IntroductionLesion mimic mutants (LMMs) spontaneously develop defense-related cell death lesions, serving as ideal models for studying plant immunity. However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying light-dependent lesion formation remain poorly understood.MethodsTo address this, we performed comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on wild-type rice and the lmm64 mutant, which carries a novel allele of OsACL-A2, under light and dark conditions.ResultsThe lmm64 mutant develops light-dependent lesions accompanied by ROS accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 750 lesion-associated genes specifically altered under light, which were enriched in stress responses, light signaling, carbon metabolism, and secondary metabolism. Stress-responsive genes were predominantly upregulated. Multiple light signaling components (e.g., HY5, PIF3) showed marked transcriptional changes. Meanwhile, acetyl-CoA metabolism-related genes (ACS, PDHA1, ACO) were upregulated, likely as a compensatory response to OsACL-A2 dysfunction, while glycolytic genes (PFK1, PK, ADH) were downregulated. At the metabolic level, phenolic compounds including flavonoids and phenolic acids were significantly reduced, consistent with the downregulation of key phenylpropanoid/flavonoid biosynthetic genes (e.g., CHS, CHI, F3'H, 4CL2, HCT).ConclusionThese findings reveal that OsACL-A2 integrates light signaling, stress responses, and metabolic reprogramming to orchestrate light-dependent lesion formation in rice, expanding its known functions.

At present, most numerical methods consider the tube walls as the same constant temperature in the simulations of the heat exchanger, and only the external fluid outside the tubes is considered. To investigate the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger in the real running state, a conjugate heat transfer simulation is performed for a heat exchanger equipped with cross-combined ellipsoidal dimple tubes in this paper. The k-? standard turbulence model is selected to simulate the heating process of tube bank. The distributions of the temperature field and flow field are analyzed carefully. The results indicate that the temperature distribution and the heat flux on the tube wall are uneven, which is different from the case regarding the wall boundaries as a constant temperature. The heat transfer performance of the dimpled tube is higher than that of the smooth tube in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer performance for aligned arrangement is better than that for staggered arrangement. In addition, the influences of geometric and flowing parameters on heat transfer are discussed.

DnaJ proteins, also known as HSP40s, play a key role in plant growth and development, and response to environmental stress. However, little comprehensive research has been conducted on the DnaJ gene family in maize. Here, we identify 91 ZmDnaJ genes from maize, which are likely distributed in the chloroplast, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Our analysis revealed that ZmDnaJs were classified into three types, with conserved protein motifs and gene structures within the same type, particularly among members of the same subfamily. Gene duplication events have likely contributed to the expansion of the ZmDnaJ family in maize. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements in ZmDnaJ promoters suggested involvement in stress responses, growth and development, and phytohormone sensitivity in maize. Specifically, four cis-acting regulatory elements associated with stress responses and phytohormone regulation indicated a role in adaptation. RNA-seq analysis showed constitutive expression of most ZmDnaJ genes, some specifically in pollen and endosperm. More importantly, certain genes also responded to salt, heat, and cold stresses, indicating potential interaction between stress regulatory networks. Furthermore, early responses to heat stress varied among five inbred lines, with upregulation of almost tested ZmDnaJ genes in B73 and B104 after 6 h, and fewer genes upregulated in QB1314, MD108, and Zheng58. After 72 h, most ZmDnaJ genes in the heat-sensitive inbred lines (B73 and B104) returned to normal levels, while many genes, including ZmDnaJ55, 79, 88, 90, and 91, remained upregulated in the heat-tolerant inbred lines (QB1314, MD108, and Zheng58) suggesting a synergistic function for prolonged protection against heat stress. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the ZmDnaJ family in maize and demonstrates a correlation between heat stress tolerance and the regulation of gene expression within this family. These offer a theoretical basis for future functional validation of these genes.

气体分布器性能直接影响填料塔对介质的处理效率.双切向环流式气体分布器(DTCGD)综合性能优良而被广泛应用于填料塔内.现有DTCGD存在局部气流速度小、回流明显的问题.基于现有DTCGD,提出了摘除分布器环形顶板和增设多孔板这2种结构改进方案.运用计算流体力学方法对比了改进模型与原模型之间的性能差异,对比分析结果表明,多孔板的增设对分布器综合性能的提升作用最为显著.利用响应曲面法分析了多孔板上孔间距、板上圆孔分布圈数以及入口流速交互作用对分布器性能的影响规律,提出了最优设计参数.对分布器性能的提升具有现实意义.

准确预测页岩气水平井井筒流动型态对井筒积液预测及排水采气工艺优选至关重要.分析了黄202 H页岩气井套管生产和油管生产阶段的压裂液返排特征;结合气井压力数据,优选出了适合该井的井筒压力计算模型,预测了不同产气量时不同深度的气液表观流速特征;利用垂流型图版研究了该井套管生产阶段和油管生产阶段时垂直段、倾斜段和水平段的流型变化规律.结果表明:在6种压力计算模型中,Mukherjee-Brill压力计算模型计算的压力误差最小,平均绝对误差为2.39％;黄202 H页岩气井油管生产阶段,气井在倾斜段首先出现积液,排水采气工艺重点应在倾斜段解决气井积液问题;套管生产改为油管生产后,增大了井筒中气相流速,有利于积液排出.

A new phosphatidylinositol transporter gene was isolated from the T-DNA insertion mutant libraries of rice. The RT-PCR and GUS staining showed that it belonged to embryo specific expression gene. The phonotype of growth and development revealed that the growth was slower and leaf yellowing than that of wild type before 5-leaf stage in rice seedlings, and it was completely restored until to 5-leaf stage. Further, the transcriptome sequencing results showed that the gene affected the nitrogen metabolism signal pathway between mutant and wild type. In addition, our study revealed an important phosphatidylinositol transporter protein which can control the growth development and promote nitrate transporter and absorption in rice seedling stage.

Grain size is an important factor in rice yield. Several genes related to grain size have been reported, but most of them are determined by quantitative trail loci (QTL) traits. Gene D26 is a novel site mutation of OsGRAS19 and involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathway. However, whether D26 is involved in the process of rice reproductive development remains unclear. Here, gene cloning and functional analysis revealed that D26 has an obvious regulatory effect on grain size. Overexpression or CRISP/Cas9 mutant of D26 also showed that grain size was positively influenced. Cellular analyses show that D26 modulates grain size by promoting cell division and regulating the cell number in the upper epidermis of the glume. The overexpression results further suggest that the level of D26 expression positively impacts grain length and leaf angles and that the expression of several known grain size genes is involved in the regulation. Based on our results, D26, as a transcription factor, effectively improves rice grain shape.

水力压裂是页岩气高效开发的必要措施,页岩气压后效果评价是提高页岩气压裂水平的关键.文章以涪陵一页岩气井平台为例,提出了一种针对页岩气压裂后应力场分析的压裂效果评价新方法.根据现场微地震实时监测结果获得了3口井压后裂缝情况,在此基础上,采用有限元模拟软件建立了3口井压裂后应力场模拟有限元模拟模型.重点分析了压裂后最大、最小水平主应力场变化,缝长和间距对压后诱导应力场的影响,分析发现,裂缝条数增加、裂缝长度不均匀将极大地影响压后诱导应力场;长裂缝将抑制中间短裂缝的扩展;各条裂缝缝长差异不大时有利于裂缝扩展;段间距对裂缝中心产生的诱导应力场影响较小;裂缝尖端诱导应力为压应力时裂缝延伸受限,SRV相对较小、压后产量较低.

为了不断优化页岩气“井工厂”的压裂模式,通过建立多裂缝相互干扰诱导应力数学模型,在考虑多井多缝的前提下,建立了多裂缝影响下的诱导应力场有限元模型,对单井逐次压裂、跳跃式压裂、两口水平井同步压裂、拉链式压裂以及改进的拉链式压裂等5种压裂模式进行模拟,对比分析了不同水平路径下诱导应力的变化情况以及最小水平主应力方向的变化规律,并重点讨论了由于压裂次序不同所导致的诱导应力场差异.研究结果表明:①裂缝周围的近井筒地带产生的诱导压应力最大,裂缝尖端处产生的诱导拉应力最大;②对于两口水平井压裂,靠近补偿井一侧的裂缝尖端诱导拉应力更大,两井的中间位置主要受到诱导拉应力的作用;③最小水平主应力方向偏转主要集中在裂缝尖端区域,裂缝数量增多,最小水平主应力的偏转范围和偏转幅度均增大;④改进拉链式压裂在各条路径上产生的诱导应力均为最大,对于靠近两口井中间区域各点的诱导应力值影响尤其大,可以有效增加压裂裂缝的复杂程度.结论认为,该研究成果可以为页岩气“井工厂”压裂的复杂裂缝网络预测和压裂模式优化提供帮助.

Support Vector Machines (SVM) represents a new and very promising approach to pattern recognition based on small dataset. The approach is systematic and properly motivated by Statistical Learning Theory (SLT). Training involves separating the classes with a surface that maximizes the margin between them. An interesting property of this approach is that it is an approximate implementation of Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) induction principle, therefore, SVM is more generalized performance and accurate as compared to artificial neural network which embodies the Embodies Risk Minimization (ERM) principle.

Aimed at the puzzle of uncertainty resulted from qualitative selection for fracturing candidate of well and layer in oilfield, the paper proposed a sort of prediction model for fracturing candidate effect based on FNNS. In the paper, it was analyzed to the influence factors resulted in predictive precision being poor, discussed the FNNS and its fuzzy decision method, and also explored the modeling and forecasting of optimization layer in candidate wells. The application example shows that the well or layer of fracturing candidate can been optimized quantitatively by means of prediction model based on FNNS.

Comparison trials and studies on small-flow measurement of civil natural gas were performed, as a result of the considerably fluctuant natural gas flow-rate and the dust and dirt it contains. Performance differences of different types of civil natural gas flowmeters were evaluated, including their accuracy grades, adaptation ability against gas flow environment and outside condition. Moreover, an intellectualized TDS swirl flowmeter being able to switch off airflow automatically, was put forward to decrease the errors of small-flow measurement effectively. Finally, optimum suggestions are proposed on how to select small-flow flowmeters which can be used for measurement of civil natural gas.

Taking the complicated gas transmission system as the object, a mathematical model is set up after surveying design. A searching method has been put forward based on genetic optimization idea to find the optimal layout of gas transmission system. The genetic optimization program for gas transmission system layouts is generated by improving the simple GA. The final group of optimal or suboptimal layouts is obtained and provides more layout selections for program evaluation and selective preference in the project. Compared with classic methods, the modified-GA has much more superiority and practical value.

系统分析研究了压后注水井中注入悬浮颗粒对裂缝的伤害机理,建立了岩石和裂缝的内部损害评价模型,研究了裂缝伤害对注入能力降低的影响以及不同的滤失参数对注入能力的影响。研究表明,裂缝伤害是压后注水井注入能力降低的主要因素,注入能力的降低开始很快,一定时间后趋于平稳。研究结果对注入井动态分析和制定最优的作业方案提供了科学指导。