国外休闲制约协商研究兴起于20世纪90年代,是休闲制约研究的前沿领域.论文以“Web of Science核心合集”数据库中1985-2018年共计136篇文献为样本数据,借助CiteSpaceⅢ信息可视化软件的计量分析方法对英文文献进行全面回顾及展望.结果 发现:国外休闲制约协商研究大致可分为萌芽(1993-1999年)、探索(2000-2010年)和快速发展(2011年至今)3个阶段,早期以概念性、描述性研究为主,自21世纪起,以实证研究为主,且研究内容已从简单的描述性分类发展到多变量的检验性模型构建与验证;关注休闲制约协商研究的学者和机构主要来自北美等经济发达的国家和地区;研究方法以数理统计、模型构建与验证居多,注重定性与定量相结合;涉及的研究对象广泛,已从大众休闲者扩展到特殊疾病患者、残障人士、穆斯林妇女等社会特殊群体,且主要关注体育健身休闲、户外游憩和深度休闲等多种休闲活动类型.目前,非西方文化背景下休闲制约协商的跨文化研究是西方休闲研究的热点话题.国外休闲制约协商的研究成果及综合研究思路对中国休闲制约协商研究及实践探讨具有借鉴价值.

人类争取真正意义上的休闲过程其实也是克服各种休闲制约的过程.体育健身休闲日益成为我国城市居民主要休闲活动之一.发展群众体育,倡导全民健身也成为推进"健康中国"国家战略的重要内容.研究城市居民体育健身休闲制约因素及其对休闲参与的影响程度,不仅有助于了解城市居民体育健身休闲参与的制约特征,且对优化城市体育健身休闲空间的人本化建设及管理决策提供一定的指导意义.文章基于929份福州居民健身休闲制约因素与休闲参与的调查问卷,采用主成分分析和结构方程模型,实证探讨福州市居民体育健身休闲制约因素与休闲参与的影响关系.研究结果表明:个人制约、服务管理、人际制约、环境状况和休闲机会是影响城市居民体育健身休闲参与的五大重要因素.其中,个人制约因素对休闲参与的直接影响程度最大,其次是服务管理和人际制约因素,环境状况因素直接影响程度最小,而休闲机会因素则间接影响居民体育健身休闲参与.此外,城市居民体育健身休闲参与还受到五大制约因素之间不同程度的交互影响,从而表现出复杂性效应的特征.

In order to improve the assistance to the development of the university students from economically disadvantaged families,this research is made through questionnaires and interviews to investigate the characteristics of the development status of university students from economically disadvantaged families born after 1990 and its relationship with such demographic factors as different grades,gender,family structure,urban and rural areas and regions etc.. Results show that current development of these students are fairly sound but the students differ sharply in ideology,study,psychology,communication and their plans for future. Thus such suggestions are proposed as classified assistance with the consideration of the differences of the students and strengthening the growth of subjectivity; helping and aiding in study and focusing on skill training; establishing a long- term mechanism of psychological tracking; creating healthy,friendly campus cultural environment; scientifically setting future planning courses,etc..

The research investigates developmental needs of college students with financial difficulties after 90s and the relation-ship with demographic factors such as grade,gender,family structure,urban or rural and region,which is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.The research found that respondents'demand for self -actualization is the strongest but the emotional ac-ceptance demand is weak.Moreover,the differences of developmental need are apparent.Finally,this paper proposed advice which is initiating subjectivity,implementing differential aid,strengthening planning guidance,providing public service oppor-tunities and building equal and relax humanity environment.

The study is to explore characteristics and prospect of foreign leisure constraints research by an-alyzing related methods , contents and trends .The data were consist of 130 pieces of literature published on the three leading international journals including Journal of Leisure Research (1992-2014), Leisure Sciences (1998-2014) and Journal of Park and Recreation Administration (2001-2014).Results indicate that quantitative analysis has been playing the most important role in the study field;meanwhile, qualitative a-nalysis is increasingly received attention .Researchers focus on leisure constraints , negotiation of leisure constraints, leisure constraints of women, ethnic minority group, adolescents and highlight on mechanistic research and model construction .For future research , it needs to explore the influence of social and cultural factors, to use longitudinal analysis and to encourage multi-disciplinary and cross-cultural study, especially the unique contribution of leisure constraints study based on Chinese culture .

Leisure research in the western countries is one of the oldest domains of social science research,which has a long history of more than 100 years.The research involves leisure motivation,leisure attitude,leisure behavior,leisure experiences,leisure satisfaction,leisure consumption,leisure education,leisure constraints,leisure service,and so on.Leisure constraint research can be dated back to more than 20 years ago,which has nowadays become a clear and unique sub-field.This paper summarizes the recent status of international leisure constraint studies,from 109 pieces of literatures published in Journal of Leisure Research(1992-2010),Leisure Sciences(1998-2010),and Journal of Park and Recreation Administration(2001-2010),and reveals some research features.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.The focus of researches has been changed,from superficial phenomenon to mechanism.At present,many scholars conduct studies by combining the quantitative and qualitative methods,as well as theoretical and empirical analyses,and the subjects and topics of research are in a wide range.Besides,this paper proposes some suggestions on the future development of the leisure constraint research.These researches in the West are of great significance to the theoretical and practical studies of China's leisure constraints.