Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an allotetraploid crop with extraordinary environmental adaptability. To explore its genetic diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and altitudinal differentiation, we constructed a gene-based pangenome using 11 genomes (7 highland and 4 lowland accessions), comprising 51,298 orthologous groups with 19,653 core pan-genes, suggesting a near-closed pangenome architecture within the sampled accessions. Evolutionary analysis revealed that core pan-genes experienced the strongest purifying selection, whereas private pan-genes exhibited the weakest purifying selection, though the difference was not statistically significant compared to the other three pan-gene sets. Subgenomic asymmetry analysis showed that subgenome A retained fewer single-copy genes than subgenome B, with dosage-sensitive two-copy genes enriched in biotic stress-related domains and tandemly duplicated genes associated with abiotic stress adaptation. Presence/absence variation (PAV) analysis identified 7,477 orthologous groups enriched in highland accessions and 3,549 enriched in lowland accessions. We caution that these counts may be substantially inflated by the uneven sample size (7 highland vs. 4 lowland accessions) and should be interpreted as descriptive enrichment patterns rather than definitive evidence of ecotype divergence. Highland-enriched genes were enriched in transposon-related families and FAR1 domains potentially enhancing genomic plasticity and light signaling, whereas lowland-enriched genes were enriched in nitrogen metabolism and defense-related families. Copy number variation of betalain biosynthetic genes (CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, CqDOPA5-GT) was not the primary driver of seed coat color divergence between highland and lowland ecotypes. Four positively selected genes, including NADH-quinone oxidoreductase and MT-A70, harbor population-specific amino acid substitutions that may contribute to differential adaptation, potentially optimizing photosynthetic metabolism, RNA epigenetic modification, and protein homeostasis. These findings provide insights into the genomic basis of quinoa’s environmental adaptation and altitudinal differentiation, offering a genomic resource for molecular breeding.

Colored wheat is rich in anthocyanins, crude fat, free amino acids, and total nitrogen, yet the genetic basis of these traits remains largely unexplored. This study performed whole-genome resequencing of 57 colored wheat accessions and conducted genome-wide association study using the Chinese Spring genome as reference. A total of 176 stable QTLs were detected, including 26 for anthocyanins with PVE values ranging from 0.23% to 46.41%, 26 for crude fat with PVE from 0.19% to 50.70%, 19 for free amino acids with PVE from 0.96% to 49.01%, and 105 for total nitrogen with PVE from 0.12% to 55.66%. Three KASP markers were successfully developed and validated for anthocyanins, crude fat, and total nitrogen. Single-marker analysis confirmed significant associations with corresponding metabolic traits, though effects on agronomic traits varied among markers. Within the QTL intervals extended by 3 Mb on each side, 15 of 713 annotated genes were prioritized as candidates based on functional relevance. This study provides valuable QTL resources and validated KASP markers for nutritional quality improvement in colored wheat. The pleiotropic effects of these markers on agronomic traits also offer insights for balancing quality and yield in wheat breeding.

Ethylene response factors (ERFs), belonging to the AP2/ERF superfamily, play vital roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. The evolutionary and expression features of the members of the ERF gene family have not yet been extensively analyzed through comprehensive comparative genomics across various diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat genomes. In this study, we identified a total of 2,967 ERF genes across one diploid, two tetraploid, and five hexaploid wheat genomes using the characteristics of conserved domains of ERF proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ERF genes clustered into two main groups. Analyses of expansion of the ERF gene family indicated that the members of IIIc and IX (sub)groups were observed to show the expansion in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat compared to diploid wheat. Tandem duplication was identified as a key mechanism for ERF gene family expansion, with varying proportions across different wheat genomes. Ancient evolutionary evidence was traced using Amborella trichopoda as a reference, revealing the retention of gene copies in both tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. Then, we analyzed the expression of ERF genes under salt stress in Triticum aestivum, identifying 86 consistently up-regulated and 14 down-regulated ERF genes, and reported the stress tolerant and disease resistant ERF genes in hexaploid wheat. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary dynamics and functional features of ERF genes in wheat, paving the way for genetic breeding and molecular improvement of wheat species.

Dear Editor, Soybean(Glycine max)is a critical crop worldwide,renowned as a major source of edible oil and protein.It was domesticated approximately 5000-9000 years ago in China,between latitudes 32°N and 40°N,from its wild progenitor,Glycine soja.In recent years,numerous genome assemblies for both cultivated and wild soybeans have been published,with cultivated soybean ge-nomes even achieving telomere-to-telomere(T2T)completeness(Zhang et al.,2023a,2023b;Wang et al.,2023;Huang et al.,2024).However,considerable genetic variability still exists among different cultivated varieties,as well as between them and their wild relatives.

Lentil（Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris, 2 n = 14） is a cool-season legume with high production potential for multiple uses. However, limited molecular research has been conducted in this species owing to its large genome, which impedes the generation of genome sequences and the development of molecular markers. In this study, more than 1.37 billion filtered clean reads were collected by RNA-Seq of six diverse lentil accessions and217,836 transcripts and 161,095 unigenes were de novo assembled, yielding respectively 257.1 and 240.6 million nucleotides. The mean transcript length was 1180 bp and the N50 and N90 lengths were respectively 2075 and 479 bp. The mean length of the unigenes was 1494 bp and their N50 and N90 values were respectively 2203 and 714 bp. The unigenes were annotated against seven databases. The FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT） gene homolog in lentil showed high protein sequence similarity to the FT gene homologs of pea and alfalfa. On the basis of the RNA-Seq analysis, 26,449 EST-SSR markers were designed in silico, and 276 preliminarily screened markers were selected to evaluate polymorphism in 94 diverse lentil accessions. In total, 125（45.29%） of 276 EST-SSR markers were found to be polymorphic. A total of 130,073 SNP loci were detected and 78（61.41%） of 127 SNPs were successfully converted to KASP markers. Population genetic analyses of the lentil accessions with EST-SSR and KASP markers revealed similar genetic structures, suggesting that the RNA-Seq-generated resources and the developed markers are reliable for use in molecular marker-assisted breeding of lentil.

阐明不同年代主推小麦品种农艺性状的演变规律,可为新品种选育和栽培技术创新提供参考.本研究以山东省不同年代的50个主推品种为材料,分析农艺性状和经济系数等指标的演变规律及其相关性.结果表明,随着年代的推移,主推品种株高呈极显著的降低趋势,每次品种更替株高平均降低6.29 cm;主推品种的千粒重呈极显著的增加趋势,每次品种更替千粒重平均增加1.26 9;单茎经济产量与生物产量呈先降低后升高趋势,且二者之间呈极显著的正相关;经济系数呈显著增加趋势,每次品种更替平均增幅达24.33％;穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可孕小穗数年代间无明显变化趋势;单茎生物产量和经济产量的变化趋势与单产变化趋势不一致,说明协调群体与个体产量关系是提高单产的重要方向.

Glycine soja or wild soybean is the wild ancestor of the soybean, being an important source for property improvement and variety breeding. With abundant wild soybeans, their habitat is undermining, and wild soybeans are facing increasingly threatened in Shandong if measures are not taken yet. Besides, wild soybean germplasm is far from further exploiting or using. The research analyzed status quo and problems of wild soybean germplasm resources conservation and use and proposed countermeasures or suggestions in order to provide references for agricultural crop germplasm conservation and use.

Wild soybean is recognized as the relative wild species of cultivate soybean.China is rich in wild soybean resources. In the past 30 years, domestic scholars have carried out a large quantity of studies on the genetic diversity of wild soybean in China, which have laid the theoretical foundation for the protection and utilization of wild soybean resources. In this paper, the research progress on the genetic diversity of wild soybean in China at the phenotypic, biochemical and molecular levels of wild soybean was reviewed, and the future development of the research on the genetic diversity of wild soybean was introduced.

To provide a better reference for conservation and utilization of wild soybean (Glycine soja), this study summarized the status of in-situ conservation, resource collection and ex-situ conservation of the germplasm resources of wild soybean in Shandong Province, as well as wild soybean utilization in forage and breeding. It analyzed a series of problems existing in current protection and utilization, such as, serious damages in original habitats, insufficient attention and efforts to the protection of intellectual property rights, and research potential of the germplasm utilization. This study pointed out the strategies concerning the accelerated conservation and utilization of germplasm resources of wild soybean in Shandong Province, with an attempt to provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources.

作物种质资源是新品种选育的物质基础,是事关粮食生产、生态安全与农业可持续发展的战略资源.建设科学、环保、节能的中期库对于种质资源保护至关重要.由于中期库建设涉及学科广且没有统一的设计规范,因此其建设与应用困难重重.笔者从中期库制冷系统关键参数人手,计算了中期库制冷负荷,确定了关键系统方案,并根据计算结果与设计方案,探讨了中期库设备选型,同时对库体及监测系统的构建提出了具体要求,以期为种质库的设计和设备选型提供参考与借鉴.

山东省农作物种质资源丰富多样,但长久以来缺乏统一、有效的保存管理,许多珍贵的种质资源面临丢失和灭绝的危险.本文简要阐述了建设山东省农作物种质资源库的必要性,详细介绍了山东省农作物种质资源库的类型、功能、技术指标及入库保存和运行服务情况,以期为其他单位建设种质资源库提供参考.

Crop germplasm resources are material bases for breeding of new varieties, and strategic re-sources for food production, ecological security and agricultural sustainable development.Constructing a scientif-ic, environmental-friendly and energy-saving medium-term genebank is very important for preserving crop germplasm resources.However, the construction of medium-term genebank involves a wide range of subjects and lacks of unified standard, which might result in many difficulties in the process of construction and applica-tion.According to the key parameters of refrigeration system for medium-term genebank, the cooling load was calculated and key system schemes were determined in this paper.Based on the calculation results and designing schemes, the equipment selection was discussed and the standards for construction of bank and monitoring sys-tem were proposed.It would provide references for germplasm genebank design and equipment selection.

17 introduced oat varieties had been cultivated in severe salt soil of the Yellow River delta area for one year.The trail showed that BY-2 and BY-7 were the best to grow on salt tolerance among 17 oat varieties.BY-2 and BY-7 became better in germinating stage and booting stage and heading stage.The height of BY-7 was nearly 50 cm.The yield of BY-7 was 600 kg·hm-2. The dry matter content of By-2 was 35.9% being as silage.

This study focused on the investigation of crop germplasm resources in coastal areas of Shandong province,including 132 villages in 82 towns of 34 counties.The survey collected local varieties and wild resources of grain crops,economic crops,vegetables,and fruit trees,with the total of 848 collected samples which belonged to 54 species of 40 genera in 15 families.In this study,local situation,growth,and decline conditions of crop germplasm resources were analyzed.Besides,the botanical classification and utilization importance of crop germplasm resources were estimated.Furthermore,the conservation,development,and utilization of crop germplasm resources in coastal areas of Shandong province were also discussed in the paper.

In this study,authors determined the Develop-trend of Trichoderma aureoviride 1010(T1010) colonization and the effect on solar-greenhouse arable layer soil environment by regulating soil bulk density and water stable aggregate,and hope to gain information for the application of T1010 to regulate the physical properties of soil in solar-greenhouse.The experiments were carried on the soil in solar-greenhouse of Shouguang with tomato continuous cropping from August 1 to December 31 in 2007,and the experiment had two treatments(T1010 and 1/2 T1010) with conventional production areas as control,the treatments and control repeated for four times.Results indicated that,with the treatment of T1010,the T1010 colonization were increased by 106.6 %,232.7 %,279.4 % and 300.8 %,and the soil water stable aggregate of 0.25mm increased by 36.5 %,44.8 %,51.4 % and 63.7 %,soil bulk density decreased by 2.5 %,7.7 %,8.3 % and 11.5 %,respectively compared to the control at September 1,October 1,November 15,and December 27,in 2007.In general,with the growth period passed,T1010 colonization and soil water stable aggregate presented uptrend,and soil bulk density presented to drop tendency in solar-greenhouse.The results of analyses on Pearson Correlation indicated that there were higher correlated level between T1010 colonization and soil water stable aggregate,the correlation coefficients reached to 0.95905,and higher correlated level between T1010 colonization and soil bulk density,the correlation coefficients reached to-0.96160.It showed that T1010 could be common in the solar-greenhouse soil and tomato root ecosystems,and enhanced the solar-greenhouse soil environment efficiently by arousing the reduction of soil bulk density with the increase of water stable aggregate.And they could promote the yield formation and product quality improvement of tomato by making good influence on the growth of roots,stems and leaves.

Personality charmand wise stories the image of Zhuge Liang displays is one of the most wonderful part in Romance of the Three Kingdoms.But even the wise men are not always free from error.The paper analyzes the reasons why Zhuge Liang died in the camp ground before seeing victory and Shu state declined quickly from the perspective of Zhuge Liang's disturbance of daily life and fault of personnel arrangement and military mistakes.

A library consisting of 1123 single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) in the same genetic back-ground of an elite rice variety Huajingxian74 (HJX74) was evaluated for heading date. From this library, two SSSLs, W23-03-8-9-1 and W15-03-1-31, with substitution segments on chromosome 3 and 2, respectively, were found to have significantly different heading date from the recipient HJX74. For genetic dissection and epistatic interaction of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for heading date in two SSSLs, three secondary SSSLs with smaller substitution segments and genic pyramiding lines (GPLs) were developed from an F(2) segregating population of a cross between the two donor SSSLs, W23-03-8-9-1 and W15-03-1-31, using marker-assisted selection (MAS). The QTL analysis revealed that QTL for heading date detected in SSSL W23-03-08-9-1 was genetically dissected into two QTLs, qHD3-1 and qHD3-2, by overlapping mapping. At the same time, one QTL, qHD2-1 in the donor SSSL W15-03-1-31 was also identified. Analysis of GPLs for heading date showed epistatic interactions between qHD3-1 and qHD3-2, between qHD3-1 and qHD2-1, and between qHD3-2 and qHD2-1. These QTLs and epistatic interactions were confirmed in three cropping seasons under different natural daylength conditions, and their physiological functions for heading date were performed.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mil1.) is temperate– loving plant, it was often under chilling stress during winter production in solar-greenhouse, and its efficiency of photosynthesis could get serious influence. In this study, the authors determined whetherTrichoderma aureoviride 1010 (T1010) enhances the photosynthetic physiology of tomato under low temperature in solar-greenhouse or not through soil improvement with T1010, and hoped to gain information for the application of T1010 to regulate the photosynthetic physiology of tomato under chilling stress. The treatments and control repeated for four times. The results of ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in data of the photosynthetic physiology of tomato functional leaves and yield. Among these treatments, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid of functional leaves during the initial blooming stage of tomato treated with T1010 had been increased by 34.37%, 34.67% and 32.19% than that of control, respectively, and the range of reduction of Fv/ Fm treated with T1010 had been decreased by 48.73% than that of control. And the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid of functional leaves during the mid-term of gains of tomato treated with T1010 had been increased by 21.77% , 58.54% and 50.53% than that of control, respectively, and the range of reduction of Fv/Fm treated with T1010 had been decreased by 35.03% than that of control. And among these treatments, the dry weight of single functional leaf, weight of single fruit and yield treated with T1010 had been increased by 42.69%, 30.46% and 20.00% than that of control, respectively. It showed that T1010 had good influence on the photosynthetic physiology of tomato functional leaves and yield under low temperature in solar-greenhouse.

采用黄绿木霉T1010(Trichoderma aureoviride 10 10)制剂处理山东寿光日光温室番茄连作土壤,通过人工控制日光温室内温度(白天16±2℃,夜间8±2℃),使供试番茄经过3 d亚低温胁迫,分别测定其第3功能叶和根系的耐冷生理指标,探索黄绿木霉T1010对亚低温胁迫下番茄保护酶系统、非酶抗氧化物质类胡萝卜素、抗寒基因表达启动因素脱落酸(ABA),以及细胞内渗透调节保护物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖等耐冷生理指标的影响.结果表明:与常规生产区(对照)相比,黄绿木霉T1010处理番茄功能叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力分别提高266.33%、16.85%、20.89%、632.89%,类胡萝卜素、脱落酸(ABA)、脯氨酸、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉含量分别提高50.53%、119.40%、55.38%、128.57%和23.40%;番茄根系SOD、CAT、POD及PPO活力分别提高274.10%、69.06%、8.26%、164.14%,脯氨酸、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉含量分别提高49.81%、66.00%和86.76%.1/2黄绿木霉T1010处理番茄功能叶以上耐冷生理指标除可溶性糖含量比对照有所降低外,其他指标均有不同程度的提高;番茄根系的相关耐冷生理指标则有不同程度的降低.ANOVA 分析显示,亚低温胁迫下不同处理间日光温室番茄以上耐冷生理指标差异均达极显著水平.由此可见,在土壤有机质比较充裕的条件下,黄绿木霉T1010对亚低温胁迫下日光温室番茄功能叶和根系保护酶系统、类胡萝卜素、ABA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖等耐冷生理指标均有不同程度的积极影响.