There is a large population and high number of death in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, therefore the amount of cremation and the incineration of sacrificial offerings is also high. Due to the loose pollution control in crematoria, the surrounding environment and human health were affected by the pollutants emitted from crematoria. To further explore the characteristics of pollution emissions from the BTH crematoria, this study carried out on-site emission monitoring of 19 cremators and 6 incinerators of sacrificial offerings in 19 crematoria in this region. The concentrations and chemical components of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the emission levels of other gaseous pollutants from crematoria flue gas were obtained. The emission factors of air pollutants were calculated. Based on the activity level data, the emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from the crematoria was established and its emission reduction potential was analyzed. Results showed that:(1) The average emission concentrations of TSP, CO and NOx from the crematoria in the BTH were seriously exceeding the national standard limits. Flue gas purification devices had significant effect on the removal of pollutants. (2) PM2.5/TSP=0.73 indicated that fine particles accounted for a large proportion in the flue gas of cremator; the concentration of organic matter (OC) was high and accounted for 25.3% in PM2.5. (3) The concentrations of benzene and benzene series, olefins, alkane were high in VOCs, accounting for 88.7%, which might pose health risks to exposed populations. (4) According to the emission inventory, the emissions of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and CO in the BTH crematoria in 2016 decreased by 47.8%, 47.8%, 47.9% and 26.1% respectively compared with those for 2007. The proportion of installation purification devices for crematorium was low in the BTH region and it was common that flue gas discharged directly into atmosphere which had considerable potential of emission reduction.

火葬场遗体火化和祭品焚烧过程中会产生有害大气污染物,导致场所内PM2.5和VOCs排放浓度较高,进而影响周边大气环境质量和人体健康.为探究火葬场场所PM2.5和VOCs浓度水平及其化学组分特征,对国内11家火葬场场所的PM2.5进行样品采集和监测,分析其浓度水平及组分,并对火化车间VOCs进行采样和分析,从而识别了火葬场场所PM2.5和VOCs及其化学组分的排放特征,在此基础上提出相应的控制对策.结果表明:由于焚烧设备密闭性较差及污染控制程度低且废气低空排放,导致火葬场场所PM2.5浓度较高,火化车间PM2.5的平均排放浓度可达670μg·m-3,厂界PM2.5的平均排放浓度为305 μg·m-3,远高于环境空气浓度水平;火葬场场所PM2.5化学组分中有机物占比较高,火化车间VOCs的主要化学组分为烯烃、烷烃、苯及苯系物.为降低火葬场场所的污染浓度,应加强焚烧设备的运行和维护,减少无组织排放,遗体火化机和祭品焚烧炉应安装高效的烟气净化装置,提升污染物的去除效率,保护周边环境和人体健康.

By studying the special characteristics of incinerators, we have developed an on-line monitoring scheme based on PHP and MYSQL technology for incineration equipment. This scheme is capable of immediately monitoring and analyzing the parameters of flue gas, fan, fuel injector and other related parameters tested by incineration detection equipment installed in the incinerator. Moreover, the scheme can remotely send control instructions for the on-line incinerator equipment. The implementation and application of this scheme will increase the efficiency of monitoring on-line incineration equipment and analyzing relevant data.

我国是世界上人口最多的国家,也是人口死亡数量最大的国家,受土地资源等诸多条件的限制,国家对殡葬方式进行了一系列改革.目前,火葬作为国家倡导的一种殡葬方式而被推行,但遗体火化和遗物祭品焚烧过程会产生有害大气污染物,而且由于殡葬行业的特点,烟囱高度普遍较低,大气污染物近地面扩散,从而对周边环境及人体健康产生影响.

The concentrations of PCDD /DFs in flue gases from 10 crematories in different areas of China were measured.The emission concentration of PCDD/DFs ranged 52.01～332.97 ng/m3,and TEQ concentration were 1.27～5.14 ng TEQ/m3for 9 untreated gas samples,while the concentration of 2 treated samples were 16.53 ng/m3,20 ng/m3,and TEQ concentration were 0.39 ng TEQ/m3,0.28 ng TEQ/m3,respectively.In all samples,both the concentration and TEQ of PCDFs were higher than that of PCDDs.The concentration of congeners with less chlorine was higher than the ones with more chlorine.And the levels of PCDD/DFs in soil of 4 areas were also investigated.The results showed that the concentrations of PCDD/DFs in vicinity soil of crematories were below the corresponding soil standards.