炼化企业生产装置防腐保温工程涉及安全、节能、费用和环保等诸多方面,其效果对工艺过程控制、安全生产及节能减碳等方面均具有重要意义.中国石化建立了以"全寿命周期总成本最低"为目标的防腐保温质量提升管理体系,制定了炼化企业防腐保温应用与管理等方面的管理制度和技术规范.通过开展防腐保温工程质量提升与监督工作,取得了良好效果:炼化企业防腐工程质量优良率由23％提升到55％,不及格率从41％下降到3％;保温工程优秀率由0％提升到19％,能效超标率从22.2％下降到6.1％.炼化企业防腐保温工程质量提升效果显著,实现了生产装置节能减碳和安全运行的目标.

石油化工企业管道保温的效果关系到安全、节能、投资经济性等诸多方面,对装置操作安全、工艺介质温度、降低能耗等方面均具有重要意义.文章总结了 27家石油化工企业保温工程的典型问题,在材料及结构选用方面,存在保温材料选用不当、保温层厚度不合理及保温结构单一的问题.施工过程质量方面,针对保温层施工、保护层施工等环节统计了各类问题出现的频次,数据表明弯头施工为保温施工过程中的薄弱环节.探讨了各类问题发生的原因和可能产生的后果,并针对成品保护环节提出了相应的改进措施与建议.

纳米气凝胶绝热材料是一种具有纳米多孔结构、导热系数最低的固体新型材料,由于缺乏传热基础参数,造成使用厚度偏差较大,成为制约该材料推广应用的瓶颈.文中利用管道保温试验装置模拟工况,采用纳米气凝胶绝热材料作为保温层,使用稳态法测量表面热流量,通过傅里叶定律计算得到纳米气凝胶绝热材料在tm 温度时的导热系数,从而拟合出纳米气凝胶绝热材料的传热方程,再利用Excel软件结合试差法自编程序对纳米气凝胶复合保温结构各层厚度进行计算.纳米气凝胶绝热材料和传统保温材料形成复合保温结构是最优使用方式,其中"纳米气凝胶毡+硅酸铝针刺毯"、"纳米气凝胶毡+硅酸钙"综合费用最小,可作为设备及管道保温的优选结构.

近些年来,气凝胶毡作为一种高效绝热材料广泛应用于石化行业中,在实际的配管工程中采用"气凝胶毡+传统保温材料"的复合保温结构,既能提高管道的保温性能,又能减少其保温层的厚度,同时保证了保温工程的经济性.在DN300、介质温度为400℃的管道上设计了一系列实验,探究复合保温结构中气凝胶毡保温层最适宜的厚度,并将气凝胶毡分别与硅酸铝针刺毯及岩棉等传统保温材料复合,逐一对比各自的保温性能.

针对目前石油化工企业蒸汽管道散热损失较大的现状,从蒸汽管道保温层材料、结构的选择以及经济厚度算法进行研究,设计了5种不同保温结构的试验方案,在中石化某企业一段中压蒸汽管道上进行了工业试验.相比改造前的保温结构,采用经济厚度、双层异材和复合保温结构减小了散热损失;气凝胶毡保温结构可有效地减少保温层厚度,提高管道的排布效率.

介绍了热媒自循环技术的基本原理,研究了其对加热炉低温露点腐蚀防护的作用.结果表明,该技术能够在无动力输送热媒的基础上,通过热媒相变实现热媒自动循环,通过烟气酸露点温度和排烟温度的联锁实现热媒循环量的自动调节,使加热炉的排烟温度始终高于酸露点温度5～10℃,从而避免了余热回收系统换热设备产生露点腐蚀,为炼油化工企业消除加热炉"节能减排"的瓶颈提供了一条有效途径.

As the blowing efficiency of gas soot blower is not satisfactory in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants, the soot blower is tested in a 1 : 1 blower pilot plant to locate the problems in respect of soot blowing time, soot blowing media pressure, arrangement of soot blower nozzles and construction of soot blower of the applied soot blowing technology. The measures for improving the gas soot blowing efficiency are discussed in the above-mentioned 4 aspects. The soot blowing efficiency is high in the early stage of soot deposition because of little soot deposition on tube surface. The application of co-axial double-tube soot blower can minimize the pressure drop of the soot blowing media when entering the nozzle, which can elevate the dynamic energy of soot blowing gas in soot blowing pipe. Different arrangements of blowing nozzles should be designed for different furnaces so that the blowing nozzle is directly pointing to the back of each tube. For the convection section or pre-heater where there are a greater number of tube groups, the addition of oblique blowing nozzle is good for blowing out soot on 3rd -5th tube groups.

On the basis of flue gas low-temperature dew point corrosion hazard and dew point corrosion temperature testing conditions, the mechanisms and application cases of assessing the flue gas dew point corrosion using S-660 dew point testing system are described in detail. The system can not only accurately testthe flue gas dew point corrosion temperature and SO, and SO3 in the gas but also estimate the degree of possible corrosion and calculate the minimum metal skin temperature required to avoid the acid corrosion, which provides a valuable basis for corrosion protection.

With the increase of hydrogen content, various combustilities of hydrogen-rich fuel gasses gradually approach those of hydrogen gases. These can be mainly showed as following: (1) easy firing with low ignition energy; (2) high burning rate with a small burning zone and short flame; (3) very high flame transfer rate of pre-mixed gas and serious flareback when running at low load; (4) low energy radiant emittance of flame to furnace tubes. These will result in local heat accumulation at the outlet of burner, very high temperature of flue gas, uneven distribution of temperature in furnace and damage of nozzles. According to the above analysis, attentions which should be paid in designing burners for hydrogen-rich fuel gases were explored, and the "combustion weakening" principles which should be complied with in design were proposed. Namely, the outside mixing burning mode, greater diameter of fuel gas nozzle, smaller angle included between streams of fuel gas and air, short flame pot, once airing, high pressure of fuel gas and low temperature of burning air and others Should be selected for burners hydrogen-rich gases. These principles have been successfully applied in the design of the HDH type burner for hydrogen-rich fuel gases.