The glycolytic pathway has significant metabolic significance in rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is a key enzyme in glycolysis, regulated by conformational changes in various cytoplasmic substances, particularly fructose-2,6-diphosphate (F-2,6-BP). The level of F-2,6-BP is closely related to the activity of the bifunctional enzyme PFK-2/FBPase-2 (PFKFB), which regulates the synthesis and degradation of F-2,6-BP. The known PFKFB isoenzymes include PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4, and their level changes in disease states have been widely studied. This review focuses on the upregulation of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 expression in cancer tissues and their roles in carcinogenesis. It summarizes the latest research on PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4 in tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy, aiming to provide literature references for future glycolysis research. In addition, this review also explores the development of novel drugs targeting these isoenzymes and discusses the potential application of PFKFB inhibitors in combination therapy, which may be a key strategy for future cancer treatment.

The success of river chief system is spurring more types of chiefs in Chinese cities. This trend of chiefdomization can be viewed as a case of institutional borrowing: institutions in one field borrowing power from those in another field. In an authoritarian country, institutional borrowing often takes the form of imposing bureaucracy on natural resources and public goods, a change from open institutions to public institutions. It is argued that conditions for successful change include a collective “bad” being produced and severe mismatch between its consumer and producer. Several characteristics of the city make the institutional change difficult: people's high mobility, little mismatch between consumer and producer, difficulty in controlling open access as well as no physical collective good being produced. The case of chiefdomization in China illustrates the above analyses. Despite all the problems of chiefdomization, the trend may continue as long as bureaucracy remains a powerful institution in the country.

Spatial distribution of urban institutions or property rights is an interesting but little studied topic. This paper analyzes the spatial pattern of homeowners associations (HOAs) in Chongqing, China. By combining data from different sources including a telephone survey, logit models are estimated for the incidence of HOAs. It is found that distance to the nearest subcenter is negatively associated with the probability of forming an HOA in a private community. In contrast, distance to the city center is not significant. A fundamental dilemma is also identified with regard to structural variables such as community size and heterogeneity of interests. Although bigger and more heterogeneous communities have higher potential demand for HOAs to facilitate collective decision-making, forming an HOA is by itself a collective decision that is more difficult to make in those communities. The results of the tradeoff, in the case of Chongqing, are that community size is positively associated with the incidence of HOAs while the number of building types, a measure of heterogeneity of property interests, is negatively associated with the probability of forming an HOA.

Cities in transitional economies have experienced rising mobility and the simultaneous evolution of urban governance. This paper explores the relationship between both inter-city migration and intra-city residential mobility and urban governance, especially in the Chinese city, through theoretical reasoning and synthesizing previous works. While acknowledging that inter-city migration may force cities to improve urban governance through the agglomeration economy, I argue that, by weakening wage capitalization, inter-city migration strengthens property interests in urban governance, pushing it towards the progrowth model. The same mechanism applies to intra-city mobility. Besides, rising mobility weakens social control in the Chinese city, which faces a dilemma: grassroots governments are expected to strengthen social control after the decline of work unit, but they are gradually marginalized in private gated communities that are dominant in Chinese cities. The observed downward turn of residential mobility for local residents in the 2000s and continuously rising mobility for migrants are partly due to the homeownership effect and, as I emphasized in this paper, partly due to the protection for property owners from territorial organizations and urban governance at large.

Purpose International research has found that Homeowners Association (HOA) is capitalized in housing price in the West. Is that result applicable in Chinese cities? In China there is also widespread applause for HOA. Will that leave trail in the housing market? This paper aims to answers these questions by presenting empirical evidence from 113 private gated communities in Chongqing, China. Design/methodology/approach The data set comes from three different sources including a telephone survey. The research methodology includes hedonic models with an endogenous dummy variable of the presence of HOA in a community. Findings HOA is not capitalized in housing price. Research limitations/implications The empirical finding helps to explain why about 80% of private communities in big Chinese cities have not formed an HOA. Originality/value This is the first empirical study on HOA capitalization in housing price in China.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S88253.].

Coase’ famous paper on durability and monopoly starts with an example of a land monopolist, who turns out to be difficult to find in the real world. The Chinese constitution stipulates that all urban land is owned by the government, thus making Chinese cities a natural experiment for the Coase Conjecture on land monopoly. This paper uses land-leasing data in 290 prefecture-level cities in China to test the existence of strategic behaviors in local governments as land monopolists. The estimation shows with both a simple linear regression model and a random trend model that, after controlling for city size, urban growth and income, land prices decline over time. We also found that the results for land price through negotiation and that through tender, auction and listing (TAL) are very different. This suggests that the local government’s monopoly power in the market of industrial land, which are mostly sold through negotiation, is much weaker than in the market of residential and commercial land, which are mostly sold through TAL. In conclusion, this paper supports the argument that urban land is a special type of durable goods and urban land monopolists act strategically.

Medical device residuals cause harmful effects and diseases in the human body, such as Particle Disease (PD), but the biological interaction of different types of particles is unclear. In this study, after a biological interaction screen between different particles, we aimed to explore the mechanism of the biological interaction between different types of particles, and the effect of a proteasome inhibitor on PD. Our studies showed that the titanium oxide microscale particle (Ti-μ) was more toxic than the aluminum oxide nanoscale particle (Al-n). Al-n activated LAP, attenuated the macrophage M1 polarization, inhibited the activator of the NF-κB pathway, and blocked the secretion of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in vitro, and also prevented the inflammation tissue disorder and aseptic loosening in vivo induced by Ti-μ. What is more, Bortezomib blocked apoptosis, secretion of inflammatory factors and the activation of the NF-κB pathway induced by TiO2 micro particles. Al-n-induced autophagy could play the function in the efficient clearance of dying cells by phagocytosis, and serves in dampening M1 polarization-related pro-inflammatory responses. While the Ti alloy medical implant and devices are applied worldwide, the toxicity of Ti-μ and its interaction with Al-n could be considered in the implant design, and Bortezomib was a potential therapeutic for PD.

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a newtwo-dimensional carbon nanomaterial with rich carbon chemical bonds, large conjugation system, porous structure and excellent chemical catalytic properties. In this work, graphdiyne oxide (GDYO), the oxidized form of GDY, was first used to establish a new platform for the simultaneously detection of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), resorcinol (RC) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP). The microstructure and morphologies of the materials and the surface of the modified electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrocatalytic properties of graphene oxide (GO), GDY and GDYO for CC, HQ, RC and p-NP were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results show that the GDYO modified glassy carbon electrode (GDYO/GCE) exhibited excellent catalytic activities towards CC, HQ, RC and p-NP. The linear ranges of HQ, CC, RC and p-NP were 1 mu M980 mu M, 0.6 mu M-692 mu M, 1 mu M-300 mu M and 0.6 mu M-203 mu M, 203 mu M-692 mu M with 0.3 mu M, 0.2 mu M, 0.3 mu M and 0.2 mu M, respectively. In addition, the electrochemical sensor showed good selectivity, sensitivity and stability. The application in real samples was also evaluated, and the recoveries suggesting that it could be used as an excellent potential material for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in environmental samples. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The debate on urban spatial structure and economic efficiency has largely ignored intrametropolitan variation of urban structure. Chongqing, a mountainous metropolis in Southwestern China, is a good case for studying the economic effects of intrametropolitan difference in urban structure. Population density and center density of each urban district are calculated to capture the two dimensions of urban structure: centralization–dispersion and monocentric–polycentric. Based on average housing price data for micro-districts sampled through multistage stratified sampling, hedonic analysis is conducted that includes the two urban structure variables. Empirical results show that population density is negatively associated with housing price while center density is positively associated with housing price. This finding provides indirect support to the view that dispersion and polycentricity are efficiency enhancing.

针对室内燃气使用安全问题,提出了一种基于OneNet的物联网平台的燃气监测系统.该系统采用树莓派作为主控制器,室内的燃气检测采用气体传感器来完成,经模/数转换将数据传送至树莓派中处理,在软件里设置气体浓度报警阈值,输出控制端采用无线Sonoff开关开启声光报警、切断阀门并打开排风扇降浓等功能.此外,通过Twilio服务将报警短信发送到机主手机,OneNet平台可以提供实时燃气数据监测,用户可远程调控页面对其进行处理.

Autophagy and NF-κB signaling are involving in the process of Particle Disease, which was caused by the particles released from friction interface of artificial joint, implant materials of particle reinforced composite, scaffolds for tissue engineering, or material for drug delivery. However, the biological interaction of different material particles and the mechanism of proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib (BTZ), against Titanium (Ti) particle-induced Particle Disease remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated effect of nanosized Alumina (Al) particles and BTZ on reducing and treating the Ti particle-induced inflammatory reaction in MG-63 cells and mouse calvarial osteolysis model. We found that Al particles and BTZ could block apoptosis and NF- κB activation in osteoblasts in vitro and in a mouse model of calvarial resorption induced by Ti particles. We found that Al particles and BTZ attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). And Al prevented the IL-1β expression induced by Ti via attenuating the NF- κB activation β-TRCP and reducing the expression of Casepase-3. Expressions of autophagy marker LC3 was activated in Ti group, and reduced by Al and/not BTZ. Furthermore, the expressions of OPG were also higher in these groups than the Ti treated group. Collectively, nanosized Al could prevent autophagy and reduce the apoptosis, inflammatory and osteolysis induced by Ti particles. Our data offered a basic data for implant design when it was inevitable to use Ti as biomaterials, considering the outstanding mechanical propertie of Ti. What’s more, proteasome inhibitor BTZ could be a potential therapy for wear particle-induced inflammation and osteogenic activity via regulating the activity of NF- κB signaling pathway.

Institutions for housing subsidization are an important type of institutions for redistribution. They are dominated by public housing and social housing, which are characterized by (1) public ownership or social ownership, (2) management board not held accountable to the recipients, and (3) low-powered incentives. I argue that they are institutional arrangements to resolve the over-subsidization problem, i.e. welfare recipients trying to be over subsidized. This problem is especially acute with housing, for which the measurement cost is high. The down side of public housing and social housing is internal management cost and possible mistakes in resource allocation. Case studies on two public housing communities in Chongqing, China are presented for empirical support to my theoretical arguments. It is also found that market institutions such as property management company (PMC) can help to enhance efficiency.

The concept of informal institutions is broadened in this paper to refer to a mode of institutions that is ambiguous, temporary or uncodified. More importantly, it can be a state product to further state interests because it can be (1) a form of experiment of institutional innovation; (2) associated with preference for ex post bargaining; and (3) an instrument for state power. Uneven land reform in China is studied to analyse the different roles of informal institutions in the economic reform. It is found that, first, urban land reform proceeds in a more formal way; and second, informal institutions are employed in urban land reform as transitional institutions towards more efficient formal institutions while they are employed in rural land reform as an instrument to sustain state legitimacy and power. Two conditions for the above differences are identified: (1) Rural governance, collective landownership and agricultural production were fully integrated in the planned economy. Privatisation that would dismantle old institutions of rural governance and build new ones causes concerns about state legitimacy and authority. (2) Rural society is more organised by the clan system than urban society and, hence, ex post bargaining is more likely to be preferred in the countryside than in the city.

A force-thermal coupling error model was proposed to investigate the coupling effect of thermal error and force-induced error on the machining accuracy. Based on the developed model, numerical simulations were conducted to unveil the temperature distributions of both the assembly and the worktable, as well as corresponding displacement errors. Besides, based on the two-degrees-of-freedom hobbing locus motion, an equation to characterize the meshing relation between the hob and the workpiece was deduced with the consideration of the force-thermal coupling errors. By using this equation, an interface, which can visualize the gear hobbing process and map the force-thermal coupling error to the resultant gear profile, was developed in the MATLAB. Further comparison between experimental data and simulation results prove the credibility of our proposed method.

Background: Intraoral digital scanning could offer a win-win clinical pathway for both doctor and patient, but many factors can affect its accuracy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the scanning number on the precision of digital impression in different gypsum models. Materials and methods: 30 standard gypsum models were divided into group A, B, C, D and E. Each group was scanned with 400 and 1000 pictures by Trios. Then Using the three-dimensional preview function to compare the fitted images and to measure the distance between markers: the buccal-lingual thickness of maxillary central incisors, the length from the medial to the distal of buccal cusps of maxillary second molars, the crown width of mandibular central incisors, the buccal-lingual thickness of maxillary central incisors requiring a veneer, and the buccal-lingual width of the inlay of the mandibular first molar. Results: The scanning time of 1000 scanning number groups were significantly prolonged and the efficiency of 3D reconstruction was significantly reduced. But obvious image stitching distortion could be observed in these groups compared with 400 scanning number groups. Whats more, the compare of measured values in each 400 and 1000 scanning number group was all statistically significant. Conclusion: The data splicing caused by the excessive scanning number may influence the digital impression accuracy. Trios scans 400 pictures was with higher scanning accuracy than scanning 1000 pictures.

The sharing economy is a recent urban phenomenon. This paper explores its impact on urban property rights as well as their long-term interaction. The starting point of the analysis is the spatial matching condition, which requires the owner of a durable good to be spatially close to the renter to execute a deal. More generally, it asks for owners to live close to renters. The short-term impact is that the segregation effect of private property rights in the city is ameliorated. In the long term, an active P2P market will become an important urban amenity, which might be capitalized into property value. In this sense, it contributes to the agglomeration economy that reinforces private property rights at macro level.

目的 研究唇突度侧貌对审美的影响差异.方法 拍摄软硬组织测量值都在正常值范围内的1例男性和女性的侧貌照片.使用图像处理技术改变唇突度,使唇突度各增加2 mm、4mm、6mm,再各减少2mm、4 mm、6 mm,加上原图,男性和女性照片各有7张.请41位正畸医生、43位整形医生、41位正畸患者家长、86位正畸治疗患者和41未曾接触正畸知识的成年人即普通大众进行美学评分.组间比较使用秩和检验,两两比较使用LSD检验方法.结果 男性和女性原图得分最高,唇部明显前突的侧貌(c+6)得分最低.正畸医生组对男性唇部前突(c+4)的评分显著低于其他组(P:0.01),同时患者组评分显著低于患者家长组评分(P=0.02).与异性相比,男性对唇部中度前突(c+4)的侧貌评分更高(P=0.04),而女性对唇部轻度内收(c-2)的侧貌评分更高(P=0.03).中年组比青年组和少年组对女性侧貌(c-4)的评分更高(P=0.02).结论 正畸医生对唇突度的审美更苛刻,而患者比其家长的审美也更苛刻.女性更加偏爱唇部后缩的侧貌,中年人对侧貌审美最宽容.