1981年,海科特(G.Hackett)和贝茨(N.E.Betz)首先将自我效能理论扩展到职业领域,设计出了第一个职业自我效能量表,提出了职业自我效能的概念.进入21世纪后,国内学者也开始涉足此领域,编制和修订了各种测量职业自我效能感的量表,但是使用的测量方法仍停留在经典测验理论,以往的研究大多是在经典测量理论的框架内对职业自我效能测验进行分析和解释.
This article investigate the differences between the Unfolding Model and Dominance Model in vocational interest measurement and sale development.Results suggested that(1)GGUM can fit the interest data better and provide more information than cumulative IRT models,GGUM can provide more accurate θ estimate for person with extreme high interest;(2)By adding more moderate-level Items,scale developed by GGUM have an advantage over scale developed by Likert technique in higher test reliability.But two way showed no difference in predictive validity.Therefore,GGUM was a more accurate method in the measurement of vocational interest;GGUM and Likert techniques make no difference in the development of vocational interest scale,but Likert techniques had the advantage of simplicity and practicality.
In recent years,cheating in various examinations happens frequently and it becomes more and more serious.If allowed to proceed unchecked,the problem will undoubtedly rot social conduct.Therefore,this issue raises more and more concern of researchers,including psychologist,educator and socialist.From the viewpoint of psychology,this article reviews evidence related to cheating in examination and discusses the limitation,future direction and instructional practices that will lessen the likelihood of cheating.
