Vectorial metasurface holography is a powerful technique that relies on full-dimensional modulation of optical fields to realize its full potential, laying the foundation for encoding vast amounts of optical information and enhancing optical encryption. However, current methods for achieving such modulation remain challenging, as they typically require tuning multiple structural parameters or employing multilayer metasurfaces to provide sufficient degrees of control. Here, we propose a broadband full-vectorial meta-holography (BFVM) strategy based on a purely dielectric geometric-phase metasurface, which achieves complete control over the amplitude, phase, inhomogeneous polarization, and position of light solely by varying the rotation angles of the meta-units. This approach not only enables the generation of full-vectorial holographic images with complete Stokes polarization distributions, but also supports the creation of up to 50 distinct, ultra-high-capacity vectorial holograms, each encoding a designed polarization structure with spatial variation. These structured polarization states can serve as a previously overlooked degree of freedom for enhancing holographic storage. This advancement expands the frontier of vectorial holography, paving the way for next-generation full-vectorial beam shaping, full-color holographic displays, and immersive AR/VR technologies.

The transport of excitons lies at the heart of excitonic devices. Probing, understanding, and manipulating excitonic transport represents a critical step prior to their technological applications. In this work, we report experimental studies on the ultrafast nonlinear transport of excitons in monolayer WS2. Under intense optical pumping, we observe an ultrafast spatial hole burning effect in the excitonic emission profile, followed by a re-brightening at even higher pumping density. Through time- and spatially-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, we reveal the underlying mechanism responsible for these nontrivial excitonic diffusion dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the combined effects of ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation, efficient hole trapping by intrinsic sulfur vacancy defects, and laser-induced photo-oxidation govern the evolution of exciton transport under strong optical excitation. The observed dynamics are in excellent agreement with our diffusion model simulations, providing new insights into the nonlinear excitonic transport behaviors as well as their optical control mechanism in two-dimensional semiconductors. Probing, understanding, and manipulating nontrivial excitonic transport in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is a long-standing challenge. Here, the authors report the observation of ultrafast spatial hole burning of excitonic emission in monolayer WS2 and reveal the underlying mechanism, showcasing the peculiar excitonic transportation in monolayer TMDCs.

We report an arc-discharge technique for fabricating surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microcavities in hollow-core fibers (HCF). Axial compression applied during the discharge counters capillary collapse, allowing sub-nanometer control of the microcavity profile. A coupled physical model couples viscous capillary-flow dynamics with post-cooling refractive-index changes from densification and photoelasticity, mapping both onto the SNAP cutoff wavelength via perturbation theory. With coupling parameters calibrated within their physically plausible ranges, the model reproduces the slope and intercept of the measured apparent-radius response across the full push-velocity range, with quantitative predictions in the collapse regime confirmed by additional low-velocity measurements. These results extend arc-discharge SNAP fabrication into a high-energy regime previously limited by collapse, and provide quantitative predictive control of the microcavity profile for HCF-SNAP devices in microfluidics and photonics.

Efficient solar energy utilization is vital for energy structure transformation and carbon neutrality. Traditional solar absorbers, limited to single-direction absorption, fail to meet diverse application needs. This study proposes a novel bidirectional solar metamaterial absorber optimized by deep learning algorithms. The device integrates multilayer film and grating structures to achieve direction-dependent optical characteristics: narrowband absorption for specific wavelength selection from one side, and broadband absorption for efficient thermal conversion from the other. A deep neural network (DNN) model is employed to predict structural parameters, significantly enhancing design efficiency compared to traditional simulation screening. Simulation results demonstrate high-efficiency performance in both modes, with broadband absorption averaging over 96% across the solar spectrum and distinct narrowband peaks in the visible-near infrared range. Mechanism analysis reveals synergistic effects of surface plasmon resonance and Fabry-Perot resonance. By merging micro-nano optics with deep learning, this design offers a flexible, intelligent strategy for advanced solar energy systems and optical sensing applications.

To address bottlenecks in biomolecular trace detection, such as cumbersome sample processing and insufficient dynamic detection capabilities, we propose and construct an Ag-Au Bee-Hive Cavity (BHC) array SERS substrate based on the Bee-Hive bionic synergy concept. This design integrates the stability of solid substrates with the high adaptability of nanoparticles (NPs). The Ag-Au BHC array provides a stable, ordered "hot spots" framework, while Au NPs serve as "enhancement units", establishing a dynamically coupled "NPs-BHC" system. The substrate is capable of detecting Rhodamine 6G (R6G) at concentrations as low as 10-14 M. When synergized with Au NPs, the detection limit further improves to 10- 16 M, demonstrating extremely high detection sensitivity. The substrate maintains excellent signal stability and interference resistance when tilted and bent conditions. To enable rapid in situ detection, the SERS substrate was integrated with capillary glass tubing to create an integrated detection device. Capillary action facilitated rapid, power-free sampling, enabling continuous dynamic monitoring of multiple target molecules at flow rates up to 1 mL/s. This work not only provides a novel strategy for developing high-performance, integrated bionic SERS sensing platforms but also offers an effective solution for the rapid, in situ, and dynamic detection of trace biomolecules in complex environments.

By monitoring the concentration of human metabolite molecules, it is possible to predict the development or occurrence of numerous diseases in advance, but the existing monitoring methods suffer from issues such as low monitoring sensitivity, instability, and insufficient reproducibility. Therefore, developing a sensor capable of real-time monitoring of metabolite molecules holds substantial practical importance. To address these issues, we designed and fabricated Ag-Compound Eye Cavity Array (Ag-CECA) flexible tubular SERS sensors, which integrate the highly rotationally symmetric Ag-CECA structure into a tubular substrate. This integration enables three-dimensional distribution of SERS "hot spots" within the tubular sensor, with detection efficiency and stability significantly enhanced compared with traditional in-situ SERS systems. By detecting urea molecules across concentration gradients (10-9 to 10-4 M), the SERS sensor was shown capable of dynamically monitoring small fluctuations in metabolite concentrations. This highlights its potential as a versatile platform for dynamic monitoring in life science and health applications.

The transport of excitons lies at the heart of excitonic devices. Probing, understanding, and manipulating excitonic transport represents a critical step prior to their technological applications. In this work, we report experimental studies on the ultrafast nonlinear transport of excitons in monolayer WS2. Under intense optical pumping, we observed an ultrafast spatial hole burning effect in the excitonic emission profile, followed by a re-brightening at even higher pumping density. By means of time- and spatially-resolved photoluminescence imaging spectroscopy, we revealed the underlying mechanism responsible for these nontrivial excitonic diffusion dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the combined effects of ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation, efficient hole trapping by intrinsic sulfur vacancy defects, and laser-induced photo-oxidation govern the evolution of exciton transport under strong optical excitation. The observed dynamics are in excellent agreement with our diffusion model simulations, providing new insights into the nonlinear excitonic transport behaviors as well as their optical control mechanism in two-dimensional semiconductors.

Electronics over flexible substrates offer advantages of flexibility,portability and low cost,and promising applica-tions in the areas of energy,information,defense science and medical service.In recent years,tremendous progress has been witnessed in the development of flexible wearable devices that can be potentially massively deployed.Of particular interest are intelligent wearable devices,such as sensors and storage cells,which can be integrated by flexible magneto-electronic devices based on magnetic thin films.To examine this further,the magnetic properties of FeNi thin films with different thicknesses grown on flexible graphene substrate are investigated at room temperature.The coercivity increases with increasing thicknesses of FeNi thin film,which can be attributed to the increase of grain size and decrease of surface roughness.Moreover,the thickness modulated magnetic property shows a magnetic anisotropy shift increase with varying thicknesses of FeNi thin film by using measurements based on ferromagnetic resonance,which further enhances the reso-nance frequency.In addition,the resonance peak is quite stable after bending it for ten cycles.The result is promising for the future design of flexible magnetoelectronic devices.

Owing to supporting the highly sensitive plasmonic modes, hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) have gathered considerable attention in the field of refractive index biochemical sensing. The high modal group velocity of the plasmonic modes supported by HMMs has been proved to directly determine their high sensitivity. To date, the method to increase the modal group velocity is still focused on improving the filling ratio of the host material in HMMs. In this work, a simple system consisting of Ge-padded nanohyperbolic gratings is proposed to enhance the group velocity of plasmonic modes. The introduction of Ge filling in the proposed structure significantly enhances the transverse permittivity of the HMM, thereby increasing the modal group velocity and, in turn, improving the sensitivity of the plasma modes. Under the condition of easy large-scale manufacturing and integration with a structural height of only 35 nm, it achieves a maximum sensitivity of approximately 126,667 nm/RIU in the visible to near-infrared region. This offers a more cost-effective and efficient solution for enhancing the optical sensitivity of integrated biosensor chips.

In extreme radiation environments, such as space nuclear reactor systems, deep-space probe power modules, and launch vehicle propulsion systems, high-voltage and high-power devices demonstrate significant practical value. Silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) possess advantages including high breakdown voltage, thermal stability, and low on-state resistance, enabling further improvements in aerospace power supply efficiency. Therefore, research on radiation effects and radiation-hardening techniques for SiC power MOSFETs has rapidly emerged as a critical focus in the industry. Firstly, this paper reviews the developmental evolution of SiC power MOSFETs, analyzes the necessity of transitioning from planar gate to trench-gate architectures, and provides future perspectives on advanced SiC power MOSFET technologies. Secondly, it systematically compiles current domestic and international research achievements on single event burnout (SEB) and single event gate rupture (SEGR) caused by heavy ion irradiation in SiC power MOSFETs. Finally, based on a mechanistic analysis of radiation-induced single event damage in SiC power MOSFETs, this study summarizes recent progress in radiation-hardening technologies, aiming to provide valuable insights for understanding radiation induced failure mechanisms and enhancing the radiation tolerance of SiC power MOSFETs.

Disease can be predicted by monitoring the concentration of metabolite molecules in human body fluids, but the current detection methods have problems such as low detection sensitivity, and they can only provide a simple piece of information, which is prone to false positives and lead to incorrect judgments. Therefore, it is essential to design a dual-functional biosensor with high sensitivity that can provide comprehensive data. In order to solve the above problems, we designed and prepared the Au-ridge Hyperbolic Metamaterials (HMMs) SPR-SERS dualfunctional biosensor. Experiments and theoretical simulations have demonstrated that the dual-functional biosensor possesses both high sensitivity SPR and SERS detection capabilities, with a bulk sensitivity of 6667 nm/RIU and the SERS detection limit of 10-13 M. Furthermore, the dual-functional biosensor is highly responsive to a wide range of metabolite molecules. Finally, we used this dual-functional biosensor to obtain high-contrast SPR and SERS signals for low concentrations of urea and uric acid solutions. We believe that this dual-functional biosensor can provide a more reliable platform for the monitoring of metabolite molecules.

Artificially designed hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with extraordinary optical anisotropy can support highly sensitive plasmonic sensing detections, showcasing significant potential for advancements in medical research and clinical diagnostics. In this study, we develop a gold nanoridge HMM and disclose the plasmonic sensing physical mechanism based on this type of HMM through theoretical and experimental studies. We determine that the high modal group velocity of plasmonic guided modes stemming from a large transverse permittivity of HMMs directly results in high sensitivity. By combining electron-beam lithography, oxygen plasma etching, and electroplating, the fabricated gold nanoridge array possesses an extremely high structural filling ratio that is difficult to obtain through conventional processes. This leads to a large transverse permittivity and enables highly confined and ultra-sensitive bulk plasmon–polariton (BPP) guided modes. By exciting these modes in the visible to near-infrared region, we achieve a record sensitivity of 53,300 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 533. Furthermore, the developed plasmonic nanoridge HMM sensor exhibits an enhanced sensitivity of two orders of magnitude compared to that of the same type of HMM sensor in label-free biomolecule detection. Our study not only offers a promising avenue for label-free biosensing but also holds great potential to enhance early disease detection and monitoring.

Sensors based on plasmon-waveguide resonance (PWR) offer narrow linewidths, but their low surface electric field intensity hinders the detection of low concentrations of biomolecules. In this study, we design and fabricate a novel biosensor composed of Au and TiO2 layers, and gold nanoparticles (Au-TiO2-AuNPs), and achieve high-performance sensing based on refractive index changes by integrating the biosensor into microfluidics. The evanescent field of PWR supported by the Au-TiO2 structure can effectively stimulate localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) supported by AuNPs by the prism coupling mechanism, and then the resonant coupling mode between PWR and LSPs (PWR-LSP) is generated in the Au-TiO2-AuNPs structure. Numerical analyses based on the finite element method show that PWR-LSP has an improvement in the surface electric field intensity by 2.9 times in comparison with PWR and is, therefore, more sensitive to small refractive index changes. Compared with the Au film sensor, the PWR-LSP sensor shows increases in the bulk sensitivity (5000 nm RIU-1) and figure of merit (114 RIU-1) by 3 and 4.4 times, respectively. Furthermore, the specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) within a linear range of 5-100 ng mL-1 is achieved with a limit of detection of 3 ng mL-1 (15 pM) using a double-antibody sandwich method, and the dynamic range is clinically applicable to human CEA levels. The PWR-LSP biosensor enables highly sensitive immunoassays and offers an innovative approach to biochemical sensing.

Soft magnetic metallic absorbers exhibit high saturation magnetization, low coercivity, and high magnetic permeability, which significantly enhance the magnetic loss capacity in the low-frequency region. However, impedance mismatch issues in magnetic metals remain challenging. In this study, a controlled-thickness aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanocoating is deposited on iron (Fe) powder surfaces via an atomic layer deposition (ALD) strategy, forming a unique Fe@Al2O3 core-shell structure. By precisely regulating the nanocoating thickness, the synergistic mechanism of interface polarization and magnetic loss is regulated, achieving highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA). At the low-frequency band (4.63 GHz), the reflection loss (RL) of Fe60Q (60 cycles) reaches − 56.32 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of Fe40Q (40 cycles) achieves 6.46 GHz (10.65-17.11 GHz). Additionally, the Al2O3 coating significantly enhances corrosion resistance, elevating the self-corrosion potential (Ecorr) from − 0.904 V to − 0.409 V and reducing the corrosion current density (Icorr) from 0.94 to 0.35 μA/cm2. Overall, these results indicate that the ALD-grown nanocoating strategy simultaneously improves both the low-frequency EMWA performance and chemical stability of magnetic materials.

Hyperbolic metamaterials have gained considerable attention in the field of optical biosensing due to their ability to support highly sensitive plasmonic modes.

In this study, we achieve polarization-insensitive triple plasmon-induced transparency (triple-PIT) at terahertz frequencies using a novel graphene metamaterial comprising a graphene block, four graphene squares, and four graphene strips. The insensitivity of this structure to changes in the incident light’s polarization angle is attributed to its high symmetry. The expressions of nth-order coupled mode theory are derived accurately, and its theoretical predictions closely align with the findings of numerical finite-difference time-domain simulations for a triple-PIT system with n = 4. Our results reveal that two synergistic single-PIT phenomena lead to a distinct and tunable triple-PIT effect in the designed metamaterial. This observation is further validated through field distribution studies. Additionally, given the continuous nature of graphene used in the metamaterial, its Fermi level and carrier mobility are easily and dynamically tunable under an applied voltage bias. Notably, the group index of the designed triple-PIT system varies between 603 and 817 as graphene’s Fermi level rises from 0.8 eV to 1.2 eV. In contrast, the group index ranges between 778 and 1216 as graphene’s carrier mobility increases from 2.5 m^2/(V·s) to 4.5 m^2/(V·s). Moreover, the maximum group index reaches 1216 at 4.5 m^2/(V·s), demonstrating the potential of the system in slow-light applications. Thus, the proposed patterned graphene metamaterial and its related findings provide valuable insights for advancing optical switches, dynamically tunable modulators, multichannel filters, and high-performance slow-light devices.

Diagnosis of diseases by monitoring the metabolite concentration on the skin surface and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled gas is an active area of research with great potential for development and application. Therefore, the development of a sensor that can monitor in real time slight changes in metabolite concentrations on the surface of the skin in the resting state and accurately detect VOCs gases in exhaled gas is of significant practical value. To address these challenges, we designed and fabricated the wearable Bionic Sea urchin-Cavity (BSC) SERS sensor with high sensitivity and adaptability. Our testing revealed that the SERS sensor exhibited strong responsiveness to human metabolites. The subtle concentration changes in urea on the resting state skin surface also successfully detected. Furthermore, the SERS sensor successfully detected trace acetone gas volatilized from the 30 mmol/L aqueous acetone solution similar to the acetone concentration in diabetic blood. We anticipate that this SERS sensor could serve as a multi-functional wearable device for medical applications and provide a new platform for the field.