Akebia trifoliata is an underutilized fruit with distinctive sensory characteristics and potential for beverage development; however, its application is limited by flavor-balance and suspension-stability challenges. This study optimized the formulation and short-term physical stability of A. trifoliata cloudy juice using single-factor tests, orthogonal experiments, and fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation. Each treatment was independently prepared in triplicate (n = 3), with each preparation considered an experimental replicate. The effects of pulp, sugar, and citric acid concentrations on sensory quality were evaluated, with citric acid identified as the dominant factor affecting overall acceptability. The highest-performing basic formulation among the tested combinations contained 14% pulp, 8% sugar, and 0.05% citric acid, yielding a cloudy juice with characteristic aroma, smooth texture, and balanced sweet–sour taste. To improve short-term suspension stability, pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were assessed. Pectin showed the strongest individual stabilizing effect, although excessive viscosity reduced sensory acceptability. Orthogonal optimization identified a compound stabilizer system of 0.03% pectin, 0.05% guar gum, and 0.06% xanthan gum as the formulation providing the most favorable balance between the suspension stability coefficient and trained-panel sensory score among the tested combinations. The fuzzy mathematical evaluation approach provided a structured framework for integrating multiple sensory and stability-related indicators into formulation decisions. These findings provide a practical basis for the formulation and short-term stability screening of A. trifoliata cloudy juice as a value-added beverage and support broader utilization of this indigenous fruit resource. Long-term storage stability, microbial safety, bioactive properties, rheological behavior, and consumer acceptance require further evaluation.

Wild orchids hold significant ornamental value, yet current research focuses on germplasm resources, lacks systematic studies on the native habitats and root endophytic fungi of species like Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi. This study used fungal sequencing to explore the fungal community in the native habitats of these orchids in the Qinling Mountains. We compared rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil fungi and assessed the ecological functions of dominant fungal-groups. The impact of soil chemical indicators on fungalcommunities was also analyzed. Endophytic fungi were isolated from orchid roots to evaluate their growthpromoting potential. Results showed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in the rhizosphere of both species. Symbiotic nutrient and pathology-saprophytic-symbiotic mixed fungal types were predominant, accounting for 56.76 % and 79.17 % of the fungal-community, respectively. Soil factors like total-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen correlated strongly with these communities. 17 fungal strains were isolated, with strains HL01, HL02, HL06, and HL17 exhibiting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, nitrogen fixation, and phosphorus solubilization. Strain HL08 showed IAA production, nitrogen fixation, and potassium solubilization. These strains contribute to enriching growth-promoting fungal resources for both species. This research provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the conservation, artificial cultivation, and breeding of Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi.

Paperbark maple (Acer griseum), an endemic and endangered wild plant in China, has red-colored autumn leaves of high ornamental and garden application value. Leaf color change serves as a crucial indicator for evaluating garden tree aesthetics; however, research on A. griseum's leaf color change remains limited. This study aims to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color change in maple leaves through physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic assays. Data analysis encompasses gene expression levels and metabolite changes in three distinct states of maple leaves: green, half-red, and red. The progessive decrease of chlorophyll and carotenoids and the continuous accumulation of anthocyanidins caused a sharp change in leaf coloration, which was most drastic in the green to half-red period. Subsequently, targeted metabolomics analysis was performed, and a total of 71 anthocyanidins were detected, and the content of eight types of anthocyanidins increased significantly in the half-red and red periods, compared with that in the green period; of which the multiplicative difference was the largest for cyanidin-3,5-O diglucoside, delivering the largest multiplicative difference. Thus, it was plausible that cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside-dominated compoundswere likely to be the main metabolites associated with leaf reddening. Correlation analysis revealed that 12 key transcription factors (TFs) were significantly correlated with the anthocyanin-related metabolites and structural genes, which play important regulatory roles during the biosynthesis of anthocyanosides in A. griseum. These findings offered useful insights into the molecular basis of leaf color variation in A. griseum; providing valuable information to guide targeted genetic breeding and varietal improvement strategies.

Grapes are globally recognized as economically significant fruit trees. Among grape varieties, Thompson Seedless holds paramount influence for fresh consumption and for extensive applications in winemaking, drying, and juicing. This variety is one of the most efficient genotypes for grape genetic modification. However, the lack of a high-quality genome has impeded effective breeding efforts. Here, we present the high-quality reference genome of Thompson Seedless with all 19 chromosomes represented as 19 contiguous sequences (N50 = 27.1 Mb) with zero gaps and prediction of all telomeres and centromeres. Compared with the previous assembly (TSv1 version), the new assembly incorporates an additional 31.5 Mb of high-quality sequenced data with annotation of a total of 30 397 protein-coding genes. We also performed a meticulous analysis to identify nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes (NLRs) in Thompson Seedless and two wild grape varieties renowned for their disease resistance. Our analysis revealed a significant reduction in the number of two types of NLRs, TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) and CC-NB-LRR (CNL), in Thompson Seedless, which may have led to its sensitivity to many fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew, and an increase in the number of a third type, RPW8 (resistance to powdery mildew 8)-NB-LRR (RNL). Subsequently, transcriptome analysis showed significant enrichment of NLRs during powdery mildew infection, emphasizing the pivotal role of these elements in grapevine’s defense against powdery mildew. The successful assembly of a high-quality Thompson Seedless reference genome significantly contributes to grape genomics research, providing insight into the importance of seedlessness, disease resistance, and color traits, and these data can be used to facilitate grape molecular breeding efforts.

Rhizosphere microbial communities have abundant species and a large number, and affect the physiology and growth of plants. When studying rhizosphere microbes, the rhizosphere ecosystem function and protection of wild orchids will be facilitated. By using high-throughput sequencing technology, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere bacteria and fungi of wild Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed at phylum, class, order, family, and genus levels to explore the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structure and diversity of orchid plants (C. goeringii and C. faberi) under natural conditions. The results showed that at the phylum level Proteobacteria was dominant in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of C. goeringii and C. faberi, but the proportion was different. The abundance of Proteobacteria in rhizosphere soil of C. faberi was the highest (35.5%), which was about 1.3 times of that in non-rhizosphere soil. Bacteroidetes accounted for 17.2% in rhizosphere soil of C. goeringii, much higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil (7.92%). The dominant groups of fungi in rhizosphere soil of C. goeringii and C. faberi were both Ascomycota. At the genus level, PCoA analysis showed that the community structure of bacteria and fungi in different samples was not only common but also specific, which was manifested in the similar dominant species but different subdominant species. This difference is reflected in the composition and relative abundance of microbial communities between different samples, and will gradually become obvious with the refinement of genera.

Aiming at the problems of high drilling friction and serious backing pressure on the drill string under the difficult oil and gas drilling conditions, which leads to low rate of penetration(ROP) or low rock-breaking efficiency, this article proposed a non-moving component jet oscillation tool based on the Coanda effect. Combined with the field working conditions of drilling process, the numerical simulations of the oscillation nipple internal flow are completed first. After that, the recirculation characteristics, switching mechanism and entrainment effect of the internal fluid are studied, including the flow velocities and the dynamics features of the pressure field at different positions. The experimental tests are conducted to verify the theoretical study results. The results show that the fluid presents same periodic wall-attached and switching behaviors. With the inlet flow increasing, the fluid velocities at the inlet and outlet locations show quasi-linear distributions, and the fluid pressures loss changes periodically. The jet oscillation tool can generate appropriate periodic pressure pulse, and the pulse value and fluid switching period are determined by design parameters. The comparative analysis between numerical simulations and experimental tests shows the results exhibit similar characteristics. It is concluded that this non-moving component tool can produce periodic oscillation effect, thereby changing the friction status between the drilling tools and wellbore and improving drilling efficiency. The research results can provide references for optimization designs of similar downhole tools and also develop technical supports for the efficient exploitation of oil and gas resources.

[目的]血皮槭种子存在深度生理胚休眠,制约其种群恢复和生产应用.探究血皮槭种子休眠机制,寻求解除休眠的方法,可为血皮槭及其他植物的种子休眠机制研究和生产实践提供参考.[方法]对血皮槭种子自然状态下萌发过程进行动态观测,研究其自然休眠时长;通过 3～12个月低温层积、切离胚以及不同浓度赤霉素溶液处理,探寻打破血皮槭种子休眠的方法;利用休眠的血皮槭种子各部分浸提液处理小麦种子做发芽试验,分析各处理组小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,分析血皮槭种子中抑制其萌发的物质存在部位;通过代谢组技术,探究影响血皮槭种子休眠的具体物质.[结果]1)自然状态下,血皮槭种子休眠时间约为 29个月;血皮槭种子经 3～12个月的低温层积、切离胚和 200、400、800 mg·L-1 浓度的赤霉素溶液处理均不能打破休眠.2)休眠血皮槭种子的种翅和外种皮浸提液处理的小麦种子发芽势和发芽率高于对照组;休眠血皮槭种子种胚浸提液处理的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数显著低于对照组(P<0.01);打破休眠的血皮槭种子种胚浸提液处理的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数显著高于休眠的种子种胚浸提液处理组.3)血皮槭休眠的种子种胚和打破休眠的种子种胚中显著差异代谢物分别为 289个和 215个,通过二级谱图匹配这些显著差异代谢物在正离子模式下有 146个,负离子模式下有 109个;差异倍数(|log2FC|)最大的 20个代谢物中,有 19个在种子打破休眠后含量显著减少,它们主要分布在脂肪酰基类和苯及其取代衍生物类中;通过一级谱图,定性了一类显著差异代谢物——酚磷酸;脂肪酰基类和酚类代谢物在影响血皮槭种子休眠中起关键作用,抑制血皮槭种子发芽的物质是脂肪酰基类的 2-羟基辛酸、茉莉酸、反式-2-辛烯酸和十三碳二元酸,以及酚类的甲基生姜酚、黄尿酸、香草酸甲酯.[结论]血皮槭种子休眠属于深度生理胚休眠,休眠时间约为 29个月;血皮槭种子的种翅、外种皮和内种皮对其萌发没有抑制作用,且种翅和外种皮中含有促进种子发芽的物质;抑制血皮槭种子发芽的物质存在于种胚中;血皮槭种子休眠并不是单一的内源性物质造成的,可能是多种物质的互作或者叠加的结果.

The deep or hard formation is an important development direction of oil and gas energy resource exploration, and new equipment for accelerating rock breaking is urgently needed. Therefore, a new composite impact acceleration tool is proposed in this paper. Based on the tool, the dynamic theoretical model and differential equation of the drill string system are established. And simulate the rock breaking characteristics of PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) cutters under composite impact. The new tool can change these results from periodic fluctuation to be stable such as the angular velocity of the drill bit, driving and friction torque. Simultaneously, the angular displacement changes from discontinuous to continuous increase. The increase of WOB (Weight on Bit) could enhance PDC invasion depth and improve rock breaking efficiency, but it may cause bouncing of drill bit. The rotational speed of 60 rpm (revolution per minute) is the critical point in the cases. When the rotational speed increases above 60 rpm, the specific energy of rock breaking reduces and the efficiency improves. However, it shows the opposite characteristics when the rotational speed increases below 60 rpm. The application of the composite impact acceleration tool can significantly suppress the stick–slip vibration and improves dynamics stability of drill string system. Also, appropriate selection of key parameters such as WOB or rotational speed can improve drilling efficiency.

针对我国农村居民点分布散乱、无序、土地资源紧张等问题,不少学者已经对农村居民点进行了研究,但研究结果相对独立,缺乏系统整合.本文采用文献分析法,从农村居民点优化理论、分布特征、影响因素、研究方法及优化模式五方面对农村居民点优化研究进行归纳,分析当前研究中可能存在的不足,以及对未来研究方向和内容的启示.

Akebia trifoliata (A. trifoliata) is a widely distributed wild vine that has attracted much attention in recent years due to the edible fruit of food and medicinal value. In this paper, the fruits of A. trifoliata, which are derived from Qinling Mountains (12 genotypes) and Bashan Mountains (4 genotypes) and have been artificially domesticated and cultivated for many years, are taken as the research object to study the fruit characteristics and pulp components of 16 genotypes of A. trifoliata. The results show that the pulp of the 16 genotypes contain a variety of nutrients, among which the average contents of total sugar, total acid, vitamin C, soluble solids and starch are 14.68g/100g, 0.14g/100g, 26.40mg/100g, 17.95% and 5.29g/100g. The fruit contains 17 amino acids, including 7 essential amino acids and 4 organic acids. The latter refers to malic acid, lactic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid, the average contents of which are 1.03g/kg, 3.38g/kg, 0.33g/kg and 0.0149g/kg. Besides, 8 mineral elements in the fruit include 4 macro elements and 4 micro elements. The average contents of the former are potassium (1.83g/kg), calcium (0.23g/kg), phosphorus (0.28g/kg) and magnesium (0.21g/kg), and the average contents of the latter are iron (2.29mg/kg), zinc (2.23mg/kg), copper (1.37mg/kg) and manganese (5.52mg/kg). During the ripening process of A. trifoliata fruit (using HY-9 as the material), the main nutrients in the pulp such as total sugar, soluble solids, starch, amino acids and various mineral elements reach the maximum in stage 3, indicating that stage 3 is the best edible period of A. trifoliata fruit. Through the assignment analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 9 quality indicators (3 apparent characters and 6 main chemical components) of the fruits of the 16 A. trifoliata genotypes from Qinba Mountains, HY-1, HY-2 and HY-9 were finally screened out as the three superior genotypes. This study aims to provide reference for the development and utilization of A. trifoliata wild germplasm resources and the selection of new varieties.

本文以未干燥处理的叶片树脂标本为对照,分别选取10种不同质地、颜色的叶片作为试验材料,从不同干燥处理方法、不同干燥时间进行研究,将不同干燥处理的植物叶片材料,用环氧树脂AB胶包埋,进一步制作成叶片树脂标本.在此过程中,用色差仪测量叶片实验材料在采摘时、干燥后、叶片树脂标本包埋15d、120d颜色数据并进行比较.数据显示:叶片植物材料运用草纸干燥法制作的树脂标本色差变化最小,没有进行干燥处理的色差变化最大;在草纸干燥法中,进行了不同干燥时间的处理,随着干燥时间的增加,叶片树脂标本色差逐渐变小,并逐渐趋于稳定.

Thuja (Thuja sutchuenensis Franch.) (family Cupressaceae) is a Chinese endemic plant once declared extinct in China. After being rediscovered in 1999, it attracted the attention of domestic scholars. This study aimed to investigate the extraction process and composition of the essential oil from thuja to provide a reference for further research. The main xylem of thuja collected from the Qinling-Bashan mountains was used as the experimental material. The essential oil of thuja was extracted by the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) process, and the composition of the essential oil was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and extraction dynamic time were the main factors influencing the extraction rate. The optimal conditions for the extraction include the following: maintaining the extraction pressure at 20 MPa, extracting for 60 min at 45 degrees C, and maintaining the CO2 flow rate at 1.5 L min(-1) at 120 degrees C. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the oil extraction rates of three verification experiments were 18.87, 18.63, and 19.07%. The GC-MS detected 136 components from the extracted thuja essential oil, and 75 components were identified. The main components of the essential oil were cis-thujopsene (23.54%) and cedrol (13.08%). In this study, the optimal process for SFE-CO2 of essential oil from the xylem of thuja was obtained. Under this optimized process, the average oil content was 18.86%.

Resveratrol is an important secondary metabolite not only owing to its function as a phytoalexin, but also its potential benefits to human health. In this study, the content of trans-resveratrol was documented in seven accessions of grapevine, in the seed, pulp and skin of berries, and at three developmental stages. The highest amount (2.99 mu g g -1 FW) was found in the skin of berries at the ripe stage from V. amurensis 'Tonghua-3'. Resveratrol was not detected in several samples, including skin of berries at the green hard or v & eacute;raison stage from V. davidii 'Tangwei'. We carried out transcriptional profiling of developing 'Tonghua-3' and 'Tangwei' berries to identify gene expression patterns that may be linked with the difference in resveratrol content between these accessions. The expression levels of several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with presumed function in resveratrol biosynthesis, including STILBENESYNTHASEs ( STSs ), CINNAMATE4-HYDROXYLASEs ( C4Hs ) and 4-COUMARATE-COA LIGASEs (4CLs), were significantly higher in 'Tonghua-3', than in 'Tangwei' during the v & eacute;raison and ripe stages. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that these DEGs were enriched for multiple biological processes at the three stages of fruit development. Additionally, we identified a total of 36 transcription factors, including MYBs, WRKYs, ERFs, bHLHs and bZIPs, that were co- expressed with 17 STSs via a weighted gene co-expression network analysis, suggesting roles as regulators of resveratrol biosynthesis. Overall, these findings provide insight into genotypic differences in resveratrol biosynthesis in grapevine, as well as the molecular genetics of its regulation.

盆景是起源于中国的古老艺术,蕴含着中华民族的文化特色和艺术魅力.盆景的传承重点在于挖掘中国盆景的文化内涵和古老技艺;盆景的创新应基于对中国传统盆景艺术的继承,在时代审美、结构和造型、新材料新技术应用等方面进行创新探索;盆景领域的学院派和民间派应该互相学习;盆景艺术教育和普及的重点在于各类学校.本文以西北农林科技大学盆景课教学改革实践为例,围绕教学团队、教材和课时、理论教学、实践教学、考核及评价方式等5个问题进行了分析和论述.盆景课程教学效果取决于高水平的教材、充足的学时、丰富的理论和实践经验且有责任心的教师队伍、必要的材料和设备等.本文旨在为各级农林院校的盆景课教学提供参考.

随着国家生态文明建设深入推进,城乡规划的价值导向由促进城乡经济发展转为追求人与自然的和谐发展,使得处于城市建成区外围的广大农村地区的生态价值日益凸显.本文围绕秦岭生态保护问题和山区农村发展问题,以陕西省商洛市为例,采用核密度法、农村居民点建设适宜性评价和生态敏感性评价研究商洛市农村居民点分布特征,并对农村居民点布局进行优化.在传统建设适宜性评价模型中增加了耕地规模、学校、医疗点和农村居民点规模四个维度参数,以提高适宜性分析模型的准确性.在居民点优化中增加城市开发边界、永久基本保护农田、生态敏感性、建设适宜性四个因素的考量.研究表明:(1)商洛市农村居民点分布具有典型山地居民点分布特征,受地形因子影响明显.在地形变化大的地方,居民点分布较破碎,地形变化小的地方,居民点面积大,呈现片状、带状分布.(2)商洛市农村居民点整体布局不利于农村居民的生产和生活,人与生态环境的关系比较紧张,生态环境压力较大,需要对农村居民点进行优化.(3)经优化后商洛市就地城镇化类、重点发展类、控制发展类和迁移合并类农村居民点面积分别为22.66km2、162.01km2、63.29km2、43.80km2.

园林苗圃学是一门理论性与实践性并重的课程,实验课是实践教学的重要组成部分,直接影响着教学目标的实现和学生能力的培养.本文以西北农林科技大学园林专业开设的园林苗圃学课程为例,探讨了实验教学中存在的不足,从实验教学内容、实验教学方法、考核评价体系等方面进行了教学改革与创新探索,旨在提高学生综合素质,进一步提升实验教学质量.

研究生是高校学生群体的重要组成部分,研究生的心理健康问题是目前高校研究生教育培养过程中的突出问题.本文以西北农林科技大学为例,围绕研究生心理健康问题,采用问卷调查的方式,对研究生群体的心理状况以及研究生对课程培养、学术科研、指导教师和团队负责人等方面的评价进行了调查和分析,旨在为高校研究生教育培养和研究生健康成长提供参考.

Drought stress severely affects grapevine quality and yield, and recent reports have revealed that lignin plays an important role in protection from drought stress. Since little is known about lignin-mediated drought resistance in grapevine, we investigated its significance. Herein, we show that VlbZIP30 mediates drought resistance by activating the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes and increasing lignin deposition. Transgenic grapevine plants overexpressing VlbZIP30 exhibited lignin deposition (mainly G and S monomers) in the stem secondary xylem under control conditions, which resulted from the upregulated expression of VvPRX4 and VvPRX72. Overexpression of VlbZIP30 improves drought tolerance, characterized by a reduction in the water loss rate, maintenance of an effective photosynthesis rate, and increased lignin content (mainly G monomer) in leaves under drought conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR assays indicated that VlbZIP30 directly binds to the G-box cis-element in the promoters of lignin biosynthetic (VvPRX N1) and drought-responsive (VvNAC17) genes to regulate their expression. In summary, we report a novel VlbZIP30-mediated mechanism linking lignification and drought tolerance in grapevine. The results of this study may be of value for the development of molecular breeding strategies to produce drought-resistant fruit crops.