Nanofiltration (NF) is considered to be a promising alternative process for the reuse of wastewater recently. However, membrane fouling is one of the major obstacles for the practical application of NF in the treatment of wastewater. The purpose of this paper is to summarize status of NF membrane fouling in the treatment of wastewater, to thoroughly review the analyze methods and control strategies of membrane fouling, and to propose the future research direction.

The composite salt-tolerant microbe was prepared by the two salt-tolerant bacteria species:Bacillus licheniformis O1 and Bacillus subtilis Y5,which were isolated from the active sludge of a sewage treatment plant.The complex salt-tolerant microorganisms were inoculated into a high saline wastewater biological treatment system in order to quick start.The results demonstrated that a 1 ∶ 1 ratio was best suited to the preparation of the composite salt-tolerant microbe,through repeatedly dosing 10％ (wt％)of composite salt-tolerant microbe,which could help lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) complete the start-up (TOC removal rate ＞ 85％) within 30 days.During the whole start-up period,the removal ratio of TOC was kept at 80％,and the inputting of carriers loaded with the composite salt-tolerant microbe stabilized the treatment efficiency.High-throughput sequencing and an operational taxonomic unit classification showed that the composite salt-tolerant microbe inoculating was responsible for the proportion of O1 and Y5 of the total activated sludge microorganisms increasing from 1.31 to 6.13％ after the process began,indicating that O1 and Y5 had achieved a long-term retention in the lab-scale SBR,and had gradually become the dominant genera.

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化分离得到2株能高效降解模拟高盐生活污水中有机物的菌株,分别命名为O1和Y5,通过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定和Biolog分析,分别为地衣芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌.对盐浓度为3％的模拟高盐生活污水降解5d,结果表明O1菌受温度的影响不明显,当温度为15 ～ 35℃时对有机物的平均去除率约为30％;Y5菌在35℃时对有机物的去除率最高,约为46.5％.将O1和Y5菌悬液以1∶1投加到模拟高盐生活污水中,在25℃条件下反应5d后对有机物的去除率即可达到50％.批量试验表明,O1、Y5复合菌悬液反应3d后对有机物的去除率达到82％,说明O1和Y5复合菌具有处理高盐污水的应用潜力.

新疆地区气候条件和水资源环境较差,由于土地大面积开垦洗盐灌溉,使得地下水矿化度较高.当地能源也较紧张,经济发展和污水处理运行管理人员的技术水平相对落后.针对以上问题,建议在污水生物处理系统中,采用生物强化手段和地埋式构筑物,引入耐盐菌、耐温菌与其他有机物降解菌混合组成生态系统,实现污水生物处理系统的快速启动;采用曝气精确控制模式,基于进水污染物负荷和溶解氧、温度的相互关系,精确控制曝气,实现污水处理的稳定运行和节能降耗;采用远程感知服务平台,对污水站进行远程监控和服务,保证系统稳定运行,实现智慧水务管理目标.

Dynamic iron filings micro-electrolysis/SBR process was used to treat lacquer-making wastewater with COD of 2 110 to 2 660 mg/L.The influence of pH,Fe/C ratio,reaction time and rotation rate on COD removal was investigated,and the neutralization of micro-electrolysis on wastewater pH was studied.The experimental result indicates that the high Fe/C ratio,acid condition,long reaction time and high rotation rate can enhance the COD removal.The micro-electrolysis can neutralize the influent pH.The final effluent COD and BOD5 from SBR are 80 mg/L and 14 mg/L under the conditions of pH 4.6,Fe/C ratio 2 ∶ 1,reaction time 60 minutes and rotation rate 4 r/min.The dynamic micro-electrolysis device does not show passivation after ten days of continual running,which is attributed to the friction between iron filings.

采用常压蒸馏—动态强化微电解—Fenton试剂—中和沉淀工艺处理高浓度增塑剂废水,试验结果表明:经该工艺处理后,原水CODCr由105600mg/L降为44521mg/L,去除率达到57.8%,B/C为0.53,为后续处理创造了良好的条件,该工艺具有可回收有机物、易于工程化等优点。微电解处理过程中产生的Fe2+可作为后续Fenton试剂法的铁源,降低了运行费用。

采用内置式污泥浓缩池的SBR池,在不影响SBR操作的同时,进行污泥的浓缩,使污泥的沉淀与压缩时间由1～2h延长至整个运行周期,因此排出的剩余污泥浓度由原来的06%～08%提高到15%～2%,减少了排泥量和设施的占地面积.将该污泥回流至前端与原水混合时,由于污泥的吸附作用,提高了有机物的降解速率.本文通过工程实践,给出了内置式污泥浓缩池的设计步骤以及运行的一般方法.

分析了水解酸化时间对ＣＯＤＣｒ处理效果的影响，以及ＳＢＲ池内ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率、溶解氧、生物相的变化规律。对实际的生产废水进行了试验研究，结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤＣｒ浓度为１８６０～２７４０ｍｇ／Ｌ，常温条件下，水解酸化水力停留时间为４ｈ，ＳＢＲ池排出比为１∶３，反应时间为８ｈ，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率可达９５％以上。

根据Ａ／Ｏ工艺的基本原理，利用水解酸化——ＳＢＲ工艺对啤酒废水处理进行了试验研究，分析了ＳＢＲ工艺的运行条件及运行方式。动态连续运行试验结果表明，当原水ＣＯＤＣｒ为１６００～２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ、在水解酸化水力停留时间为４ｈ、ＳＢＲ反应时间为６ｈ、水温为２０～２５℃的条件下，ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除率可达９２％以上。