theoretical basis for the use of FDG in animal feeds. IMPORTANCE:Probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG) are potential feed sources for livestock. Here, we investigated the effects of partially replacing concentrates with FDG on fecal bacterial and fungal community structure and metabolic profiles in finishing cattle. The results reveal that feeding FDG-based diets alters intestinal metabolite profiles and up-regulates bile secretion pathways through the regulation of relative abundance of certain fecal genera. These findings provide some new insights into clarifying the role and potential mechanisms of FDG diets and also offer a scientific basis for the development of FDG into functional feed resources.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) stands as a pivotal pathogen, responsible for triggering arthritis and airsacculitis in both chickens and turkeys. Given the pressing need for safe and efficacious vaccine candidates, we engineered recombinant adenoviruses expressing a fusion antigen. This antigen consisted of the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta (pdhβ) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (pdhD) of MS. We then systematically evaluated the immune effect and protective efficacy of these recombinant adenoviruses against MS challenge in a chicken model. Our results demonstrated the successful construction of recombinant adenoviruses rAd-pdhβ, rAd-pdhD, and rAd-pdhβ-pdhD. The pdhβ, pdhD, and pdhβ-pdhD proteins were efficiently expressed in cells infected with the respective recombinant adenoviruses. Animal experiments further revealed that vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses rAd-pdhβ, rAd-pdhD, and rAd-pdhβ-pdhD elicited significant specific humoral and cellular immune responses (P < 0.05). Notably, rAd-pdhβ-pdhD exhibited superior immunogenicity compared to rAd-pdhβ and rAd-pdhD. Moreover, all three recombinant adenovirus vaccine candidates conferred partial protection to chickens against MS challenge. They effectively alleviated MS-induced footpad and joint swelling, as well as inflammation. Among them, rAd-pdhβ-pdhD demonstrated a better protective effect. In conclusion, vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses rAd-pdhβ, rAd-pdhD, and rAd-pdhβ-pdhD can evoke immune responses and provide partial protection against MS in chickens. In particular, rAd-pdhβ-pdhD holds greater potential as a vaccine candidate against MS.

Background:Swine represent one of the most economically significant livestock worldwide, and their intestinal microbial communities are crucial for maintaining physiological development and regulating host metabolism. While extensive research has focused on the fecal microbiota of swine, investigations into microbial communities across different intestinal segments remain limited. Objective:This study aims to elucidate the intestinal microbiota of swine by analyzing luminal contents from different intestinal segments, including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. Methods:We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to explore the diversity and structure of gut microbial biogeography, microbial functional niches, and their associated pathways. Results:Our findings reveal significantly lower microbial richness and diversity in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) compared to the large intestine (cecum and colon) (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, collectively accounting for over 90% of the total sequences. In the small intestine, Proteobacteria (4.76-34.2%), Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteriota were more abundant, whereas in the large intestine, Firmicutes (89.8-90.4%) was predominated. At the genus level, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Rothia, Bradyrhizobium, and Brevundimonas were predominant in duodenum. Romboutsia, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, and Jeotgalicoccus demonstrated greater abundances in the jejunum and ileum. Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 in the cecum and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group in the colon were more abundant with 16.4 and 20.2% relative abundances, respectively. The specialists detected from the duodenum to the colon were all the predominant genera in each intestinal segment with relatively higher relative abundance. For instance, Romboutsia (3.06-36.1%), Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (5.31-18.6%), and Terrisporobacter (0.849-5.72%) were dominant genera and specialists in the small intestine, associated with enriched pathways of Amino acid metabolism and Lipid metabolism. Conversely, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 (16.4%, 4.06%) and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (5.44%, 20.2%) are predominant genera and specialists within the large intestine, linked to pathways involved in Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism pathway, as well as the Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Conclusion:These highlight the importance of genus specialists compared to genus generalists. The findings provide essential data for assessing the role of the intestinal microbiome in maintaining and enhancing swine health and productivity, offering fundamental guidance for further exploration of host-microbe interaction mechanisms and regulatory pathways.

Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is the most pathogenic avian coccidial species that targets the cecal epithelial cells of chickens. During the peak period of E. tenella oocyst shedding, the release of a large number of oocysts causes great damage to the cecal tissue. This study uses scanning electron microscopy to observe morphological changes in the host cecum during this period. Subsequently, the metabolic status and transcription level of the cecal tissue were analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interaction mechanism between E. tenella and the host. The results show substantial cecal tissue damage during the peak oocyst shedding period. The test group shows widespread epithelial cell sloughing, lamina propria exposure, widened intercellular spaces, and a scattered arrangement of absorptive epithelial cells. Combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome revealed that primary metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, were significantly altered in the process of E. tenella damage to cecal tissue. The transcription factor GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (GLI3) may be involved in regulation of primary metabolic pathways through mTORC1 signaling pathway. This study elucidates how E. tenella affects the host through physiological, metabolic and transcriptional changes in chicken cecal tissue. It provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of host immune response and the molecular dynamics of parasite-host interaction.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a pathogen commonly found in poultry that can cause avian-associated respiratory diseases. Arbutin (AR) possesses various pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic regulation, and anti-oxidative stress effects, however, its impact and mechanisms against inflammatory damage caused by MG infection remain unclear. The results demonstrated that after AR intervention, the MG-induced symptoms such as pulmonary wall thickening, lung tissue congestion and hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and HD11 cell swelling were significantly ameliorated. Antioxidant activity increased, and the expression of KUL01 protein and transcription levels of chemokines in macrophages decreased significantly. MG infection activated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway in lung tissue, and AR intervention effectively regulated the expression of apoptosis genes, significantly inhibiting the transcription levels of NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α genes within the pathway. The effect of AR on the NLRP3 target gene in MG infection was further confirmed through HD11 cell experiments. These results indicated that AR could reduce the damage caused by MG infection and effectively inhibit apoptosis, oxidative stress, and macrophage response induced by the infection, primarily through the regulation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway to protect the lung.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) can cause severe oxidative stress in the colon, which can lead to tissue damage and an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota. Ellagic acid (EA) is one of the main types of plant polyphenols with improved pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, currently, the studies on the impact of EA on the gut microbiota and its potential to alleviate UC in mice through the ROS/NLRP3 pathway are limited. In this study, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to construct a UC mouse model, which was then treated with EA as an intervention for UC. The results revealed that EA alleviated the trend of liver, spleen, and weight changes in UC mice and improved colon oxidative stress, inflammation, and pathological damage. Mechanistically, DSS-induced UC indicated a significant increase in ROS/NLRP3 pathway-related factors, whereas EA intervention activated the Nrf2 pathway to reduce these factors. Furthermore, the DSS group had a reduced abundance of Firmicutes (59.02%) and an increased abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacterium by 1.8 times and 10.16%; however, EA intervention reversed these changes, thus alleviating UC. The findings of this study revealed that EA could significantly enhance the composition of gut microbiota in UC and reduce the inflammatory response, colonic damage as well as oxidative stress caused by DSS by regulating the ROS/NLRP3 pathway. These results provide novel perspectives on the prevention and treatment strategies of UC and highlight the therapeutic benefits of EA in managing colitis.

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.

Mycoplasma gallinarum (MG) can cause infectious respiratory diseases in poultry that are chronic. Arbutin (AR) possesses anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, antitussive, and expectorant pharmacological effects, but whether it exerts regulatory effects on MG-induced pneumonia and fibrosis remains unclear. The study results unveiled that pulmonary connective tissue hyperplasia, pulmonary capillary congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as serum levels of cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), were elevated after MG infection. Collagen fibers were significantly deposited in the lung tissue from MG-infected chicks. Furthermore, the expression levels of key factors in the JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad pathways markedly increased. AR intervention significantly alleviated MG-induced pneumonic injury, and reduced collagen deposition and the expression of fibrosis markers in the lung tissue. AR reduced the degree of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating key factors of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the MG-infected HD11 cells. Thus, AR effectively reduced the expression of inflammatory factors by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby improving lung inflammation and fibrosis.

The addition of wine lees to diets can make up for the deficiencies caused by traditional forages in beef cattle farming. However, the effects of different wine lees ratios on average daily weight, gastrointestinal microbial community structure and metabolites in Guanling crossbred cattle have been rarely studied. This study assessed the effects of feeds containing wine lees on weight gain, gastrointestinal microbial community structure, and metabolites in Guanling crossbred cattle and elucidated the metabolic responses induced by wine lees. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to receive fed concentrate (C group), feed containing 15

Determining the effects of fermentation duration on the microbial ecosystem, potential pathogenic risks, and metabolite generation during the fermentation of distilled grains is essential for safeguarding the safety and enhancing the nutritional profile of animal feed. This study investigates the effect of varying fermentation times (9, 30, and 60 days) on microbial diversity, pathogenic risk, and metabolite profiles in distiller grains using 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics. The results showed that early fermentation (9-30 days) enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05), while pathogenic bacteria, like Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in unsaturated fatty acids and the degradation of biogenic amines during early fermentation. However, prolonged fermentation (60 days) led to a resurgence of pathogenic bacteria and reduced the synthesis of essential metabolites. These findings suggest that fermentation duration must be optimized to balance microbial safety and nutrient quality, with 30 days being the optimal period to reduce pathogenic risks and enhance feed quality.