通过研究影响脱胶的主要因素来确定最适高油酸双低油菜籽油的脱胶工艺,采用响应面法对脱胶工艺进行优化,确定了脱胶的最佳工艺条件:834 mg/kg聚合氯化铝添加量4.0％,在46.6℃,保温静置2.5 h.在此条件下,磷脂残留量为(0.206±0.005)mg/g.

The production process of paste is studied using oil-tea camellia seed cake as raw material,adopting Aspergillus oryzae to make koji and ferment.Oil-tea camellia seed cake paste is produced,and then mix with soybean paste to obtain the final product.The results show that the optimum fermentation conditions are as follows:the additive amount of Aspergillus oryzae is 3%,the fermentation time is 30 days,the additive amount of saline water is 75%,the salt concentration is 10%,oil-tea camellia seed cake paste is glossy brown and has strong sauce flavor,moderate viscosity and slightly bitter taste.Under these conditions,mix soybean paste with oil-tea camellia seed cake paste by 1∶3 can cover up the bitter taste,and amino-acid nitrogen content is 0.52 g/100 g.Solid-phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to determine the volatile compounds of the final product.Main flavor substances are sabinene,d-limonene,3-methyl pentanoic acid,myrcene and cineole.

依据油茶籽油与菜籽油亲水性不同的特点,通过震荡观察法观察纯油茶籽油、纯菜籽油以及混合标准油(油茶籽油中掺入5％菜籽油)与水混合震荡后所呈现的特征现象,以期鉴别油茶籽油中是否掺有菜籽油,并与电子鼻和醋酸酐-浓硫酸法的测定结果进行比较.试验结果表明:只需使用水、亚甲基蓝及试管等廉价材料即可在16 min内完成对油茶籽油是否掺伪的鉴别,其灵敏度可满足人们日常检测的需要;另外,此法对商品油掺杂鉴定的结果与电子鼻法和醋酸酐-浓硫酸法的检测结果基本一致,证明了此法的可行性和准确性.

通过对4种产蛋白酶微生物的筛选,选择具有较高产碱性蛋白酶能力的枯草芽孢杆菌.接种到水酶法提取油茶籽油的工艺水中使其产蛋白酶,并通过产酶条件优化提高蛋白酶产量.在原有产酶培养液配方(酵母浸粉2％、蔗糖1.0％、吐温-80 0.5％、硫酸镁0.02％、pH 9.0、接种量4％(ⅣV))的基础上,得到最佳产酶条件为:工艺水预先白土处理2h,5 000 r/min离心10 min,按80％的比例添加到水中、培养时间96 h,枯草芽孢杆菌在该产酶条件下最高酶活力为34.8 u/mL.

以油茶皂素的提取率作为响应值,用响应面法对既能充分发挥壳聚糖凝聚油茶籽工艺水中杂质,又不影响油茶皂素提取的工艺条件进行优化.在考虑壳聚糖浓度及添加量、反应时间及温度、搅拌速度等因素对油茶皂素提取率影响的基础上,筛选出主要影响因素即壳聚糖添加量、反应时间、反应温度进行正交试验,通过响应面分析,得出3种因素的相互作用及最佳提取条件.结果表明,在壳聚糖浓度为0.05％,搅拌速度为10 r/min,壳聚糖添加量为17.8 mL,反应温度为50.1℃,反应时间为16.6 min的优化条件下,油茶皂素提取率为84.97％.

Tea seed meal is a by–product after tea see d oil extraction. It is rich of nutrition and has high value,which can be used as animal feed or processed a variety of high value–added products by extracting bioactive substances in tea seed meal. In the actual research development,the depth of development and utilization is not enough,which causes a lot of waste of resources. This paper introduced tea seed meal nutrition ingredient,and elaborated the application in animal feed,food and medicine,and analyzed tea seed meal prospects for the future.

ABSTRACT:Bacillus natto was isolated from the Japanese traditional fermented food of natto. It could degrade macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and fermentation products were rich in amino acids, organic acids, oligosaccharides, and other nutriments that easy to be absorbed by the body. In addition, it was capable of producing nattokinase, bacitracin, 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid,γ-polyglutamic acid and other physiologically active substances, which had thrombolytic, hypotensive, antibacterial, antioxidant and other health functions. Natto as a kind of health food in Japan have been eaten for more than 2000 years, andBacillus natto is the safety nonpathogenic strain for human. This paper summarizedBacillus natto characteristics, function compositions and application research progress, so as to provide references for functional foods researches.

以接种量、水料比、油茶籽粕添加量以及发酵时间为影响因素,油茶籽粕纳豆酱的纳豆激酶酶活为考核指标,采用响应面法优化油茶籽粕纳豆酱的发酵工艺条件.结果表明,影响油茶籽粕纳豆酱纳豆激酶(NK)酶活的因素主次顺序为发酵时间＞水料比＞油茶籽粕添加量＞接种量.最终确定油茶籽粕纳豆酱的最佳发酵条件为接种量1.5％、水料比2.5∶1.0 (mL∶g)、油茶籽粕添加量29％、发酵时间22 h.在此最佳发酵条件下,油茶籽粕纳豆酱的NK酶活为(1 044.73±0.87) U/g.

采用水酶法、水代法、压榨法及有机溶剂浸提法制取油茶籽油,并对这4种油茶籽油的理化指标、角鲨烯及苯并芘含量、脂肪酸组成、抑菌效果进行了对比分析.结果表明:制取工艺对油茶籽毛油的理化性质、角鲨烯及苯并芘的含量影响显著;水酶法和水代法制得的毛油的理化指标、角鲨烯及苯并芘含量都相近;浸出法制得的毛油酸价、过氧化值均最低,角鲨烯含量最高;压榨法制得的毛油品质较差.这4种制油工艺得到的油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成与含量较为相近.5％的油茶籽油即能较好地抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌3种致病菌的生长,但以浸出法毛油的抑菌效果最佳.

以油茶籽仁浆液为原料,以油脂提取率为指标,利用单因素试验及响应面中心组合试验研究了酶制剂的配方、料水比、复合酶添加量、酶作用时间等因素对水酶法提取油茶籽油的影响.得出优化的提油条件为:先加入高温淀粉酶再加入酸性蛋白酶,二者比例为1:1,复合酶添加量0.13％、料水比1:3.9、酶作用时间4h,在此条件下油茶籽油的提油率为92.45％.

在水酶法提取油茶籽油的过程中经常会出现油脂乳化的现象.乳化已成为限制该工艺在油茶籽油提取方面应用的一个瓶颈.以油茶籽油为原料,乳化液的体积作为考察指标,利用单因素试验分别考察了温度、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、水温以及掺水量在不同水平下对油茶籽油乳化的影响,并通过正交试验对乳化条件进行优化.结果表明当温度控制在75℃、掺水量为油体积的30％、搅拌速度为180 r/min、搅拌时间为25 min时,油水发生乳化的现象最为严重.该试验可以为水酶法提取油茶籽油提供参考.

Objective] This study was conducted to optimize cameI ia seed sheI fer-mentation conditions for ceI uIase production by Trichoderma koningi using response surface methodoIogy. [Method] Fermentation conditions for ceI uIase production from Trichoderma koningi were optimized with response surface method (RSM) by taking carboxymethyI ceI uIase (CMCase) activity as a response indicator. Three factors that affecting CMCase activity were screened out using singIe factor test among pretreatment methods of raw material, nitrogen sources, initial pH values, inocuIum voIume, fermentation time and voIume of Iiquid medium, they were fermentation time, initial pH value, and voIume of Iiquid medium. The optimum conditions of fer-mentation and interaction of the three factors were determined through Box-Behnken design and regression analysis using Design-Expert software. [Result] Pretreatment of cameI ia seed sheI with alkaline was most conducive to CMCase production. The use of 0.2% (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source, inocuIum size of 5%, initial pH value of 5.8 and voIume of Iiquid medium at 22 mI were the best fermentation conditions for maximizing CMCase production by T. koningi from cameI ia seed sheI . Under these conditions, 179.15 U/mI of CMCase was obtalned after 5 d of fermentation, which was improved by 24.52% compared with the maximum CMCase activity of singIe factor test. [Conclusion] The resuIts wiI provide some references for use of cameI ia seed sheI and ceI uIase production.

以油茶籽为原料,油脂提取率、残油率为评价指标,利用单因素试验及正交试验分别考查了酶的添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间、酶解pH值及料水比等因素在不同水平下对油茶籽油提油率的影响.结果表明,水酶法提取油茶籽油的最优工艺参数为加酶量0.10％、酶解温度85℃、酶解时间3h、酶解pH值6、料水比1∶4,在此优化条件下,油茶籽油的提油率可达92.2％以上.

Objective To optimize extracting technology of total flavonoids from Camellia oleifera seeds with response surface method, taking the extraction rate of total flavonoids as the response indicator. Methods Three factors that affecting extraction rate of total flavonoids were screened out among extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio, and extraction time. The optimum extracting condition and their interaction of the 3 factors were determined through Box-Behnken design and regression analysis using Design-Expert software. Results The optimum extracting condition was: extraction temperature 80 ℃, ethanol concentration 57%, liquid-solid ratio of 53 mL/g, and extraction time 2.5 h. Under this condition the experimental extraction rate of flavonoids was 3.91%, which was consistent with the highest predictive value of 3.94%. Conclusion The optimization of extracting technology for flavonoids from Camellia oleifera seed is feasible and effective, which can provide the theoretical basis for further development and utilization of Camellia oleifera seed.

In order to enhance the comprehensive use value of protein in double-low rapeseed dregs after oil extraction with aqueous-enzymatic method, the technology of brewing soy with double-low rapeseed dregs was studied. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were as followed: mixed inoculation of Aspergillus oryzae No.1, Aspergillus niger No.1 and Trichoderma viride with 3:2:1; making yeast at 28℃ with humidity of 95%; adding 15% salt water to the yeast, and then fermenting at 42℃ for 20 d. The soy fermented with the optimal conditions, its quality can meet the standards of second level soy stated in GB 18186-2000.

In order to study the inlfuences of different storage conditions on quality of oil-camellia seeds, the complete oil-camellia seeds and the peeled oil-camellia seed kernels were stored at different packaging conditions for 180 d, and then the physical and chemical indexes of them were measured, such as the acid value, the peroxide value and the rotten seed rate. The result showed that with storage time passed by, the acid value and the rotten seed rate increased straightly, but the peroxide value wavy increased. The storage quality of the complete oil-camellia seeds and the peeled oil-camellia seed kernels without broken was relatively stable, but the storage quality of the peeled oil-camellia seed kernels with broken was poor in stability;the quality of vacuum-packed oil-camellia seeds was better than that of zip-locked one evidently. Because of peeled oil-camellia seeds without broken had no signiifcant differences in the acid value and the peroxide value in comparison with the complete oil-camellia seeds, and its moldy-seed rate was lower than the complete oil-camellia seeds’, therefore, using the vacuum storage way to store the peeled oil-camellia seed kernels can be considered.

T he application of phytosterols nutrition enhancer in rapesee d oil w as investigated in this study, the results show ed that the phytosterol could be dissolved in rapeseed oil at a high ratio w hen tem perature reaches its m elting point, and recrystallized w hen the oil becom es cool. T he final am ount of added phytosterols in rapeseed oil depends on the types and proportion of phytosterols. A nd appropriate stirring can preventfoam ing and bum ping in the process ofadding phytosterols.

以羧甲基纤维素酶(Carboxymethyl cellulase enzyme,CMCase)的酶活力作为响应值,用响应面法对康宁木霉利用油茶籽壳发酵产纤维素酶的发酵条件进行优化.在油茶籽壳预处理方法、氮源、起始pH、发酵时间、接种量、营养液体积对CMCase酶活力单因素试验的基础上,筛选出主要影响因素培养时间、起始pH和营养液体积进行正交试验,通过Box-Behnken设计,利用Design Expert软件进行回归分析,得出3种因素的交互作用及最佳发酵条件.结果表明,用碱法处理油茶籽壳较为适宜;油茶籽壳发酵产纤维素酶的适宜氮源为0.2％的(NH4)2SO4;其他适宜条件为接种量5％、初始pH5.8、营养液体积22 mL、发酵时间5d.在此条件下,CMCase的酶活力达179.15 U/mL,比单因素试验最高酶活力提高了24.52％.

以水酶法提油后的油茶籽粕为原料,利用稀酸水解其中的多糖为还原糖.根据Box-behnken试验设计原理,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析法对酸解糖化工艺进行了优化,通过响应面试验,建立了水解液中还原糖浓度与4个因素变化的二次回归方程;并根据回归模型进行了计算机模拟绘制了曲面图,分析了水解液中还原糖浓度随主要因索水平的变化趋势与优化点.结果表明:油茶籽粕酸解糖化的最佳工艺条件为:硫酸浓度2.1％,水解温度122℃,水解时间37 min,料液比1∶5.1,在此条件下水解液中还原糖浓度为66.53 mg/mL.

Penicillium was screened for the degradation of camellia saponin.The optimal condition for Penicillium culture and camellia saponin degradation was determined through single factor test and L9(34)orthogonal test.The best culture conditions were: culture temperature 28 ℃,inoculation dose 12%,pH 4.5,and Penicillium cultivating time 5 days.Under these condition degradation rate of camellia saponin could reached 83.11%.