【Objective】This work aimed to explore the evolutionary characteristics of soil bacterial community composition and diversity in cold temperate larch forests under snow cover, and investigate its influencing factors and the response mechanism of snow ecology.【Method】The Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology and redundancy analysis method were used to analyze the changes and influencing factors of soil bacterial community structure and diversity under snow removal (NS), natural snowfall (CK), double snowfall (DS), and extreme snowfall (ES) treatments.【Result】The study found that different thickness of snow cover changed the soil micro-environment of larch forests, soil temperature (Tem) was increased significantly with the increase of snow cover thickness, but OC was decreased significantly, and Tem, pH, OC, TN, AP showed significant differences in the soil of each snow cover treatment. The comparative analysis of bacterial communities showed that a total of 30 bacterial phyla were detected in the four groups of snow-covered environments. The dominant bacterial phyla were Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria in the soil of the snow-removed group and other three snow-covered groups, respectively, and the dominant bacterial genera were Candidatus Udaeobacter. In addition, the flora of Planctomycetota, Oxalobacteraceae_Norank and Arenimonas showed significant or extremely significant differences in each snow cover treatment. In terms of community diversity, although different thicknesses of snow cover affected the structure and population distribution of soil bacteria, they did not significantly change the Alpha diversity of bacterial community within the group. However, snow cover significantly changed the Beta diversity of bacterial communities at the OTU level while considering the species differences and abundances among different groups. The correlation analysis of environmental factors showed that pH, OC and TN were environmental factors with low multicollinearity which affect bacterial community structure in the snow cover environment. Among them, pH was significantly correlated with bacterial community at the genus level, which showed an extremely significant correlation at the OTU level. OC showed a significant correlation at the OTU level. Community function prediction and inter-group difference analysis showed that bacteria mainly performed ecological functions such as nitrate and nitrite reduction, nitrogen fixation, methane and aromaticity degradation, cellulose hydrolysis and photochemical energy, and there were significant differences in urea decomposition and iron redox among the groups.【Conclusion】Snow cover affects the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities in cold temperate larch forests to different degrees, and this effect has important scientific significance for the function of the cold temperate forest ecosystem and its regulation on global climate change in which microorganisms are participated.

为探究冬季雪盖下影响土壤微生物活性"碳亏缺"假说的全球一致性,在大兴安岭寒温带落叶松林采用人工堆雪的方法设置50 cm厚的有效雪被,并在雪被下布设不同质量的落叶松针叶作为凋落物,依据凋落物的质量分别设置自然对照组、凋落物去除组、凋落物加倍组和凋落物多倍组,用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤真菌ITS基因ITS1区进行测序,分析真菌群落组成结构和多样性,并结合土壤化学特征探究其相关性.结果表明:雪盖下添加不同质量凋落物的土壤化学指标间存在显著性差异.添加凋落物降低了土壤pH,增加了土壤有机碳(OC)、总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量.其中凋落物多倍组中的OC、TN、AN、AP和AK含量均显著高于其他3组,但其pH却显著低于其他3组(P<0.05);凋落物去除组的微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量显著高于其他3组,但其TN、AN、AP和AK含量均显著低于其他3组(P<0.05).土壤真菌测序共获得1089个可操作分类单元(OTUs),各组共有的OTUs数量为390个,特有OTUs的数量随凋落物量的增加呈递减趋势.各组共检测到真菌11门42纲97目193科352属534种,其中伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)的红菇属(Russula)为优势菌群.各处理间Alpha多样性指数无显著性差异;Beta多样性和冗余分析结果表明,真菌被分为3组,其中优势菌群的相对丰度与OC、TN和AN含量均呈显著相关.研究显示,凋落物的输入对寒温带落叶松林雪盖下土壤真菌的生物量和Alpha多样性没有显著改变,碳元素和氮元素可能是影响冬季土壤微生物活性的限制性因子.

The proportion of renewable energy in the power supply structure of Shandong power grid is increasing day by day. Thermal power units inevitably face deep-peak shaving and frequent-peak shaving. The problem of thermal power contradiction is prominent when thermal power units are heating in winter, which has a negative impact on the security and stability of power grid and the consumption of renewable energy. Traditional thermoelectric decoupling technology has some problems such as narrow load adjustment range and poor overall energy utilization efficiency. A scheme of adding flue gas-water heat exchanger is proposed to supplement the traditional IP cylinder extraction technology for heating. According to the calculation, the minimum electric power of flue gas heating mode is significantly lower than that of traditional heating mode under small heating demand, and the maximum and minimum electric power of hybrid heating mode are better than that of traditional heating mode under the same heating demand, and the maximum heating capacity under the mixed heating mode is significantly increased, which can improve the operation flexibility of the unit and enhance the thermoelectric decoupling ability of the unit.

The coal quality characteristics of urban sludge were analyzed, and three types of coal-sludge-coupled power generation technologies were introduced, including direct sludge mixing, flue gas direct drying sludge and steam indirect drying sludge coupling power generation. Three types of sludge coupling power generation technologies in coal-fired power plant were introduced, including direct sludge blending process, sludge blending after drying directly by flue gas and indirectly by steam. The control values of sludge blending ratio and moisture content after sludge drying are analyzed, and it is considered that the direct sludge blending ratio should be controlled within 5%. The moisture content after sludge drying should be controlled at 30-40% and the blending ratio should be controlled within 10%. The influence of sludge blending on the operation of the unit is analyzed. The operation of coal-fired boiler is stable, the quality of fly ash and slag has little change, and the emission of pollutants and heavy metals reaches the standard if the proportion of sludge mixed with combustion is controlled within 10%.

[目的]为探究大兴安岭寒温带兴安落叶松倒木分解过程中细菌的多样性、群落结构特征以及影响因素,揭示细菌在倒木分解过程中的作用.[方法]采用空间代替时间的方法,以5级分解等级的倒木为研究对象,测定不同分解等级倒木的理化性质,应用16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析细菌多样性和群落结构特征;通过冗余分析探讨不同分解等级倒木上细菌的差异及影响因素.[结果]5个分解等级倒木的理化性质存在不同的差异,对细菌16S rDNA测序共获得1360种可操作分类单元(OTU),分属于20门47纲126目222科377属637种,其中变形菌门Proteobacteria和放线菌门Actinobacteria为各分解等级倒木细菌的主要共有优势菌,相对丰度分别为38.55％～53.39％和17.97％～41.64％;各分解等级倒木细菌的优势菌门中放线菌门呈显著性差异.倒木的各分解等级间的Alpha多样性指数中,Ace指数呈显著性差异.Beta多样性和冗余分析结果表明:5个分解等级倒木上的细菌被划分为3组,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级倒木的细菌群落相似性较高,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级相似性较高;优势菌门中变形菌门与总氮含量极显著负相关,与碳氮比极显著正相关;优势菌门中的放线菌门与半纤维素含量极显著正相关,与碳氮比显著正相关.[结论]各分解等级倒木上的细菌多样性和组成受倒木腐烂程度影响,随着腐烂的加剧,分解的进行,分解基质发生了改变,细菌的多样性也随之发生了变化,碳氮比是影响细菌组成和多样性的重要因素.

[目的]为探究寒温带落叶松倒木分解过程中的理化性质变化特征以及不同分解阶段的真菌组成和多样性的差异,明确真菌在兴安落叶松分解过程中的作用和影响因素.[方法]采用空间代替时间的方法,以不同分解等级的落叶松倒木为研究对象,测定其含水率、总碳、总氮、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量,应用ITS rRNA基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析真菌组成、相对丰度和生态功能群组;通过冗余分析探讨不同分解等级倒木上的真菌组成和多样性差异以及影响因素.[结果]研究发现:从Ⅰ级到Ⅴ级分解等级,倒木的含水率、总氮、木质素含量显著升高,碳氮比、总碳、纤维素、半纤维素含量显著降低.真菌测序共获得825个可操作分类单元(OTU),分属于9门31纲90目178科291属425种;其中子囊菌门Ascomycota、担子菌门Basidiomycota、被孢霉门Mortierellomycota为各级倒木上真菌群落的优势菌门,并且真菌的相对丰度存在显著性差异.Ace、Shannon和Simpsoneven等Alpha多样性指数在各分解等级间存在不同程度的差异.Beta多样性和冗余分析结果表明:5个分解等级倒木上的真菌被分为3组,子囊菌门与总碳含量和半纤维素含量正相关,担子菌门和被孢霉门与含水率、纤维素、木质素、总氮含量正相关,与总碳含量和半纤维素含量负相关.倒木上的真菌主要被划分为植物病原菌、腐生菌、动植物病原菌、内生菌和外生菌等主要生态功能群组,共包含19个科,各分解等级倒木上的真菌生态功能群组各不相同.[结论]各分解等级倒木上的真菌组成、相对丰度、生态功能群组的不同与其腐烂程度有关;随着倒木分解的进行,腐烂的加剧,其分解基质发生了改变,真菌的组成和多样性也随之发生了变化,出现了真菌群落的演替.综上所述,倒木的理化性质是影响真菌组成和多样性的重要因素.

In this paper, the peaking capacity test is carried out for the 330MW unit to compare the peak shaving performance of the unit under the extraction state. The test content is divided into three parts, respectively (a) operating at minimum output under pure condensing condition, (b) minimum load with maximum steam extraction condition and (c) maximum steam extraction with minimum electric load condition. It can be seen from the test results that the minimum electrical load of the unit under 3 conditions is 128.4 MW, 128.6 MW, and 124.8 MW, respectively. Under the test conditions of industrial steam extraction at about 40t/h, the peak shaving performance of the unit has almost no change, compared with the pure condensing condition.

湿地作为特殊的生态系统,其功能在人类社会经济可持续发展中具有不可替代的作用.本文对黑龙江呼中国家级自然保护区内寒温带森林湿地的保护现状进行调查分析,分析本区域森林湿地具有典型性、脆弱性和多样性的特点提出了保护对策.为全面分析湿地资源的动态变化,保护与维护湿地生态系统的生态功能、为区域经济和资源管理提供及时、准确的基础数据;加强区域湿地资源保护,维持湿地生态系统平衡,保护流域下游的生态系统,为实现区域经济和社会的可持续发展提供依据.

森林作为陆地生态系统之一,为生物多样性的保护和维持提供了绝大部分场所和空间,保护森林生物多样性的任务也是生物多样性保护的重要部分,保护森林生物多样性已成为全球生态环境可持续发展的重要目标.我国境内的寒温带森林,属于泰加林的南缘延伸部分中的明亮针叶林,是横贯欧亚大陆北部的欧亚针叶林区的最南端.寒温带森林区是我国生物多样性、生态学和全球变化等学科的重要研究基地,也是生态学与生物多样性研究的关键区域.本文以黑龙江呼中国家级自然保护区为例对大兴安岭寒温带区的森林生物多样性保护工作简要总结,并对基本现状进行分析,总结出寒温带森林生物多样性保护与管理现状所存在的问题.根据我国保护生物多样性和可持续发展战略的需要,提出了保护与发展对策.为大兴安岭寒温带区域整体建设提供科学依据和参考,维护生物多样性保护,促进大兴安岭地区经济与社会可持续发展.

Plant functional traits and environmental changes and their adaptation mechanisms are hot topics in ecological research. Plant functional traits can reflect the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions, fitness or productivity during long-term evolution. In this paper, the functional traits of the stems, leaves and roots of dominant woody plants in the Larix gmeliniii forest in the cold temperate zone were measured, and the environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, topography, soil and snow were measured simultaneously. The experimental results showed that the cold temperate zone, the leaf area and specific leaf area of L. gmelinii and Betula platyphylla have certain patterns|the biomass of annual branchlets of both trees is directly related to the average biomass of roots, and the biomass of annual branchlets of B. platyphylla and the snow water equivalent of the snow is directly related to the soil water content of 5–10 cm. The other environmental factors are not directly related to the annual branch biomass. The root traits of the Rododendron-L. gmelinii forest are not only directly related to other plant traits (such as leaves and stems), but also directly related to external environmental factors. It is indirectly affected by environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, soil carbon-nitrogen ratio and altitude.

Abstract A unit frequently participated in the deep peak load regulation of the power grid. In the process of deep peak load regulation, the time of oil feeding and stabilization of combustion was relatively long, which caused the blocking of the pipeline at the inlet of the ash storage pump at the rear of the electrostatic precipitator. According to the analysis, it was found that it was caused by the spontaneous combustion and coking of mixture of oil and pulverized coal which had not been thoroughly burned in the ash bucket.

采用L16(45)正交试验设计,对影响兴安落叶松SSR-PCR反应体系的主要因素(模板DNA、dNTPs、Mg2+、Taq聚合酶浓度及引物浓度)进行了试验分析,其结果表明:兴安落叶松SSR-PCR体积为20μL的最佳反应体系是模板DNA用量50 ng、正反向引物浓度均为5μmol·L-1、dNTPs浓度为2.5 mmol·L-1、Mg2+的浓度为2.5 mmol·L-1、Taq聚合酶用量为1.0 U、最佳退火温度为60℃.试验所建立的反应体系可进一步用于兴安落叶松SSR遗传图谱构建、多样性分析、良种选育等方面的研究中.

为了解红松湿生演替系列过程中土壤生境及土壤细菌多样性的变化规律,以小兴安岭汤旺河国家公园的白桦次生林、人工针阔混交林和原始云冷杉红松林为研究对象,分别代表湿生演替系列的演替先锋群落、演替中期群落和演替顶级群落,采用高通量测序的方法分析森林土壤细菌的多样性变化规律.结果表明:汤旺河国家公园从先锋演替到顶级演替阶段,森林土壤中w(OC)、w(TN)、w(AN)、w(AP)和w(AK)升高,而pH降低.此次分析土壤细菌包括16门27纲52目60科75属,其中Acidobacteria、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes为共有的优势菌门(相对丰度>1％).演替先锋阶段(白桦次生林)Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,然而演替后期(云冷杉红松林)Acidobacteria相对丰度最高.通过冗余分析和相关性分析发现,不同演替阶段的森林土壤细菌多样性与土壤中w(OC)呈显著负相关,与土壤中w(TK)呈显著负相关,与土壤中w(AK)呈极显著负相关.研究显示,土壤细菌群落结构和多样性在不同湿生演替阶段有明显差异,主要可能受到土壤中w(OC)、w(TK)和w(AK)的影响.

To explore the distribution of fungal community in soil of brown coniferous forest in Daxing'anling and its relationship with soil characteristics, soil fungal community structure and diversity in three forest types, light brown coniferous forest, grass brown coniferous forest, and typical brown coniferous forest, were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The relationship between soil fungal community and soil characteristics was analyzed by R and SPSS 17.0 software. The results showed that soil physical and chemical characteristics differed significantly across the three brown coniferous forests. A total of 111 species belonged to six phyla, 23 class, 46 orders, 74 families and 88 genera were recorded in this study. Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes were dominant phyla. There were significant differences in relative abundance of phyla among three forest types. There was no significant difference in the Ace and Chao1 diversity indices among three brown coniferous forests, whereas there were significant differences in the Shannon and Simpson indices. Results from canonical correlation analysis and correlation analysis showed that both α and β diversity were significantly correlated with soil moisture, soil pH, soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, and soil total potassium. The results indicated that soil characteristics were important factors affecting soil fungal diversity of brown coniferous forest in Xing'an larch forest in Daxing'anling.

全球气候变化正在改变冬季积雪深度,积雪作为固体淡水资源在全球部分地区水分平衡和水分利用中有着不可忽视的作用,积雪的变化受到了越来越多的关注.积雪的变化会引起土壤温度、湿度、植被生长、土壤微生物和土壤养分动态等显著改变.本文就积雪变化对森林土壤微生物的影响综述了国内外研究进展,着重介绍了积雪变化对土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸、土壤微生物生物量以及微生物群落产生的影响.文章为进一步研究积雪变化对森林土壤微生物的影响机制以及今后的研究方向提供了参考.

2014年4-10月在大兴安岭呼中国家级自然保护区,利用静态箱—气相色谱法,对寒温带落叶松林—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CH4、CO2排放通量特征进行研究.结果表明:寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CH4排放通量在8月初达到峰值(0.563±0.262mg·m-2·h-1).生长季CH4的平均排放通量为0.121±0.098 mg·m-2·h-1.寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CH4排放通量与土壤5cm、10cm、20cm温度,土壤含水率相关性均不显著.寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CO2排放通量变化呈先升后降趋势变化,在7月初寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CO2排放通量达到峰值100.82±17.58 mg·m-2·h-1.生长季CO2的平均排放通量为63.02±10.54 mg·m-2·h-1.寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽火烧迹地生长季CO2排放通量与5cm土壤温度呈显著正相关,与10、20cm土壤温度相关性不显著,与土壤含水率呈显著负相关.

为了解汤旺河国家公园不同林型的土壤真菌群落结构特征,探讨土壤真菌群落结构变化的影响因子,进一步明确土壤真菌群落结构与土壤环境因子之间的关系和作用.以白桦次生林、阔叶红松林和云冷杉红松林的森林土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术测定0～20 cm土壤层真菌的群落组成和多样性.结果 表明,土壤养分中的土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量从阔叶林到针叶林依次升高,而土壤pH值降低.此次分析土壤真菌包括3门9纲31目64科82属75种.云冷杉红松林和阔叶红松林中Basidiomycota门为主要优势菌门,白桦次生林中优势菌门为Mucoromycota;相对丰度差别较大的菌属包括Russula、Mortierella、Cenococcum、Pyrenochaetopsis、Solicoccozyma、Saitozyma、Humicolopsis、Tylospora菌属.通过冗余分析和相关性分析发现,汤旺河国家公园不同类型森林土壤真菌多样性可能受土壤pH值、全氮、碱解氮、土壤含水率的影响.

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)可能是自然界分布最为广泛的一类共生微生物,能与大部分的陆生植物形成共生关系并具有促进作用.近年来随着对湿地重要性认识的增加,湿地植物中的AMF的研究受到广泛关注.AMF在陆地生态系统中已有较多研究,相对在湿地植物中的研究处于起步阶段,并且发现其在湿地生态系统中起到重要作用.鉴此,本文就近年来国内外湿地AMF的多样性,AMF与湿地植物共生的种类,影响AMF与湿地植物共生的因素,AMF对湿地植物生长发育的作用以及对湿地生态系统的影响进行详细综述,并对AMF与湿地植物共生研究进行展望,以期能为我国研究湿地AMF提供一定帮助.

2014年4-10月在大兴安岭呼中国家级自然保护区,运用静态箱—气相色谱法,对火灾后寒温带落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽CH4生长季排放通量特征进行研究.结果表明:火烧对落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽生长季不同深度土壤温度有明显影响,并使得土壤含水率显著降低.M0对照样地与M1火烧样地生长季CH4排放通量变化大致呈先升后降趋势变化,且CH4排放通量分别在6月初与8月初达到峰值(0.0506±0.0886与0.5628±0.2623 mg·m-2·h-1).火烧致使落叶松—泥炭藓沼泽CH4排放通量升高,M0对照样地与M1火烧样地生长季CH4平均排放通量分别为0.0018±0.1087、0.1207±0.0988 mg·m-2·h-1.M0、M1样地生长季CH4排放通量与相应大气温度、5、10、20cm土壤温度、土壤含水率相关性均不显著.

The low-low temperature ESP (Electrostatic precipitator), reducing flue-gas operational temperature to improve dust removal performance, has been used gradually in engineering applications for the capture of fine particles in coal-fired power plant.The effects of temperature on discharge characteristics and dust charging characteristics are examined by using a lab-scale ESP setup.The offline dust resistivity was analyzed by DR dust electrical resistivity test instrument.Results indicate that the corona current decreases and the breakdown voltage increases with the decreasing temperature.The offline dust resistivity increases and then decreases when increasing the temperature with a peak around 130-150℃.In contrast to ESP operated at 130℃, the ESP operated at 90℃ shows a remarkable improvement of dust charging distribution as the decrease of dust resistance and velocity, especially for more residence time of particles in electric field.