2022 年 2 月 16 日,南美洲智利火地岛上最后一名会说雅甘语(Yagán)的老人、93 岁的Cristina Calderón去世了.说雅甘语的雅玛纳人(Yámana)是"生活在独木舟上"的民族,拥有 6000 年来所积累的海洋知识和航海技术.
语言的使用者是社会大众,语言保护的主体也应当是社会大众,而其中的青少年是关键人群.只有把青少年的语言自觉和保护意识激发出来,让青少年成为传承弘扬优秀语言文化的主力军,语保事业才能取得成功.在当今社会大众多数对语保工作不了解或不理解的情况下,我们最重要的任务是要跨越学者和社会大众之间的鸿沟,去触发社会大众的语言自觉和保护意识,引发社会大众的保护行动.为此,本文提出跨越鸿沟的四种主要方式:明星、网络视频、社会活动、文化艺术产品.
中国语言资源保护工程规模浩大,任务艰巨,牵涉面广,政策敏感性强,社会关注度高.在具体实施过程中,遇到了各种各样的困难和挑战.但从总体上看,实施方案合理可行,工作进展顺利,社会评价正面.特别是在政府统筹规划、规范标准设计以及现代化技术手段运用等方面,语保工程具有显著的先进性和前瞻性.本文回应大家对语保工程、语保工作关切的主要问题,并提出了"多语分用"的理念."多语分用"的本质是在"多语体"内构建一种分层分类的多语共存体系,使各语言、各方言之间形成主体和多样、高层和低层、正规和随意的多元互补关系,各司其职,和而不同.
The Project for Protecting Language Resources of China has three orientations, namely national scale, socialization and scientificity, which are in accordance with relevant policiesand instructions of the party and the government,and with the existing situation of and requirement for language resource protection in China.The main objective of the projectis to build a large-scale multimedia language resourcerepository,which is conducive to the protection and utilization of language resources of China. The primary missions include investigation pooling,banking and preservation,protection and research,development and application. The priority of theprojectis to achieve large-scale gathering of language resources through field work,on-line collecting and recording,and storage of literatures. The main feature of the project lies in the concept of socialization and relevant work patterns.
本文用最新数据描述了我国汉语方言所面临的严峻局面.在回顾我国方言政策发展变化的历程之后,提出了“方言规划”的课题,呼吁从语言政策层面确定方言的地位和作用,处理好方言与普通话的关系.除了语言政策以外,社会大众的“语言自觉”是方言保存和保护的重要因素.而当代方言学者的历史使命,就是赶在传统方言大规模衰亡之前尽可能全面、真实地记录下它的面貌,为中华文化和人类文明留下一份珍贵的遗产.文章最后介绍了正在开展的“中国方言文化典藏”项目.
本文利用“汉语方言地图集数据库”和其他公开发表的材料,对汉语方言中全浊平与次浊平、全浊去与次浊去声调相分的现象进行考察,整理描写这种音变现象的类型和地理分布情况,分析其演变方式和音变条件,指出平去声全次浊分调的演变方式是“全浊成调”,音变条件是古全浊声母读浊音.
This article proposes that on the basis of analyzing the history and the present of research on Chinese dialects,as well as the situation it will face in the future,the research on Chinese dialects should transit from 'theoretical research' to 'problem-oriented research'.This article calls on researchers to make the research focus transfer from the inside of dialects to the outside of dialects;from dialects themselves to the users of dialects,the survival circumstances of dialects,and the cultures that dialects take on.It is the responsibility of researchers to pay attention to the problems that appear in the process of using dialects,and to solve the problems.Only in this way,can the dialect research work service for the society.
论文描写湖北通城麦市方言的声韵调系统,归纳其主要的音韵特点,并讨论若干重要的语音演变现象,包括:次清声母和全浊声母的关系,全浊声母的弱化,溪、群母的读音,入声韵尾的演变,气流分调,等等.
The article firstly discusses the concept of geographical distribution type,and then studies primary geographical distribution types of Chinese dialects from a macroscopical point of view based on the Linguistic Atlas of Chineses Dialecsts.The geographical distribution types can be divided into Opposite Type and Consistent Type in the first level.The Opposite Type mainly includes QinHuai Line Type,Yangtze River Line Type and A-Na Line Type,and the Consistent Type mainly contains Yangtze River Basin Type,JiangNan Funnel Type and Southeast Coastal Type.
<正>2001年11月8日,北京语言文化大学(今北京语言大学)人事处下文(校人通字【2001】24号),称:"撤销原‘学报编辑部’、‘语言教学研究所’,设立‘北京语言文化大学语言研究所’;原‘学报编辑部’中《语言教学与研究》编辑部并入该所。研究人员编制按常驻与驻所研究相
In the Tangxi Wu dialect,the covariant tone,the high level tone [55],is used as the diminutive tone for all tones.This paper finds that:1)It can represent diminutives with nasal coda [] in finals or by itself;2)It can apply to some action verbs to express a relax feeling and a joking mood;3)It can not only turn some monosyllablic words with full meaning into adverbs,but also turn some adverbial-modifying phrases,verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases into adverbs,conjunctions,or abstract verbs.It can also make some adverbs to become marked ones,which is described as a sort of grammaticalization in the paper.
在汉语方言急剧衰亡的情况下,建设方言博物馆的工作已成为当务之急。文章简要介绍了中国语言文字博物馆建设的现状,提出了建设汉语方言博物馆的初步设想,指出汉语方言博物馆应包括方言和方言文化展示、方言语料保存和收集、方言研究三大板块,最后简单介绍了方言生态博物馆的概念。
The paper introduces The Intepretative Maps of Chinese Dialects by Ray Iwata, points out its main characteristics,and discusses it edifies on the Chinese geographical linguistics.
The paper introduces some special phonological phenomena of Xiang and Southwest Mandarins in western Hunan province,involving initial,final or tone and mutual influences of tones and finals.
This paper firstly distinguishes the concept Language Preservation from Language Protection,and then discusses the necessity and essentiality of language preservation in terms of lan- guage resources,vulnerable languages and endangered languages.It puts forward several feasible details on how to develop language preservation.Meanwhile,it also introduces some language pres- ervation programs carried on in China.
Tonal distribution of contrasting finals in all Chinese dialects can be reduced to two types based on codas and vowels.Contrasting codas include four subcases,i.e.,stop vs.non-stop,front stop vs.back stop,nasal stop vs.non-nasal stops,and open final vs non-open final.Contrasting vowels that result in different tones include three subcases,i.e.,long vs.short,high vs.low,and monophthong vs.diphthong.This paper offers a framework in dealing with these tonal diversification and conducts initial and necessary analyses of them.tonal change by stop codas'loss in Ru(入)tone,tonal distribution of contrasting codas'phonetic value in Ru(入)tone,tonal distribution of contrasting nasal codas and unnasal codas,tonal distribution of contrasting syllables with codas and without codas.For another,tonal distribution of contrasting vowels consists of tonal distribution of contrasting long vowels and short vowels,tonal distribution of contrasting high vowels and low vowels and tonal change by monophthong turning into diphthong.This paper puts all sound changes mentioned above into a new research frame,and gives some essential analyses of them.
Final variations with tones refers to the phenomena that finals change in terms of contrasting tonal features. There are two contrasting pairs between tones, the long with the short and the high with the low. Generally, the long tone conduces to the diphthongization of a monophthong or coda addition, which lengthens the whole final; and the low tone leads to the diphthongization and the downward moving of a high vowel. All these changes can be regarded as the intensification of the final.
This paper presents an introduction to the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, including the background and history of the project, the course of the research, the fieldwork and survey process, and a summary of the contents of the maps. The project for the Atlas surveyed 930 sites in Chinese dialect speaking regions throughout China and produced 510 maps on Chinese dialect phonetics, lexicon, and grammar. The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects is the world's first atlas to map the distribution of characteristic dialect features based on original fieldwork at the actual dialect sites, and is a pioneering work that reflects the essential outlines of all the Chinese dialects in the 20th century.
湖南省西部地区是一个多民族居住的地区,语言和方言情况相当复杂.文章在实地调查的基础上,介绍湘西汉语方言的基本情况,并讨论一些比较重要的语音特点.文章还根据现行确认湘语的标准,对湘西方言的归属提出建议.
Chinese dialects, with a long history and a rich array, are an important carrier of Chinese regional cultures and, to a great extent, have shaped the multiplicity of Chinese cultures. In the context of globalization, Chinese dialects are rapidly progressing towards integration, which is an irresistible historical trend. However, this trend will, in the long run, affect the multiplicity of Chinese dialects and cultures and the rights of local people to speak their dialects. Therefore, this paper strongly argues for the multiplicity of dialects. It proposes that dialects should be properly treated so as to ensure cultural diversity and moreover, they should play their active roles in our social and cultural life.
