【Objective】Litter is an important nutrient reservoir in the ecosystem, and its decomposition plays a vital role in the nutrient cycle of volcanic ecosystems. This work aimed to explore the dynamic variation of nutrient release (or loss) of litter in volcanic ecosystems.【Method】In this study, the litter decomposition bag method was adopted, and the litters of dominant plants represented by Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana in the lava terrace of Wudalianchi Volcano were studied as the research objects, and the decomposition rate and the dynamic difference of nutrient release were analyzed.【Result】The residual rates of leaf mass of six kinds of litters were significantly different under different time, tree species and sources. According to the Olson exponential decay model, the 50% decomposition time of different litters was 5.73-9.17 years, the decomposition time of 95% was 8.04-13.03 years, and the decomposition coefficient was 0.545-0.994. The decomposition rate was shown as “source kipuka > source lava plateau” and“Populus davidiana > Betula platyphylla > Larix gmelinii”. In terms of the source, in the decomposition process of the leachate, its C, N and P contents all showed “source kipuka > source lava plateau”, and litter N∶P values were below 14. The mass residual rate of fallout was significantly positively correlated with the C element, positively correlated with the N element, and negatively correlated with the value of C∶N. The C∶N value was negatively correlated with the N∶P value, and negatively correlated with mass residual rate.【Conclusion】The decomposition of leaf litter of coniferous trees is slower than that of deciduous trees. There is no obvious law of the C content of litter matters, the P content consistently shows a tendency to decrease first and then increase, and the P element is less likely to be dissolved in comparison with the C element and the N element. During the decomposition process, the litter sample is most significantly affected by the N element. The higher the N content and the lower the C∶N value, the faster the decomposition.

[目的]龙门石寨熔岩台地是五大连池火山群演替顶极群落兴安落叶松天然林的主要分布地.探讨近51年(1968—2018年)龙门石寨兴安落叶松树木径向生长对气候变暖的响应特征,进而为了解气候变暖背景下五大连池火山群植被演替趋势提供科学依据.[方法]采用Mann-Kendall检验方法确定研究区近51年气温变化的趋势和可能发生气温突变的年份,运用树轮气候学方法分析1968—1981年和1982—2018年两个时间段兴安落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应特征.[结果]五大连池近44年(1975—2018年)平均气温呈增加趋势,且1981年为研究区年均气温升高的突变点.气候变暖后兴安落叶松年轮指数和胸高断面积增量都下降,年轮指数呈上升的趋势,而胸高断面积增量处于下降趋势,但均不显著.树木径向生长对于气温升高的响应出现了"分离效应".水热条件共同控制兴安落叶松树木生长,但气温是径向生长的主要影响因子,气候变暖显著改变了兴安落叶松径向生长与气候因子的响应模式,树木径向生长对年平均气温、年平均最低气温和寒冷指数的响应敏感性显著增强.研究期上一年11月的降水以及当年2、3月和生长季前(4—5月)的平均最低气温是决定兴安落叶松年轮宽度的主要因素.[结论]1981年后五大连池气候显著变暖,气候变暖未显著改变兴安落叶松的径向生长,升温造成的干旱胁迫可能是树木径向生长对气温变化响应的"分离效应"及气候变暖后树木径向生长与气候因子的响应显著改变的重要原因.

[目的]内稳性特征反映生物对环境变化的生理和生化适应,与物种的生态适应性策略有关.研究养分贫瘠环境植物不同器官的化学计量及其内稳性特征,为原生演替过程中植物的适应策略研究提供依据.[方法]以五大连池新期火山熔岩台地针叶和阔叶2种生活型的4种乔木(落叶松Larix gmelinii、香杨Populus koreana、山杨Populus davidiana和白桦Betula platyphylla)为研究对象,运用化学计量学方法和指数回归方法探究植物器官化学计量特征、凋落叶再吸收率和内稳性指数(H)的变化特征.[结果]4种植物的叶片磷含量均高于茎和根;落叶松根、茎和叶的C:P和N:P显著高于其他3种植物(P<0.05),而C:N低于其他3种植物;不同植物器官N和P含量与土壤N和P含量存在一定相关性;植物生活型影响化学计量特征,不同植物器官N、P分配存在不均衡性.不同生活型植物养分再吸收率存在差异,凋落物N含量和再吸收率表现为落叶松>白桦>山杨>香杨,差异显著(P<0.05);凋落物P含量和再吸收率表现为山杨>白桦>香杨>落叶松,差异显著(P<0.05).4种植物N、P和N:P的内稳性指数(HN、HP和HN:P)平均值分别为13.82、13.70和15.59,落叶松不同器官的HN为弱稳态型及弱敏感型,其他3种植物不同器官的内稳性均为稳态型,粗枝与叶的HN、HP和HN:P存在显著差异(P<0.05).[结论]不同生活型植物不同器官碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比存在差异;植物以提高养分的再吸收率来适应养分贫瘠环境以维持自身生长.内稳性指数较低的落叶松将逐渐替代内稳性较强的香杨和山杨而成为优势物种.

[目的]分析五大连池4座老期火山南坡蒙古栎种群结构特征,揭示蒙古栎种群的生存现状,预测种群的发展趋势,以期为五大连池火山森林植被的演替、恢复与可持续发展提供科学依据.[方法]通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制种群年龄结构图,编制种群静态生命表,拟合种群存活曲线,运用生存分析与数量化分析法研究种群结构及动态,通过时间序列模型预测种群发展趋势.[结果]4座火山蒙古栎种群均低龄数量不足,以Ⅴ～Ⅶ龄级成熟树个体为主,表现为稳定型种群,存活曲线均为Deevey Ⅱ型;生存分析表明:4个种群具有前期逐渐减少、中期趋于稳定的特点,但危险率加剧上升,种群在Ⅵ龄级之后开始进入生理衰退期,预示种群后期有衰退的趋势;数量化动态分析表明:东焦德布山、小孤山和南格拉球山蒙古栎种群忽略外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(Vpi)大于0,种群表现为增长型,考虑外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(V'pi)等于或趋近于0,种群表现为稳定型,而尾山蒙古栎种群Vpi和V'pi都小于0,种群表现为衰退型,且4个种群对外界随机干扰均具有较高的敏感性;时间序列预测表明:4个种群在未来2、4、6个龄级后个体数量均有减少趋势.[结论]4座老期火山南坡蒙古栎种群当前均为稳定型,但小树阶段有限的环境资源导致个体数量下降趋势显著,种群老龄个体数量发展潜力较小,形成该种群更新和发展的瓶颈,随着种群发展有向衰退转化的趋势.

松嫩平原是我国重要的草业和畜牧业基地,具有调节气候,防风固沙和维持生物多样性、保持水土等重要的生态功能.近年来,受自然因素变化和人类活动的影响,松嫩平原草原退化现象日趋严重,制约了该区的草业和畜牧业发展,生态环境也遭到破坏.本文分析了松嫩平原草原退化的原因,整理分析了退化草原的生态恢复方法,为松嫩平原草原保护和恢复提供理论支持.

国品天香是黑龙江省农业科学院园艺分院育成的肉用南瓜新一代杂交品种.亲本为N-14-5(母本)和N-14-20(父本).该品种早熟,春季露地栽培,从出苗到采收生育期72 d,果实扁圆形,绿色,果肉浓黄,果肉厚度2.1 cm,粉质细腻;绿色条带,果实表面光滑靓丽.干物质质量分数≥20％.坐果能力强,单株结瓜2～4个,单瓜质量2.1 kg.中抗白粉病、霜霉病,耐贮、耐运.适合在东北地区及我国各地露地栽培,667 m2产量3000 kg.

五大连池火山熔岩台地是一种火山地貌,研究熔岩台地草本物种分布及其环境解释,对认识火山原生演替过程中植物群落空间格局形成及适应机制具有重要意义.本文以五大连池熔岩台地的草本物种为研究对象,调查了苔藓、草本、灌丛、阔叶林和针阔混交林等不同植被类型中的草本层样方,并测定样方中的土壤养分和水分等状况,采用多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数、物种丰富度评价草本层物种多样性,通过典范对应分析方法研究了群落组成与土壤因子的关系.结果 表明:(1)熔岩台地草本层物种丰富,共56种,占本研究调查区总物种数的82.35％,草本样地的草本层物种多样性、优势度和均匀性高于其他植被类型.(2)熔岩台地土壤pH值对群落草本层物种丰富度和物种个体的空间分布均有较大影响.(3)土壤因子解释了群落分布的79.39％,其中土壤pH值、速效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮所占的解释量比较大.(4)岩败酱(Patrinia rupestris)、万年蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)和中华苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis)对环境要求较低,能够适应熔岩台地土壤贫瘠恶劣的环境.熔岩台地不同植被类型表现出对环境资源的特定需求,熔岩地貌导致了土壤pH值、养分、水分的差异,并影响植物群落的分布.

'龙甜6号'是黑龙江省农业科学院园艺分院以'T-33-18'为母本'、T-28-16'为父本育成的薄皮甜瓜杂交1代新品种.该品种早熟,生育期65 d左右;果实长圆形,黄白皮,尾绿晕,转色速度快,白瓤,沙脆,单瓜质量0.45 kg.连续坐果能力强,单株结瓜5～7个,整齐一致,商品性突出,叶片肥大,生长速度快,采收期集中.667 m2产量2500 kg.适合在东北地区及我国各地区露地、棚室栽培.2019年通过中华人民共和国农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记.

Plant functional traits and environmental changes and their adaptation mechanisms are hot topics in ecological research. Plant functional traits can reflect the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions, fitness or productivity during long-term evolution. In this paper, the functional traits of the stems, leaves and roots of dominant woody plants in the Larix gmeliniii forest in the cold temperate zone were measured, and the environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, topography, soil and snow were measured simultaneously. The experimental results showed that the cold temperate zone, the leaf area and specific leaf area of L. gmelinii and Betula platyphylla have certain patterns|the biomass of annual branchlets of both trees is directly related to the average biomass of roots, and the biomass of annual branchlets of B. platyphylla and the snow water equivalent of the snow is directly related to the soil water content of 5–10 cm. The other environmental factors are not directly related to the annual branch biomass. The root traits of the Rododendron-L. gmelinii forest are not only directly related to other plant traits (such as leaves and stems), but also directly related to external environmental factors. It is indirectly affected by environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, soil carbon-nitrogen ratio and altitude.

为探讨不同基质材料的生物炭对土传病害的抑制能力和对作物的促生作用,本研究以土传病害大豆根腐病为研究对象,通过定量向土壤中添加生物炭(2％)处理,利用盆栽试验方法,测定了4种生物炭对大豆根腐尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑制效果和对大豆植株生长的影响.结果表明:添加4种生物炭后,大豆的株高、根长和植株生物产量均高于接种病原菌处理的对照.且与接菌对照相比,各生物炭处理显著地降低了大豆根腐病的病情指数,其中竹制炭B处理的防治效果最高达77.41％.表明土壤中添加生物炭后,不仅促进大豆植物的生长,同时对大豆根部病害具有较好的控制作用.

为指导玉米抗性品种的合理布局,以玉米大斑病、茎腐病、灰斑病和穗腐病为靶标病害,采用田间人工接种鉴定方法,对供试玉米品种进行了2年的重复抗性鉴定.结果表明:不同品种对同一病害抗性差异明显.经2年重复抗性鉴定,筛选出对玉米大斑病和茎腐病均表现出中抗以上品种19份,其中富尔1号、福园2号、龙单38、北单3号和金庆707为多抗品种;在对大斑病和茎腐病均表现中抗以上的基础上,筛选出兼抗穗腐病玉米品种18份,兼抗灰斑病玉米品种5份.

大豆根腐病拮抗细菌是大豆根腐病生物防治领域的重要手段.本文对大豆根腐病的发生规律及病原菌进行了简单的介绍,对拮抗细菌的分离、筛选及作用机理进行了综述,并对下一步应用前景及研究重点进行了展望,旨在为植物真菌病害的防治提供参考,为有效的利用土壤中的拮抗细菌及生物农药的开发和利用奠定基础.

为挖掘虫生真菌资源,获得高效生防菌,本文利用大蜡螟诱集法从东北地区不同类型土样中筛选虫生真菌,其中选取了一株虫生真菌FLNXY5菌株,经形态学及18s rDNA ITS序列分析鉴定为球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana(KY419577).本研究对FLNXY5菌株生物学特性、对小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella2龄幼虫的致病性及对7种植物病原菌抑菌活性进行测定,结果表明,FLNXY5菌株菌丝生长最适温度为25℃,产孢量在28℃极显著高于其他处理.30与25℃处理下,24 h萌发率最高达91％,无显著差异.浓度为1.0×109孢子·mL-1的菌悬液处理小菜蛾2龄幼虫,5 d后的校正累计侵染率为89.2％.球孢白僵菌FLNXY5的拮抗机理研究中,菌株FLNXY5对水稻稻瘟病菌Py ricularia grisea菌丝抑制率最高达40.63％,对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea菌丝抑制率最低为29.14％.本次研究得到的菌株发酵滤液对试验选取的7株植物病原菌菌丝没有抑制作用.

黑龙江省薄皮甜瓜以露地地膜覆盖爬地栽培为主,遇到雨季病害发生严重,品质下降,上市时间集中从而造成价格低,农民经济收入受损.为了推动当地薄皮甜瓜生产,总结介绍了薄皮甜瓜3层覆盖避雨栽培技术.该技术采用地膜覆盖和2层拱棚覆盖的栽培结构,小拱棚前期能有效地抵抗低温,保温增温.中后期降雨量增多,大拱棚能够有效地躲避过多雨水带来的不利影响,降低病害发生,提高甜瓜果实品质和产量.

阿什河是松花江的一级支流.近年来,由于人类活动导致其河岸植被缓冲带受到严重破坏,净化功能减弱或丧失,严重影响了流域的生态安全.因此,本文针对阿什河流域岸边植被缓冲带现状,建立缓冲带空间数据库,在GIS技术支持下,结合时间模型计算河岸植被缓冲带可变宽度.结果表明,阿什河流域河岸植被缓冲带最窄区域5m,最宽区域41m,宽度主要分布在5m-8m.阿什河流域还需划定2.21km的河岸带区域作为其河岸植被缓冲带.

Ashi River is an important tributary of Songhua River and its water pollution become most servious than others. Aiming at the problem of pollutions of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) and biodiversity decreasing,we studied the enrichment ability of N and P and water purification under indoor hydrostatic conditions about ten common plants of Ashi River, which are Lythrum salicaria, Acorus calamus,Alisma plantago-aquatica,Sagittaria trifolia, Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia, Carex kirganica, Scirpus validus, Typha angustifolia and Typha orientalis. The results showed that:(1) The net accumulated biomass of different plants(range from 492.71 g∕m2 to 939.19 g∕m2) were changed significantly(P<0.05),in which the highest net accumulated biomass of A. plantago-aquatica was 1.91 times higher than the lowest plant of S. trifolia;(2) There was a little different in N and P concentration of root,stem-leave of different plants. The range of total N and P contents of stem-leaf were 3.46-19.55 and 1.37-4.77 mg∕g respectively,and of root were 3.88-13.59 and 1.16-7.59 mg∕g, the enrichment ability of stem-leaf was greater than that of root, efficient mowing is the most effective way to thoroughly remove contaminants;(3) When the concentrations of TN and TP in water was between 2.08-3.03 and 0.56-0.77 mg∕L,the water purification ability was a little different among these ten plants. The removal efficiency of the TN and TP were 64.96%-86.03% and 64.64%-85.12%. (4) The contribution rate of enrichment efficiency of TN and TP for aquatic plant was 50.24%-80.71% and 54.85%-93.44%. The P enrichment efficiency which can be used an important index to plant choosing,correlated significantly with plant net and wet accumulated biomass,S.validus,P.australis,Z.latifolia and L.Solitary can be used to be ecological remediation plants in Ashi Rive Basin.

为探究不同基质材料的生物炭对土传病害的抑制能力和对作物的促生作用,以玉米茎腐病为研究对象,通过向土壤中添加3% 的生物炭处理,利用盆栽试验测定了4种生物炭对玉米茎腐禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)的防控效果和对玉米植株生长的影响.结果表明:添加4种生物炭后,玉米植株的株高、根长(麦秆炭D处理稍低于对照外)、鲜重均高于接种病原菌处理的对照.稻壳炭A和竹制炭B处理显著的降低了茎腐病病原菌的侵染危害,控害效果分别达到52 .00% 和55 .99%;其它两种生物炭控害效果不明显.表明土壤中添加生物炭后,对玉米茎腐病起到了较好的抑制效果,且对植株生长具有明显的促生作用.

生物农药具有低毒性、低残留、不易产生抗性等优点,已成为害虫综合治理中的重要措施.为筛选出对蔬菜蚜虫有杀虫效果的生物农药,开展了9种生物农药对2种蔬菜蚜虫的室内毒力测定研究.结果表明:1.5％ 除虫菊素水乳剂、7.5％ 鱼藤酮乳油、0.3％ 印楝素乳油、5.0％ 桉油精可溶液剂、1.0％ 苦参·印楝素乳油和1.8％ 阿维菌素乳油等6种药剂对蚜虫的毒力较高,48 h蚜虫的死亡率都达到90％ 以上,与对照药剂10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂差异不显著.这6种生物农药有望在生产中作为化学药剂的替代药剂进行蔬菜蚜虫的防治.

为了在寒冷地区提高滨岸缓冲带对污染水体的净化效果.利用自行设计的小型试验装置模拟缓冲带,选择东北地区常见耐寒植物早熟禾、白花三叶草、紫羊茅,通过人工配水模拟农田径流水,进行不同草种、不同栽种方式以及不同坡度的缓冲带的净化效果试验研究.3种植物中白花三叶草径流TN的去除率最高,早熟禾对渗流TN和径流渗流TP的去除率均最高;在不同的栽种方式下,三种植物混栽对径流TN的去除率最高,两种植物混栽对渗流TN和径流渗流TP的去除率均最高;5％坡与35％的径流渗流去除率相差较小,可能与模拟试验坡长较短有关.在本试验条件下,早熟禾或与其它植物搭配种植作为寒冷地区缓冲带较理想的植物.

蓝靛果在我国资源丰富、储量较大,但由于野生数量有限,相对而言分布较少且多不集中,且受采收条件、采收期和贮运条件的限制,综合利用率很低,在市场上已出现供不应求状况,在一定程度上限制了对它的开发与利用.因此,对野生蓝靛果进行驯化栽培,形成系统的综合配套栽培技术,为科学合理地保护、开发和利用这一珍贵果树资源提供技术支撑.