Soil erosion poses the most common threat to China's regional ecological environment and food security. This study takes Fujian Province as a case study area that is a typical vulnerable area of red soil erosion in southern China, based on the spatial principal component analysis and geographical detector, selected seven factors: slope, Relief, soil type, annual precipitation, NDVI, population density, and land use type to construct an evaluation indicator system for soil erosion sensitivity to analyze the spatial-temporal changes and its influencing factors in Fujian Province, China. Results show that from 2005 to 2020, the soil erosion sensitivity in Fujian Province generally showed an upward trend. The highly sensitive and extremely sensitive spatial distribution continuously expanded, while the insensitive and mildly sensitive distribution constantly decreased. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion sensitivity levels in Fujian Province remained the same, gradually increasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland with prominent zonal characteristics and significant spatial auto-correlation high-high clustering and low-low clustering distributed. The soil erosion sensitivity in Fujian Province generally changed from the improved sensitivity in the southeast coast to the worsened sensitivity in the northwest inland, and shifted in different degrees with the most vigorous transfer intensity in 2010-2015 and 2015-2020; The soil erosion sensitivity in Fujian Province was mainly influenced by the natural background features of topography and landform, and also indispensably induced by human activities.

水库富营养化导致的水华问题严重影响了饮用水的利用和保护,而水体叶绿素a在营养化水体中比例稳定,可以在很大程度上反映水体的营养状况,是水华监测的重要参数.目前,大多数研究集中在较为典型的富营养化水体,对中/贫营养化水体的研究较少.以莆田东圳水库为研究区,随机选取 112 组叶绿素a浓度数据和高光谱数据中的 72 组数据进行模型构建,剩余 40 组数据用于模型验证.在对叶绿素a浓度和光谱反射率曲线进行相关分析的基础上,通过对水体光学特性的分析和统计分析,筛选出单波段、波段比值、三波段、四波段、荧光峰高度、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离等特征参数建立反演模型.通过模型精度验证的对比分析,确定了最优叶绿素a浓度的反模型.结果 表明,经过 900 nm处归零化预处理的单波段模型和四波段模型对东圳水库水体叶绿素a浓度的反演效果最佳,其决定系数R2 均为 0.91,平均绝对误差MAE分别为 1.82 μg/L和 2.81 μg/L,MAPE分别为 22.53％和 21.53％.对于叶绿素a浓度较低、跨度较小的库区水域,波段算法类模型建模精度优于荧光算法类模型.该研究结果可以为后续东圳水库的常规水质监测和水华预警提供一定的理论依据和技术参考.

快速掌握城市生态环境质量及其变化规律有助于相关部门整合生态资源、改善生态环境、规划城市建设、对实现城市可持续发展具有重要的现实意义.基于遥感解译、环境监测、环境统计等数据,利用城市生态环境状况指数定量分析福建省2015—2019年城市生态环境质量,并采用灰色关联分析法度量城市生态环境状况指数与环境质量指数、污染负荷指数、生态建设指数之间的关联程度.结果表明:(1)2015—2019年间,福建省9个城市的生态环境质量等级为良以上,其中闽西北、闽西南城市生态环境质量优于闽东、闽东南沿海城市.(2)与2015年相比,2019年除了三明市和龙岩市城市生态环境质量略微变好,厦门市略微变差,其他城市均无明显变化.生态用地比例下降、城市热岛比例指数上升是厦门市生态环境质量变差的主要原因.(3)3个分指数与CEI的关联性较高,其中生态建设指数是影响各城市生态环境质量的关键因子.针对福建省主要城市生态环境质量进行综合评价,有利于相关部门制定相应的环境监测计划和污染治理措施,助力城市的可持续发展.

为科学客观地定量化评估县域生态文明建设水平及动态变化,指导地方生态文明建设规划与实践,根据国家生态文明建设的内涵外延,基于因子分析,筛选构建了生态环境状况、生态系统保护、生态安全保障、绿色节能降耗、资源循环利用、人居环境改善和社会共建共享共7个准则层21个指标的县域生态文明建设水平评价体系,利用熵权法客观赋值权重,运用综合评价方法,就福建省15个不同县域近3年来的生态文明建设水平及其动态变化情况开展分析评价.结果表明:一是结合因子分析和熵权法的评价结果具有科学性和有效性;二是从指标权重及研究结果看,社会共建共享、绿色节能降耗和生态系统保护的指标权重占比75％以上;三是分析得出福建县域生态文明建设水平呈逐年上升且增速明显,各个县(区)均采取一系列创新举措,积极推动生态文明建设不断发展;四是福建县域在保持环境质量高位运行、城镇化进程中保护生态环境和保证生态空间、推动绿色节能发展和资源循环利用、改善人居环境等方面上仍存在一定的压力.

Fujian Province is a typical mountainous environment, where regional geological hazards occur frequently, posing serious threats to the safety of local residents' lives and property and regional ecological security. Accurately revealing the risk of geological hazards in Fujian Province have important guiding significance for the local government to develop targeted prevention strategies. This study selects 8 indicators including elevation, slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lithology, land use type, average annual precipitation, distance from rivers and distance from faults to construct an evaluation index system, and reveal the spatial pattern and its influencing factors of the risk of geological hazards in Fujian Province based on the information quantity model and geodetector method. The results showed that the geological hazards risk of mountainous areas in Fujian Province have an overall trend of high in the southeast and low in the northwest, and a characteristic of significant spatial agglomeration. The proportion of different levels of geological hazard risk is showed as that medium risk > medium high risk > medium-low risk > high risk > low risk, among which, the combined area with medium and medium-high risk accounts for 76.06%. The occurrence of geological hazards in Fujian Province is the result of the combined effects of the natural environment and human activities, and the night light intensity, elevation, slope, and distance from rivers are the main influencing factors causing geological hazards. In addition, The combination of dominant factors conducive to inducing geological hazards are found, which can provide scientific basis for the formulation of regional geological disaster prevention strategies. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

了解植被扰动与恢复时空特征可为水土流失和生态环境治理提供科学依据.而传统的植被扰动恢复研究主要集中在两期或者几个时期的对比分析,无法掌握植被的连续变化特征,导致植被长期监测和生态环境的评估具有局限性.因此,本文基于Google Earth Engine,以Landsat时间序列数据为基础,通过LandTrendr算法探讨1984～2020年间长汀植被扰动与恢复变化特征,总体识别精度达86.67％.结果表明:近35年来,长汀县植被总体恢复趋势向好,部分区域存在植被扰动,扰动和恢复累计面积分别为181.81km2和292.83km2;89.9％的植被扰动发生在2000年以后,植被扰动的平均持续时间为1.2年;植被恢复贯穿始终,植被恢复的平均持续时间为14.65年;植被扰动集中在城镇、乡村、交通路网等人类生产生活和经济社会发展的活跃区域,植被扰动的平均强度为0.33,植被恢复的平均强度为0.21,总体呈现扰动剧烈、恢复慢的特征.本文可为长汀环境治理评估提供客观信息,从而更加科学、合理地制定生态保护措施.

Long-term exposure to ozone pollution will cause severe threats to residents’ physical and mental health. Ground-level ozone is the most severe air pollutant in China’s Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRD). It is of great significance to accurately reveal the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of ozone pollution exposure patterns. We used the daily maximum 8-h ozone concentration data from PRD’s 55 air quality monitoring stations in 2015 as input data. We used six models of STK and ordinary kriging (OK) for the simulation of ozone concentration. Then we chose a better ozone pollution prediction model to reveal the ozone exposure characteristics of the PRD in 2015. The results show that the Bilonick model (BM) model had the highest simulation precision for ozone in the six models for spatial–temporal kriging (STK) interpolation, and the STK model’s simulation prediction results are significantly better than the OK model. The annual average ozone concentrations in the PRD during 2015 showed a high spatial variation in the north and east and low in the south and west. Ozone concentrations were relatively high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring. The center of gravity of ozone concentrations tended to migrate to the north and west before moving to the south and then finally migrating to the east. The ozone’s spatial autocorrelation was significant and showed a significant positive correlation, mainly showing high-high clustering and low-low clustering. The type of clustering undergoes temporal migration and conversion over the four seasons, with spatial autocorrelation during winter the most significant.

基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像的光谱特征、指数特征和纹理特征,结合野外调查数据、森林二类调查数据和DEM数据等辅助数据,采用分层多尺度分割提取技术,对研究区主要森林类型进行提取.研究表明:主成分变换前三个分量的加入有助于提高影像分割效果和分类精度;在影像光谱特征基础上,加入指数特征和纹理特征可在一定程度上提高森林类型提取精度;在多元数据的支持下,选取合适的特征和阈值进行分层与分类是一种有效的森林类型分类策略,取得了较高的分类精度,其中杉木、马尾松、竹林和其它林地的总体分类精度达79.80％,Kappa系数为0.725;通过决策树和随机森林两种分类器的优势互补,以分类精度混淆矩阵中的生产精度和用户精度平均值作为先验知识进行多分类器决策级投票融合,相比于单一决策树和随机森林分类器,组合分类器具有更高的分类精度,总体分类精度分别提高了 3.32％和2.13％.

Geological disasters not only hinder the ecological security guarantee in urban agglomerations, but also pose serious threat to the life and property of residents in the areas. The study establishes a “hazard-vulnerability-exposure” three-dimensional ecological risk assessment model, adopts an information value model to assess hazard, use landscape indices to analyze vulnerability and nighttime light data to indicate population exposure, and then quantitatively assesses the watershed-scale ecological risks of geological disasters and their patterns. The results show that ecological risks of geological disasters are mainly medium risks, presenting the trend of weakening from southeastern coastal areas to northwestern inland areas. The ecological risks exist in eight patterns in combination of the three dimensions of hazard, vulnerability and exposure. The elevation of 600–800 m, slope of 5 ~ 15°, aspect as southwest, NDVI of 0.4–0.6, lithology of metamorphic rocks, land use type as farmland, multi-year average precipitation of >1600 mm, distance to river of less than 200 m and distance to fault of less than 1000 m are the combination of greater likelihood of inducing geological disasters. The study finds that ecological risks of geological disasters show the trend of high in the southeast and low in the northwest and are the highest under combination of the high vulnerability and high exposure pattern out of the eight patterns that are predominated by high population exposure. In addition, the study discovers the combination of greater likelihood of inducing geological disasters, and puts forward the prevention and control measures against geological disasters in the future.

随着城市不断扩张,生态景观格局发生了较大的变化.三明地区地形以山地丘陵为主,景观格局较为复杂,对该地区进行景观格局变化分析,在此基础上进行生态风险评估对保障生态安全具有重大意义.本研究以2015年地理国情普查的土地覆盖数据为基础,依据2005年高分辨率影像进行逆向变更得到2005年土地覆盖矢量数据;利用分析方法进行土地覆盖类型变化的景观格局相关指标计算,探讨三明地区2005—2015年间生态景观格局的时空变化,以揭示三明地区景观变化规律;通过景观干扰指数(Ei)和景观脆弱度指数(Fi)定量评估得出该地区生态风险值的时空分布.结果表明:研究期间,三明地区的景观格局变化较为轻微,主要体现为自然景观向人工景观的转变,人工景观覆盖面积不断扩大,整体景观呈现破碎化的态势,总体的风险值也有攀升的趋势.

近年来,PM2.5已成为雾霾爆发的主要污染物之一,人口长期暴露在高浓度的PM25中可能会大大的提高居民患病的几率,危害居民身心健康.本研究以空气污染严重且人口高度集中的北京市作为研究区,以2019年北京市的PM2.5浓度监测数据、人口空间分布栅格数据及不同人群的长期呼吸量等为数据基础,构建了"污染物浓度—暴露人口—呼吸量"的PM2.5人口暴露剂量评估模型,进而对北京市2019年的PM25人口暴露强度空间分异特征及不同人群的暴露剂量差异进行分析.结果表明:①2019年北京市的PM2.5浓度在冬季时最高,日均浓度达48.89 μg/m3,并均呈现出北低南高的整体态势;②PM2.5人口暴露量存在显著的空间分异特征,不同人群的PM25暴露量均呈现出由城中心向周边减弱的整体态势,高暴露区主要集中于城区地带;③不同性别、年龄组人群的PM2.5人口暴露强度存在明显的空间分异特征,且城市内部不同人群的PM25暴露剂量也存在明显差异;④PM2.5的暴露风险并非完全取决于污染物浓度的大小,而是由污染源浓度和暴露受体的空间分布特征等多方面共同决定,北京城区的高PM25人口暴露区才是高风险区,是未来政府有效防控污染物危害的核心区.

本研究以三明尤溪某地作为研究区,以DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0无人机航测影像为数据源,采用面向对象分类方法进行植被分类.经测试,取尺度参数100、形状参数0.3和紧致度参数0.5分割效果最好.利用光谱、纹理、形状等信息创建规则进行分类,将地物细分为芦苇、芒萁、杉木、马尾松、竹林、水田、百香果、柑橘、茶树、草地和3种农作物等13种植被类型,房屋、道路、水体、裸地等4种非植被类型,总体精度达到85.2％,Kap-pa系数为0.84.

Numerous urban villages (UVs) with substandard living conditions that cause people to live there with vulnerability to health impacts, including vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever (DF), are major environmental and public health concerns in highly urbanized regions, especially in developing countries. It is necessary to explore the relationship between UVs and vector for effectively dealing with these problems. In this study, land-use types, including UVs, normal construction land (NCL), unused land (UL), vegetation, and water, were retrieved from the high-resolution remotely sensed imagery in the central area of Guangzhou in 2017. The vector density from May to October in 2017, including Aedes. albopictus (Ae. albopictus)'s Breteau index (BI), standard space index (SSI), and adult density index (ADI) were obtained from the vector surveillance system implemented by the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Furthermore, the spatial and temporal patterns of vector monitoring sites and vector density were analyzed on a fine scale, and then the Geodetector tool was further employed to explore the relationships between vector density and land-use types. The monitoring sites were mainly located in NCL (55.70%-56.44%) and UV (13.14%-13.92%). Among the total monitoring sites of BI (79), SSI (312), and ADI (326), the random sites accounted for about 88.61%, 97.12%, and 98.47%, respectively. The density of Ae. albopictus was temporally related to rainfall and temperature and was obviously differentiated among different land-use types. Meanwhile, the grids with higher density, which were mostly concentrated in the Pearl River fork zone that collects a large number of UVs, showed that the density of Ae. albopictus was spatially associated with the UVs. Next, the results of the Geodetector illustrated that UVs posed great impact on the density of Ae. albopictus across the central region of Guangzhou. We suggest that the number of monitoring sites in the UVs should be appropriately increased to strengthen the current vector surveillance system in Guangzhou. This study will provide targeted guidance for local authorities, making more effective control and prevention measures on the DF epidemics.

基于闽三角地区2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像提取农田景观数据,并利用景观格局分析方法,从景观面积、空间分异、斑块特征以及总体格局4个方面,对比研究了2000—2015年闽三角地区农田景观格局的演变特征,并对其生态服务功能进行深入探讨.研究结果表明:2000—2015年间,闽三角地区的农田景观以平原水田和丘陵水田为主,面积呈现出整体下降的趋势,其空间分布格局基本保持稳定,集中分布于东南沿海一带,地域上主要集中于泉州市和漳州市;丘陵水田和平原水田的斑块数目最多,斑块面积最大,而平原旱地和山区旱地的斑块数目最少,斑块面积也最小,其中丘陵水田和平原水田更为集中连片,景观破碎化程度较低;农田景观格局呈现出破碎度增加、丰富度下降、类型单一化以及聚集度下降的总体趋势;闽三角地区的农田景观格局演变会降低其供给、调节、文化以及支持等生态服务功能.

基于福建省平潭综合实验区2007、2010、2013和2017年4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像,通过生态环境质量评价指数RSEI综合分析平潭综合实验区2007-2017年间生态环境质量时空变化特征.结果表明:在4期研究年份中,空间上呈现在东北、西北和西南向的生态林以及水域区域生态环境质量好,在裸土区域和城市、道路建设区域生态环境质量差的分布特征.时间上呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,总体呈上升的趋势.2017年生态环境质量状况最好;2010年生态环境质量状况最差.自从2010年以来,生态环境质量变差区域所占比重从55.95％下降至19.70％,生态环境质量变好区域所占比重从23.22％上升至50.78％,说明平潭综合实验区生态环境质量有明显的改善.

基于研究区1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年的Landsat TM/OLI影像,定量分析其植被覆盖空间格局及其变化规律,并运用地理探测器探究植被覆盖影响因素的空间差异性.结果表明:1995-2015年闽三角城市群低、中低植被覆盖总体增加,中、中高和高植被覆盖总体减少,植被覆盖整体呈退化趋势;闽三角地区植被覆盖水平与垂直空间变化明显,其中在水平空间上,严重退化区和中度退化区主要位于泉州东南区域和厦门地区;在垂直空间上,植被覆盖度分别在海拔1 200～1 500m、坡度30°～40°达到最大值,阴坡植被覆盖度高于阳坡,而平地植被覆盖度最低;植被覆盖变化主要受人类活动影响,其中人口密度、建设用地和GDP的影响较大,双因子之间的协同作用相对于单因子对植被覆盖变化的影响力更强.

This paper uses four years of ecosystem classification data, from 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, to analyse the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the ecosystems of counties and cities in the Min Delta urban agglomeration over 15 years across four aspects, including changes in the ecosystem area for each period, a transfer matrix of the counties and cities, the comprehensive dynamic ecosystem index, and the forces driving these changes. The results show that: (1) from 2000 to 2015, the total area of farmland, forest and shrub ecosystems in the Min Delta urban agglomeration decreased, while the total area of urban, wetland and grassland ecosystems has increased. There are spatiotemporal differences and patterns in the area change and transfer of various ecosystems. The series of scales and proportion of ecosystem types in the counties and cities of the Min Triangle show that there is a two-way transfer between farmland and urban ecosystems. In addition, there are spatiotemporal differences in the transfer of these two ecosystems. Forest ecosystems are transferred into farmland, urban and grassland ecosystems at different levels. In the eastern part of the Min Triangle, wetlands are mostly transferred to urban ecosystems, and the western regions are mostly transferred to forests and farmland. (2) For the comprehensive dynamic index of the Min Delta urban agglomeration, from 2000 to 2015, the degree of ecosystem dynamics was higher in each period than the previous, and the dynamics in the eastern and central parts were higher than those in the west and south for the same period. From 2000 to 2005, the comprehensive dynamic index was below 0.2%. The dynamic index of Longhai in Xiamen and Zhangzhou increased significantly from 2005 to 2010 from that of the previous period, and their values all exceeded 0.9%. From 2010 to 2015, the area with a large change in the dynamic index expanded to the east and south from the central area of Xiamen. The dynamics in the northwest did not sufficiently increase. (3) The GDP, value of agricultural production, forestry, and fisheries, secondary and tertiary industries, urbanization rate, and permanent residents are important factors influencing ecosystems. The driving effects of these socioeconomic indicators and urban population development have different degrees of significance on farmland, urban, forest and wetland ecosystems during different periods of the Delta's urban agglomeration.

Excessive exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution may greatly increase the incidences of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Accurate reports of the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of daily PM2.5 exposure can effectively prevent and reduce the harm caused to humans. Based on the daily average concentration data of PM2.5 in Beijing in May 2014 and the spatio-temporal kriging (STK) theory, we selected the optimal STK fitting model and compared the spatial-temporal prediction accuracy of PM2.5 using the STK method and ordinary kriging (OK) method. We also reveal the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the daily PM2.5 exposure in Beijing. The results show the following: (1) The fitting error of the Bilonick model (BM) model which is the smallest (0.00648), and the fitting effect of the prediction model of STK is the best for daily PM2.5 exposure. (2) The cross-examination results show that the STK model (RMSE = 8.90) has significantly lower fitting errors than the OK model (RMSE = 10.70), so its simulation prediction accuracy is higher. (3) According to the interpolation of the STK model, the daily exposure of PM2.5 in Beijing in May 2014 has good continuity in both time and space. The overall air quality is good, and overall the spatial distribution is low in the north and high in the south, with the highest concentration in the southwestern region. (4) There is a certain degree of spatial heterogeneity in the cumulative duration at the good, moderate, and polluted grades of China National Standard. The areas with the longest cumulative duration at the good, moderate and polluted grades are in the north, southeast, and southwest of the study area, respectively.

With the help of remote sensing,spatial statistical methods and landscape ecology theory,this paper analyzes the dynamic monitoring of ecological environment and the change of landscape pattern on the base of the remote sensing images of 2000,2005,2010 and 2015 in Fujian Delta region and the land type data of 2000,analyzing the characteristics of land cover change in different periods,and then quantitatively analyzes the land cover change and landscape pattern change by landscape index.The results shows:Forest is widely distributed in Fujian Delta region,which accounts more than 66％;In recent years,the area of forest decreased in Fujian Delta region,but the construction land increased relatively which shows the continuous development of cities;The increase of landscape diversity reflects that people's protection on ecological environment;In driving force,the landscape change of Fujian Delta region was directly or indirectly influenced by human activities in short term or in local region except its imbalance which intensified the complexity and diversity of landscape change in Fujian Delta region.

One of the key concerns in estuarine and coastal environments is eutrophication, which is known to be closely connected to nutrient enrichment. To control and improve surface water quality, nutrient criteria are recommended in order to provide reference conditions for the environment. However, the current datasets of nutrient criteria in China are either designed for surface water or sea water, and as such these are not suitable for assessing estuarine water quality, especially given the unique ecosystem and dynamic properties of estuaries. To address this issue in current estuarine water management, nutrient criteria have been developed for a local estuary in the southeast of China. Segmentation of the Jiulong River Estuary, China was firstly analysed through field investigations carried out during 2013–2014, which resulted in the delineation of three segments characterized by their distinct properties in relation to salinity, hydrology, ecosystems, etc. Historical records from 1997 to 2014 were then analysed using statistical modelling to develop candidate nutrient criteria for the estuary. This stage of the analysis was undertaken in combination with the study of nutrient status records from the 1980s, which were used to establish a baseline reference condition. The recommended criteria values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in Segments I, II and III of the Jiulong River Estuary are 64, 21 and 14 μmol/L, respectively, and the corresponding values for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) are 0.89, 0.76 and 0.89 μmol/L, respectively. It should be emphasised that these values are site-dependent, and that different results may be achieved at other locations depending on the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of an estuary, or even a single site within a catchment. It is hoped that by demonstrating a possible methodological approach and methods of nutrient criteria derivation in the Jiulong River Estuary, the current study will offer researchers some fundamental basis from which to begin to develop more complete nutrient criteria indices for the study of nutrient conditions in other estuaries throughout China.