目的 优化鳖血冻干粉的制备工艺,为提高鳖血的服用便捷性和质量稳定性提供参考.方法 采用真空冷冻干燥技术制备鳖血冻干粉.以溶解度为考察指标,通过单因素实验和Box-Behnken响应面实验优化鳖血冻干粉的冷冻干燥工艺参数,并验证.结果 鳖血冻干粉最优冷冻干燥工艺为预冻时间4 h、干燥时间13 h(0℃前)、解析干燥温度25℃.3批按最优工艺制备的鳖血冻干粉的平均溶解度为95.72%(RSD=0.68%,n=3),与理论溶解度(96.66%)的相对误差为-0.97%.结论 本研究优化的冷冻干燥工艺稳定可行,所制样品的溶解度较高.

栀子花具有悠久的药妆两用历史,其提取物收录于《化妆品已使用原料目录》中,具有非常好的应用前景.因缺乏相应的质量标准,其研究开发受到限制.为评价和控制栀子花的质量,对10批栀子花进行质量标准研究.采用高效液相色谱法,建立了栀子花中栀子苷的含量测定方法;采用紫外分光光度法,分别以芦丁和没食子酸为指标建立了栀子花总黄酮和总多酚的含量测定方法.检测结果表明,栀子花的水分含量为质量分数5.50％～13.25％,栀子苷、总黄酮、总多酚含量分别为质量分数0.23％～1.91％、1.42％～3.82％、0.95％～1.87％,这10批栀子花中以浙江和福建产地的品质较优.建立的方法操作简便,精密度高,重复性好,可用于栀子花的质量控制,为栀子花质量标准的建立提供参考,同时为相关化妆品的开发提供借鉴.

Ginkgo ketoester tablets (GT) and donepezil are clinically used in combination to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the anti-dementia effects of two drugs alone and in combination by monitoring the distribution patterns of their active components in different biological matrices. A practical analytical method was developed for simultaneously quantifying 38 active compounds in different matrices at trace levels using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS2). Under optimized conditions, good chromatographic separation of the 38 target compounds was achieved within 14 min, with acceptable linearity, limits of detections and quantifications, precision, stability, and extraction recovery and matrix effects. The developed analytical method quantified the 38 active components in the brain, plasma, intestine, and intestinal contents of AD mice treated with GT alone, donepezil alone, and a combination of the two drugs. The result showed that the combination group had enhanced anti-dementia active compounds and reduced levels of toxic compounds entering the targeted tissues. These findings support the combined use of GT and donepezil for increasing anti-dementia treatment efficiency and reducing toxicity. The proposed UHPLC-MS2 strategy could be used to monitor the levels of active compounds from different biological matrices in future studies.

目的 建立山茱萸炮制过程中气味成分动态变化的监测方法.方法 采用酒蒸法制备不同炮制时间的山茱萸饮片(即酒萸肉).采用超快速气相电子鼻采集气味图谱,与AroChemBase数据库对比得到气味成分信息,结合峰面积分析气味成分动态变化并进行化学模式识别分析.结果 净山萸肉共识别出12个共有气味色谱峰,酒萸肉共识别出21个共有气味色谱峰.在炮制过程中,乙醇、异丙醇、2-甲基丙醛、乙酸乙酯、2-甲基丁醛、异戊醇、2-己醇、糠醛8个气味成分的峰面积占比较高,其中乙醇、异戊醇、2-己醇、异丙醇的峰面积随炮制时间增加呈先增加后降低趋势,炮制24 h时仍高于净山萸肉;乙酸乙酯、2-甲基丁醛、糠醛的峰面积随炮制时间增加而增加,且上述8个气味成分的变量重要性投影值均大于1.结论 建立了山茱萸炮制过程中气味成分的动态变化监测方法,乙醇等8个气味成分可作为山茱萸炮制过程的监测指标.

Corni Fructus (CF), used for thousands of years in Asia as food and medicine, has different therapeutic effects before and after processing. In the past work, the quality assessment of Corni Fructus focused on the limited chemical compounds and rarely correlated external properties, such as color. The traditional sensory assessment relies partly on human eyes, which is quick but lacks objectivity. On a Shimadzu LC-20AD liquid chromatograph system equipped with a diode-array detector (DAD), we determined six major compounds (gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, morroniside, loganin, sweroside, and cornuside I). The extract was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTO-FMS) after the solid-phase extraction (SPE) step. Totally 58 compounds in raw and processed Corni Fructus were identified in negative and positive ion modes according to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragments. Iridoids, carboxylic acids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, fatty acids, saccharides, phospholipids, polysaccharide, amino acid, amide, furan, catechol, aldehyde, fatty alcohol and vitamin were included. A multivariate statistical analysis based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS filtered 17 differential compounds between raw and processed products. The CM-5 colorimeter was applied for digitizing surface and powder color. The contents of gallic acid, morroniside, loganin, cornuside I, and sweroside significantly correlated with color parameters in raw Corni Fructus, particularly a(dp)* and b(ap)* , but not in processed products, according to Spearman correlation analysis. MS peak area of four compounds in raw products correlated significantly with color parameters L-dp* , a(dp)* , b(dp) * , L-pd* , a(pd) * , b(pd)* , respectively, while three compounds in processed products with L-pd*, a(pd)* , b(pd)* . It revealed the relationship between compounds and color of Corni Fructus and the crucial compounds to color. In this study, we successfully developed a method for comprehensive quality evaluation of Corni Fructus that combines HPLC, UHPLC-QTOF-MS, and color determination.

Codonopsis pilosula (CP) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for invigorating spleen, replenish lung, nourish blood and engender fluid. A rapid, selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated to determine lobetyolin in rat plasma. The calibration curve showed good linearity over a concentration range of 0.46~1000 ng/mL for lobetyolin. The extraction recovery ranged from 72.5% to 89.1% with matrix effects of 81.6%~107.8%. The intra-batch and inter-batch precision and accuracy were 0.02%~14.4% and -13.9%~-1.36%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to comparative pharmacokinetic after oral administration of pure lobetyolin and CP extract, for bioavailability study of lobetyolin in rats. Results showed that the elimination half-time (t1/2 ) and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) of lobetyolin in CP extract were statistically different from those of the pure monomer (p <0.05). But the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ) and the maximum concentration (Cmax ) showed no significant differences between the two treatments. Furthermore, the bioavailability of lobetyolin group was only 3.90%, significantly lower than that of CP extract group (6.97%). The low bioavailability indicated that this component may be absorbed poorly or metabolized extensively in rats. Our results will provide useful information for further preclinical study and formulation preparation of lobetyolin.

Codonopsis pilosula (CP) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to invigorate spleen, replenish lung, nourish blood and engender fluid. A rapid, selective and sensitive ultra-performance LC-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to determine lobetyolin in rat plasma. The calibration curve showed good linearity over a concentration range of 0.46-1000 ng/mL for lobetyolin. The extraction recovery ranged from 72.5% to 89.1% with matrix effects of 81.6%-107.8%. The intra- and inter-batch precision and accuracy were 0.02-14.4% and -13.9% to -1.36%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the bioavailability study of lobetyolin in rats after oral administration of pure lobetyolin and CP extract. Results showed that the elimination half-time (t1/2 ) and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity of lobetyolin in CP extract were statistically different from those of the pure monomer (P < 0.05). However, the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ) and the maximum concentration (Cmax ) showed no significant differences between the two treatments. Furthermore, the bioavailability of lobetyolin in the experimental group was only 3.90%, significantly lower than that of the CP extract group (6.97%). The low bioavailability indicated that this component may be absorbed poorly or metabolized extensively in rats. Our results will provide useful information for further preclinical studies and formulation preparation of lobetyolin.

目的:分析并比较不同生长年限黄芪中6种单糖的含量.方法:取来自3个产地的2～4年生黄芪药材,经水提醇沉、Sevage除蛋白后制得黄芪多糖;将上述多糖经三氟乙酸水解和1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮衍生化后,采用高效液相色谱法测定其中甘露糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖等6种单糖的含量.以Symmetry C18为色谱柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8)-乙腈(84:16,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为245 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为20μL.结果:黄芪多糖中甘露糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖的含量分别为0.50～0.94、0.76～1.60、3.35～7.86、87.33～275.77、1.95～8.96、2.35～14.04 mg/g,2、3、4年生黄芪中上述单糖的总含量分别为98.26～139.92、173.81～295.71、122.37～182.41 mg/g.3年生黄芪中葡萄糖的含量与2、4年生黄芪有显著差异(162.71～275.77 mg/g vs.87.33～107.70、111.54～167.26 mg/g,P<0.05).结论:2、3、4年生黄芪中均检出上述6种单糖,其中葡萄糖含量最高,且3年生黄芪中葡萄糖含量显著高于2、4年生黄芪.

目的 优选酒萸肉蒸制最佳工艺.方法 基于L9(34)正交试验,以没食子酸、5-羟甲基糠醛、莫诺苷、马钱苷、齐墩果酸、熊果酸、多糖、水溶性浸出物含量为指标,采用熵权法结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)计算复合评分,考察黄酒量、闷润时间、蒸制时间对酒萸肉质量的影响,采用反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络寻求最佳工艺参数,并进行工艺验证.结果 正交试验筛选的酒萸肉最佳蒸制工艺为黄酒量20％,即每100kg山萸肉,用黄酒20kg,闷润lh,蒸制8h,正交试验最高复合评分工艺为黄酒量20％,闷润4h,蒸制8h;BP神经网络模型优化的最佳炮制工艺为黄酒量20％,闷润4h,蒸制7.5h.BP神经网络优化工艺实际复合评分最高,为97.0078,与预测值96.3586较接近,正交试验筛选的最佳工艺实际复合评分排其次,BP神经网络优化工艺优于正交筛选工艺,且预测结果稳定可靠.酒萸肉最佳蒸制工艺为每100kg山萸肉,用黄酒20kg,闷润4h,蒸制7.5h.结论 建立的酒萸肉炮制工艺稳定可行,得到的炮制品质量较佳,为酒萸肉工艺研究提供了依据.

栀子花作为化妆品原料具有较好的开发前景,但由于对其研究较少导致其开发受限.本研究通过单因素考察和正交试验对栀子花精油(Gardenia jasminoides flower essential oil,GJFEO)的超临界CO2萃取工艺和残渣中的栀子花总黄酮提取物(Gardenia jasminoides flower flavonoids extract,GJFFE)的乙醇超声提取工艺进行优化;将得到的GJFEO和GJFFE按照质量比1∶24复配得到栀子花复合提取物(Gardeniajasminoides flower compound extract,GJFCE).之后采用体外细胞实验,分别考察了GJFEO、GJFFE和GJFCE的抗氧化活性.结果 表明:优化后的GJFEO萃取工艺为萃取温度38℃、萃取压力32 MPa、分离压力12 MPa;GJFFE的萃取工艺为乙醇浓度50％、液料比25∶1、提取2次、每次50 min.三种提取物对氧化损伤的人角质细胞均有保护作用,且GJFCE的抗氧化活性优于单一使用的GJFEO和GJFFE(P ＜0.001).本研究为栀子花的深加工及其在化妆品领域的开发提供技术支持和理论依据.

中药材的质量直接关系到中医临床疗效,在影响中药材质量的诸多因素中,产地初加工技术是源头因素,是中药材品质的关键.从中药材产地初加工历史沿革、产地加工技术及改进、中药材仓储与运输等方面进行综述,针对产地加工及仓储运输管理等问题,提出利用现代技术,建立集约化、标准化的中药材产地采收加工技术,建立信息化、智能化仓储运输管理系统等对策,为生产出质量均一、可追溯的高品质中药材提供参考.

目的 为综合利用中药党参的植物资源,以非药用部位党参叶为试验材料,比较新鲜与晒、炒、蒸、冷冻这四种加工方式中党参叶抗营养因子的含量,以期探明加工方式对党参叶抗营养因子含量变化的影响.方法 采用BAEE法测定胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性,CBB-G250色素结合法测定植物凝集素含量与三氯化铁法测定植酸含量.结果 新鲜党参叶植酸与植物凝集素含量最高,含量分别为8.76％、0.767mg·g-1,经过晒、炒、蒸、冷冻这四种加工方式后抗营养因子含量与活性有所降低,其中蒸制过的党参叶植酸与植物凝集素含量最低,炒制党参叶的胰蛋白酶抑制率活性最低.结论 对党参叶中的3种抗营养因子进行了研究,为党参叶申请新食品原料奠定了基础.

目的:探讨不同产地党参不同部位(茎、叶、花)有效成分的含量以及不同环境因子对其含量的影响,为科学利用党参地上部分植物资源奠定基础.方法:采用HPLC法和硫酸-苯酚法测定不同产地党参的不同部位党参炔苷和多糖含量,并利用Pearson相关系数及通径系数分析经纬度、海拔对党参地上部分各成分含量的影响.结果:山西省平顺县的党参地上部分的党参炔苷和多糖总含量最高,且各产地党参炔苷和多糖的含量高低顺序均为叶>茎>花.各环境因子中,纬度和海拔对党参炔苷和多糖含量的影响呈现正效应;经度对党参炔苷含量的影响呈现负效应,对多糖含量的影响为正效应.结论:该研究详细探讨了产地、部位、环境因子对党参地上部分党参炔苷和多糖含量的影响,可为党参地上部分药用植物资源的科学利用和质量评价提供依据.

目的:制备槐花对照提取物,并以其为对照测定槐花中4个黄酮类成分含量.方法:用水提法制备槐花对照提取物;采用高效液相色谱法测定其中芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素的含量;色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(2),流动相为甲醇-1％冰乙酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),检测波长为360 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL.以槐花对照提取物为对照测定槐花中4个成分的含量,并与以化学对照品为对照的测定结果进行比较.结果:在所制槐花对照提取物中,4个成分的含量占86.85％;芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、水仙苷和槲皮素的检测进样量线性范围分别为0.0768～3.07、0.00224～0.0896、0.00159～0.0637、0.00340～0.136μg(r均≥0.9995);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤2.30％(n=6),加样回收率分别为100.4％、96.99％、102.3％、100.9％(RSD分别为2.51％、1.58％、2.97％、3.20％,n=6).两种方法中4个成分的含量测定结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:以制备的槐花对照提取物为对照建立的测定方法操作简便、重现性好,并能同时测定槐花中4个成分的含量,可用于槐花饮片的质量控制.

Cornus officinalis and Dioscorea opposita are two traditional Chinese medicines widely used in China for treating diabetes mellitus and its complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Morroniside (Mor) of Cornus officinalis and diosgenin (Dio) of Dioscorea opposita formed an innovative formula named M + D. The aims of the present study were to investigate myocardial protective effect of M + D on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) through the inhibition of expression levels of caspase-3 protein, and identify the advantage of M + D compared with Mor, Dio, and the positive drug metformin (Met). We detected cell viability, cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 protein in rat cardiomyocytes. In result, Mor, Dio, and M + D increased cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis and decreased ROS levels. Additionally, the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 protein was modulated and the expression levels of caspase-3 protein were markedly decreased. Among the treatment groups, M + D produced the most prominent effects. In conclusion, our data showed for the first time that Mor, Dio, and M + D prevented high glucose (HG)-induced myocardial injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Among all the groups, M + D produced the strongest effect, while Mor and Dio produced weaker effects.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Corni Fructus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma on the protection of the heart of DM mice.Methods:Type 2 diabetes mice model was established by high-fat drink feeding with one-time intraperitoneal injection of STZ.The mice were divided into seven groups according to blood sugar levels,control group,model group,positive groups,Corni Fructus group,Dioscoreae Rhizoma group and Corni Fructus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma high dose,low dose group.Mice in model and control groups were given CMC-Na.Continuous administration for 8 w.Fasting 12 h after the last administration,blood collection was gotten from medial angle of eye and mice were slaughtered to take heart and measure the indicators.Results:Compared with model group,blood glucose and heart weight/body weight were decreased significantly in Corni Fmctus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma high dose group,and serum insulin was increased significantly and MDA levels in cardiac tissue was decreased significantly in Corni Fructus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma high dose group.Cardiac pathology results showed that there was disoMered arrangement of myocardial cells in model group,sample granularity and a small amount of cardiomyocyte were hypertrophy and degeneration,myocardial fibrosis was serious,but there was a big improvement in Corni Fructus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma group compared with the model group.Conclusion:Corni Fructus-Dioscoreae Rhizoma has a protective effect on DM mice myocardial.

目的探讨山茱萸有效成分莫诺苷和马钱苷对糖尿病小鼠心肌的保护作用。方法通过高脂饮料喂养配合一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型，将小鼠按照血糖值分组并给药，分为莫诺苷高、低剂量组、马钱苷高、低剂量组、模型组、空白组、阳性组，模型组和空白组给予相应的生理盐水。连续给药8 w，末次给药后禁食12 h，内眦采血，同时处死小鼠取心脏，测定指标。结果莫诺苷高剂量组和马钱苷高剂量组与模型组相比，血糖和心指数显著降低，血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活力显著升高。心脏病理结果：模型组心肌细胞排列紊乱，颗粒样变，少量心肌细胞肥大，变性；莫高组与马高组心肌细胞排列整齐，心肌纤维间隙变窄，与模型组比有很大的改善。结论莫诺苷和马钱苷对糖尿病小鼠心肌有一定的保护作用。

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To observe the effect of active components from Lycii cortex on the proliferation of high glucose?in-duced glomerular mesangial cells GMCs and the secretion of extracellular matrix ECM.To investigate the protective mechanism of diabetic nephropathy.METHODS GMCs were cultured and divided into high glucose groupfinal glucose con-centration of 30 mmol/Lblank groupfinal glucose concentration of 5.5 mmol/Lbetaine and kaempferol groups of 5 dif-ferent concentrations of 0.010.1110100 μmol/L.The proliferation of high glucose?induced GMCs were observed by MTT method and secretion of ECM was detected by ELISA assay.RESULTS Different doses of betaine and kaempferol inhib-ited the proliferation of GMCsand decreased the content of ECMcompared with high glucose group P < 0.05 ~ 0.01. CONCLUSION Betaine and kaempferol can protect the high glucose?induced GMCs through inhibiting the proliferation of GMCs and decreasing the content of ECM.