Increasing evidence indicates a strong correlation between the deposition of cuticular waxes and drought tolerance. However, the precise regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) near-isogenic lines, the glaucous line G-JM38 rich in cuticular waxes and the non-glaucous line NG-JM31. We identified 85,143 protein-coding mRNAs, 4,485 lncRNAs, and 1,130 miRNAs. Using the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and endogenous target mimic (eTM) prediction, we discovered that lncRNA35557 acted as an eTM for the miRNA tae-miR6206, effectively preventing tae-miR6206 from cleaving the NAC transcription factor gene TaNAC018. This lncRNA-miRNA interaction led to higher transcript abundance for TaNAC018 and enhanced drought-stress tolerance. Additionally, treatment with mannitol and abscisic acid (ABA) each influenced the levels of tae-miR6206, lncRNA35557, and TaNAC018 transcript. The ectopic expression of TaNAC018 in Arabidopsis also improved tolerance toward mannitol and ABA treatment, whereas knocking down TaNAC018 transcript levels via virus-induced gene silencing in wheat rendered seedlings more sensitive to mannitol stress. Our results indicate that lncRNA35557 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to modulate TaNAC018 expression by acting as a decoy target for tae-miR6206 in glaucous wheat, suggesting that non-coding RNA has important roles in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for wheat stress tolerance.

为探索山东省小麦近年来产量及其相关性状的改良情况,为小麦育种和生产提供参考,以济麦22为对照,对2010—2015年度山东省参加小麦高肥区域试验的1211份品系的产量、产量构成因素及其相关性状进行分析.结果表明,济麦22生育期呈显著下降趋势,株高显著增加,容重下降,成穗数呈增加趋势,穗粒数和千粒重下降,但产量平均每年升高95 kg/hm2.供试材料的生育期总体呈缩短趋势,株高缓慢下降,容重与济麦22差距逐渐缩小.供试材料总体呈减产趋势,其中增产幅度超过3％的材料仅14.86％,提高产量的育种难度加大.从产量三因素看,通过增加穗粒数来提高产量的风险非常大,千粒重的改良也因其较高的遗传力较难实现,而成穗数遗传多样性相对丰富,因此,在增强抗倒伏性的基础上增加成穗数,目前可能更容易实现.LS系列与烟农系列材料增产效果较好,主要原因也是成穗数较高.

小麦是我国重要的口粮作物,面条、面包优质兼用小麦更适合我国国情,淀粉理化特性改良是当前选育优质兼用小麦品种的关键.本文综述了选育优质兼用小麦的重要性、可行性以及淀粉理化特性对面条、面包品质的影响及其调控,以期为小麦品质遗传改良提供参考.兼用优质小麦蛋白和面团特性接近优质面包小麦,淀粉理化特性明显优于优质面包小麦,与优质面条小麦相近,具体表现为直链淀粉含量较低,支链淀粉短链比例较高,中链比例较低,小淀粉粒比例较高,中型淀粉粒比例较低,淀粉糊化和膨胀特性好.淀粉理化特性主要源于品种差异,受一系列淀粉合成酶的调控,并受环境因素的巨大影响,因此应进一步加强遗传育种和栽培研究.

为研究氩气贮藏对玉米种子寿命的影响,本研究以郑单958为材料,对氩气贮藏和空气贮藏两种方式下玉米种子的活力、丙二醛(MDA)和H2 O2含量、抗氧化酶活性进行测定分析.结果显示,在空气和氩气贮藏条件下,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均随着老化时间的延长而逐渐降低,但氩气贮藏条件下发芽指标的降速较缓;种子的相对电导率、MDA含量和H2 O2含量均随老化时间的延长逐渐升高,但氩气贮藏的各值均低于空气贮藏;玉米种胚中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性都表现出先增加后降低的趋势,但氩气贮藏的酶活性显著高于空气贮藏.表明,氩气贮藏减缓了种子活力及SOD、APX活性的降低,减少了H2 O2和MDA的积累量,降低了电导率的增加,能在一定程度上延缓玉米种子的老化进程.

为了解叶片衰老抑制基因PSAG12-IPT在小麦遗传改良中的作用,利用共表达PSAG12和IPT的转基因小麦材料(TIPT-XN1376)与推广小麦品种陕麦159、周麦18、远丰175、西农979和郑麦9023杂交,并对其后代进行分子标记辅助选择和叶绿素含量测定,研究PS4G12-IPT基因在小麦中的遗传特点及其与衰老和叶片叶绿素含量的关系.结果表明,150个转基因株系中,携带PSAG12-IPT植株与不携带PSAG12-IPT植株的分离比为110 ∶ 40,x2检验表明,符合3:1的分离特点,说明PSAG12-IPT基因以单基因形式在子代中稳定遗传.携带PSAG12-IPT的F2株系平均叶绿素含量(55.4 mg·g-1)比不携带PSAG12-IPT的F2株系(51.7 mg·g-1)提高7％,说明PS412-IPT基因能够降低植株叶片叶绿素的降解速率,使叶片维持较长持绿时间,延缓叶片衰老.

为了探索SNP标记技术在菜豆真实性和品种纯度鉴定中的应用,采用2b-RAD技术对200份国内外菜豆品种进行全基因组扫描、分析和评价,从中筛选出3302个高分辨率、单拷贝和分布比较均匀的SNP标记,可以将除2个近等基因材料以外的198份品种资源区分开.基于组合最优化算法,利用Haploview 4.2软件获得了菜豆资源鉴定最少SNP位点组合一套,包含46个Tag-SNP标记,与3302个SNP标记区分结果相同.本研究可为菜豆真实性和品种纯度鉴定技术体系的建立和指纹数据库的构建奠定基础.

Wheat cultivars that produce good-quality bread and noodles are important for the food industry and starch physicochemical properties greatly influence the reprocessing quality. In this study, six types of cultivars differing in bread and noodle quality were compared for starch characteristics and for future quality improvement. All six types exhibited significantly different starch physicochemical properties including starch components, amylopectin chain length distribution, granule size and distribution, pasting, swelling, and gelatinization. Most parameters investigated were significantly correlated with bread- and noodle-making performance, confirming significant effects of starch properties on wheat end-use quality. The ratio of amylopectin/amylose contents, proportion of amylopectin short chains (2 <= DP <= 10), amount of C-type starch granules, pasting peak viscosity and gelatinization conclusion temperature (T-c) were effective indicators for improvement of wheat processing quality, and cultivars with those parameters in ranges of 2.1-2.6, 47.8-51.0%, 36.2-46.7%, 2890-3450 cP, and 68.5-69.6 degrees C, respectively, would yield superior bread- and/or noodle-making quality.

对国外引进的234份豌豆种质资源进行适应性种植,并对其生长习性、生育期、粒色、鲜荚色、耐寒性等性状进行调查研究.结果表明:234份豌豆种质中的大部分生长习性为直立型(152份),占总种质的64.96％;全生育期变幅为68～125天,平均96天;筛选出生育期≤75天的早熟种质5份、紫黑色籽粒种质4份、紫色鲜荚种质2份、耐寒性高抗(HR)种质28份、综合性状良好种质8份.

以科诺22074号豌豆为材料,设置不同播种时期下不同栽培模式试验,即:10月20日覆膜播种(A)、11月25日覆膜播种(B)、11月25日露地直播(C)、3月5日覆膜播种(D)、3月5日露地直播(CK),研究其对产量的影响.结果表明:4种栽培模式较对照均有明显增产效果,其中以10月20日覆膜播种(A)增产效果最为显著.

The 14-3-3 gene family members play key roles in various cellular processes. However, little is known about the numbers and roles of 14-3-3 genes in wheat. The aims of this study were to identify TaGF14 numbers in wheat by searching its whole genome through blast, to study the phylogenetic relationships with other plant species and to discuss the functions of TaGF14s. The results showed that common wheat harbored 20 TaGF14 genes, located on wheat chromosome groups 2, 3, 4, and 7. Out of them, eighteen TaGF14s are non-ε proteins, and two wheat TaGF14 genes, TaGF14i and TaGF14f, are ε proteins. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes were divided into six clusters: cluster 1 (TaGF14d, TaGF14g, TaGF14j, TaGF14h, TaGF14c, and TaGF14n); cluster 2 (TaGF14k); cluster 3 (TaGF14b, TaGF14l, TaGF14m, and TaGF14s); cluster 4 (TaGF14a, TaGF14e, and TaGF14r); cluster 5 (TaGF14i and TaGF14f); and cluster 6 (TaGF14o, TaGF14p, TaGF14q, and TaGF14t). Tissue-specific gene expressions suggested that all TaGF14s were likely constitutively expressed, except two genes, i.e., TaGF14p and TaGF14f. And the highest amount of TaGF14 transcripts were observed in developing grains at 20 days post anthesis (DPA), especially for TaGF14j and TaGF14l. After drought stress, five genes, i.e., TaGF14c, TaGF14d, TaGF14g, TaGF14h, and TaGF14j, were up-regulated expression under drought stress for both 1 and 6 h, suggesting these genes played vital role in combating against drought stress. However, all the TaGF14s were down-regulated expression under heat stress for both 1 and 6 h, indicating TaGF14s may be negatively associated with heat stress by reducing the expression to combat heat stress or through other pathways. These results suggested that cluster 1, e.g., TaGF14j, may participate in the whole wheat developing stages, e.g., grain-filling (starch biosynthesis) and may also participate in combating against drought stress. Subsequently, a homolog of TaGF14j, TaGF14-JM22, were cloned by RACE and used to validate its function. Immunoblotting results showed that TaGF14-JM22 protein, closely related to TaGF14d, TaGF14g, and TaGF14j, can interact with AGP-L, SSI, SSII, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb in developing grains, suggesting that TaGF14s located on group 4 may be involved in starch biosynthesis. Therefore, it is possible to develop starch-rich wheat cultivars by modifying TaGF14s.

先玉696和先玉335是亲缘关系比较近的2个品种,不仅外观形态一样,而且生化技术亦无法鉴别,本实验采用SSR分子标记技术,选用合适的引物,成功的将其区分开,避免了实验前期为筛选引物而耗费大量的时间和财物;同时在扩增产物的检测过程中采用8％的非变性凝胶电泳,比之变性胶电泳操作更为简便,此方法的应用可以为种子检验的同行提供一个便捷的实验途径.

In order to ascertain the effect of artificial aging on ultraweak luminescence (UWL) and the correlation between UWL and seed vigor,and explore a new way of seed vigor non-destructive testing,seeds of wheat variety ‘Jimai 22’ were used to study the change of UWL intensity and its relationship to seed vigor and ATP content during artificial aging.The results showed that with the extension of artificial aging time,the germination percentage,germination potential,germination index,UWL intensity and ATP content decreased gradually;after artificial aging for 48 h,they were reduced by 19.19％,34.34％,38.78％,27.77％ and 13.84％,respectively,compared with CK.Correlation analysis indicated that the UWL intensity was significantly positive correlated with germination percentage,germination potential,germination index and ATP content.It was concluded that UWL as a fast,nondestructive and sensitive detection method could be applied in the study of seed vigor non-destructive testing.

The seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) variety Zhengdan 958 were used to study the change of ultraweak luminescence (UWL) intensity and its relationship with seed vigor,relative electric conductivity and ATP content during artificial aging.The results indicated that the germination percentage,germination potential,germination index,UWL intensity and ATP content decreased gradually,while the relative electric conductivity increased with the prolongation of artificial aging.The correlation analysis showed that UWL intensity was significantly positively correlated with germination percentage,germination potential,germination index and ATP content,while significantly negatively correlated with relative electric conductivity.It was concluded that UWL was closely related to the energy level symbolized by ATP content,and as a fast nondestructive physical indicator with better sensitivity,it could be applied into the study of seed vigor nondestructive testing.

Drought stress leads to dramatic annual yield losses in wheat, while cuticular wax plays important roles in drought resistance; therefore, wax is vital for improving wheat drought tolerance and productivity. The wax confers essential ecophysiological functions, including the prevention of non-stomatal water loss and gas exchange, protection of plant from ultraviolet light or high irradiation, and other abiotic and biotic stress. Cutic-ular wax biosynthesis is very complex, and a number of genes involved in wax biosynthesis have been charac-terized recently mostly from model plantArabidopsis, as well as transcription factors (TFs) involved in the reg-ulation of wax biosynthesis. Cuticular wax biosynthesis is regulated transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally; however, transcriptional regulation is considered to be the major regulatory mechanism. It has been indicated that drought can induce increased wax deposition, together with varied composition and morphology. Meanwhile, increased amounts of cuticular wax have been associated with improved drought tol-erance. Physiological studies in wheat found that wax signiifcantly increased the photosynthesis to transpiration ratio in greenhouse experiments, and increased grain and biomass yield in irrigated and rainfed ifeld experi-ments. The β-diketone pathway speciifc in wheat predominates in the reproductive stages. Despite its adaptive importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying variation in wheat wax especially for β-diketone and its as-sociation with drought tolerance remain to be investigated systematically.

对低温保存不同年份小麦、大豆、玉米、水稻种子的发芽率和发芽势进行测定,利用荧光素酶-荧光素生物发光法结合标准ATP样品曲线对相应作物种子的ATP含量进行测定,之后再用DPS软件对ATP含量与发芽势数据进行回归分析.结果表明:4种作物种子的发芽率和发芽势均随保存时间延长而降低,其中发芽势降低更为明显;同一品种不同保存年限的种子ATP含量差异明显,即随着保存年限的延长,ATP含量明显降低;大粒种子前期降低速率快后期相对平缓,小粒种子一直呈平缓降低状态;利用DPS软件对4种作物种子的ATP含量与发芽势数据进行回归分析,显示其回归系数均达到显著或极显著水平.因此可通过ATP含量测定结果有效预测作物的种子活力.

为了探索一种快捷、无损、准确测定种子活力的方法,选取不同贮存年限的小麦、玉米、大豆、水稻等4种作物,测量其超微弱发光强度,将作出的曲线与发芽率和发芽势曲线进行比较分析,结果表明,不同作物间因其自身的特性,超弱发光值存在明显的差异;同一品种不同保存年限的种子超弱发光能力差异明显,其超弱发光强度与贮存时间呈负相关,且与其发芽势变化呈现极强的正相关;建立了不同作物基于超弱发光的种子活力预测模型,延迟发光拟合曲线可间接反映种子的活力.因此,通过测定种子的自发发光和延迟发光参数及做出的拟合曲线,可以快速、无损地判断储藏种子活力的高低,确保种子的安全贮存与适时更新.

以大豆‘中黄13’为材料,研究人工老化后大豆种子活力及线粒体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(ASC-GSH)循环的变化.结果表明,随老化时间的延长,大豆种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著下降;老化种子的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量随着老化时间的延长逐渐增大,超氧阴离子(O2·)产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;与对照相比,老化种子中线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶(Cox)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性显著下降,呼吸速率和呼吸控制率(RCR)显著降低;老化种子中线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性以及总ASC和GSH含量显著降低,说明老化导致活性氧(ROS)代谢异常,线粒体呼吸功能及ASC-GSH循环紊乱.ROS的过量积累可能是导致种子活力丧失的主要原因.

To provide a better reference for conservation and utilization of wild soybean (Glycine soja), this study summarized the status of in-situ conservation, resource collection and ex-situ conservation of the germplasm resources of wild soybean in Shandong Province, as well as wild soybean utilization in forage and breeding. It analyzed a series of problems existing in current protection and utilization, such as, serious damages in original habitats, insufficient attention and efforts to the protection of intellectual property rights, and research potential of the germplasm utilization. This study pointed out the strategies concerning the accelerated conservation and utilization of germplasm resources of wild soybean in Shandong Province, with an attempt to provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources.

Mung bean is one of the major legume crops in China,and its nutritional quality and processing quality directly affect the development of mung bean processing industry.In order to promote the development of mung bean processing industry,the research progress of mung bean quality characteristics,including physical quality,nutritional quality,medicinal value and the processing quality,were summarized based on literatures both at home and abroad,and the current exploitation status of starch,protein,dietary fiber,resistant starch,flavonoids and superoxide dismutase of mung bean was also reviewed.In order to promote the development of mung bean processing industry,it should strengthen the research on quality characteristics and functional ingredients of mung bean,pay attention to the development of healthy products,improve the processing technology,and cultivate a group of leading mung bean processing companies with strong competence in the market.