Objective: The management of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances (AIMD) represents a significant challenge in psychiatric clinical practice. Although metformin is widely used to improve AIMD, the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in metabolic regulation has gained increasing attention. This study aims to compare the efficacy of metformin and different GLP-1 RAs in improving multidimensional metabolic indicators and psychiatric symptoms in AIMD patients through a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up until December 1, 2025, were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Studies that included patients receiving metformin or GLP-1 RAs treatment for at least 12 weeks, while continuously using antipsychotic medications, were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. A random-effects network meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 MP within the frequentist framework. Intervention rankings were determined by calculating the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Univariate network meta-regression was applied to explore the impact of study-level covariates on treatment efficacy. Evidence quality was rated based on the CINeMA framework. Results: A total of 29 RCTs (1,761 patients) were included. Semaglutide demonstrated the most significant effect in reducing body mass index (BMI) (MD = -3.55, 95% CI: -4.27 to -2.84). It also showed the best results in reducing waist circumference (WC) (MD = -6.34, 95% CI: -8.17 to -4.51). Moreover, semaglutide was significantly superior to other interventions in controlling glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (MD = -0.44, 95% CI: -0.53 to -0.35) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (MD = -0.53, 95% CI: -0.88 to -0.18). Additionally, metformin demonstrated a significant advantage over placebo in improving psychiatric symptom scores (SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.61 to -0.09), and showed unique benefits in regulating lipid metabolism markers such as total cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusion: Different medications exhibit distinct advantages in managing AIMD across various metabolic indicators. GLP-1 RAs, particularly semaglutide, demonstrate remarkable efficacy in weight loss and glycemic control, while metformin excels in lipid regulation and psychiatric symptom improvement. Clinical decisions should be individualized based on the patient's specific metabolic abnormalities, with a comprehensive consideration of the dual impact of medications on both metabolic and psychiatric symptoms to achieve optimal overall health.

This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and conjugate metabolism of four potentially hepatotoxic prenylflavonoids-sagittatoside A, icariside I, baohuoside I, and icaritin-from Epimedium extract. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for their simultaneous quantification in rat plasma. Following oral administration of Epimedium extract at three dose levels, the plasma concentration-time curves of the four prototype flavonoids were characterized, revealing distinct pharmacokinetic profiles. Notably, icaritin exhibited a markedly delayed Tmax and a prolonged elimination half-life, consistent with enterohepatic circulation. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase significantly increased the measured concentrations of all compounds, indicating extensive in vivo glucuronidation. The fold-increase in systemic exposure (AUC) post-hydrolysis varied considerably among the flavonoids and showed a dose-dependent decrease, suggesting possible saturable conjugation metabolism. This study elucidates the differential pharmacokinetic profiles of four key prenylflavonoids from Epimedium extract. The results identify icaritin as the component with the highest systemic exposure and greatest potential for accumulation, suggesting it may be a candidate contributor to Epimedium-associated hepatotoxicity. These findings provide a pharmacokinetic foundation for future toxicological investigations.

Psoralea corylifolia(PF) is widely utilized for the treatment of conditions such as kidney yang deficiency, frequent urination, and cold pain in the waist and knees. However, both basic research and clinical reports indicate that it induce hepatotoxicity. Our preliminary research has confirmed that PF has hepatotoxicity and in vitro research indicated that psoralidin is hepatotoxic. but it remains unclear whether psoralidin is the hepatotoxic component of PF and the mechanism of psoralidin induces hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity induced by psoralidin and its toxic mechanisms. Kunming mice were used to conduct long-term toxicity experiments. Liver function indices, organ coefficients, and histopathological observations were employed to assess the hepatotoxicity of psoralidin. Non-targeted metabolomics and proteomics analyses were conducted to elucidate the potential pathways and targets associated with psoralidin-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining, molecular docking and Western blotting analyses were utilized to validate the mechanisms underlying psoralidin hepatotoxicity. The elevation of ALT and AST, accompanied by hepatic steatosis and lipid droplet aggregation were observed after psoralidin treatement. Psoralidin affected biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, fatty acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. Further validation research found that psoralidin induced the expressions of Acot4 and Plin5, which in turn caused up-regulations of TGs and FFA in mice, and increased the HSD17B12 level, thereby promoting the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and facilitating lipid synthesis. And psoralidin catalyzed the conversion of phosphatidylcholine into LPC by enhancing Pla2g6 and Pla2g12b levels, which promoted the synthesis and accumulation of TGs, ultimately inducing disorders in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, psoralidin caused upregulation of ROS and mitochondrial damage, leading to a decrease in FA oxidation. Psoralidin is one of the hepatotoxic components of PF, which induced hepatotoxicity via promoting lipid synthesis and inhibiting lipid oxidative degradation.

Integrating bibliometric analysis with preclinical network meta-analysis revealed phenotype-specific efficacy patterns among five highly investigated natural products for obesity, providing comparative evidence for future experimental research.

A new steroid (1), together with seven known analogues (2-8), was isolated from Penicillium herquei WY-25, an endophytic fungus from Huperzia serrata. Compound 1 features a rare C-23-methylated steroid, a motif reported mainly from diatoms and geochemical records such as sediments and petroleum. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated by HRESIMS, IR, UV, and NMR analyses, and its absolute configuration was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, the production of 1 was consistently observed in varied culture media via LC-MS profiling, highlighting its stable production. Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells with IC50 value of 6.88 ± 0.22 μM (indomethacin as the positive control, IC50 = 44.48 ± 3.58 μM).

Two novel alkaloids, dahurine G (1) and its epimer dahurine H (2) were isolated from the roots of Angelica dahurica. The planar structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated through a comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). Biomimetic synthesis, initiated with (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, enabled the unequivocal determination of the absolute configurations of 1 and 2, while also yielding an unnatural analogue (3) as a byproduct. Compounds 1, 2 and the synthetic analogue 3 all contain a distinctive butenolide moiety, which is commonly observed in plant signaling molecules such as strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs). Further experiments demonstrated that all three compounds significantly promote seed germination in both model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana) and vital crops (Zea mays and Oryza sativa), as well as radicle elongation in Z. mays and O. sativa. The findings suggest that compounds 1-3 may play a significant role in seedling germination and early root development, thereby demonstrating considerable potential for agricultural applications.

This study integrates intelligent technologies like knowledge graphs and deep learning-based image recognition with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) thinking to enhance TCM with intelligence. It proposes an AI-based TCM constitution identification system that combines "inquiry diagnosis" (symptom diagnosis) and "inspection diagnosis" (image recognition). The identification steps of the TCM constitution intelligent identification system include two stages: symptom identification and image identification. If the results from both methods are consistent, the results are directly output; if the results are not completely consistent, the voting method is used for comprehensive judgment. It uses semantic analysis and graph queries on a TCM constitution knowledge graph for symptom identification, achieving good results. On the basis of deep learning and computer vision technology, ResNet34 and EfficientNetB1 models were used on the dataset of calm constitution and dampness heat constitution, and the face and tongue image constitution recognition models were trained. Both models exhibited high accuracy. The model EfficientNetB1 showed the best performance, with recognition accuracies of face and tongue images at 80.2% and 95.6%, respectively. The accuracy of the two constitutions could be well determined. Prototype testing and user experience studies show that the system achieves intelligent constitution recognition, assisting users in quickly diagnosing their constitution types. This approach provides a practical solution and lays the foundation for developing clinically applicable systems.

A hepatoprotective decalin-tetramic acid derivative colletotrichalasin A (1) which possesses a unique pentacyclic 6/6/5/6/5 fused ring system was isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides MT-51 of Huperzia serrata. Besides, three known alkaloids (2-4) were also obtained. Their planar structures were established through integrative NMR, UV, IR, and HRESIMS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined using GIAO C-13 NMR DP4+ analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity with 74.6 % cell viability (p < 0.0001) at a concentration of 10 mu M. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 was proposed based on its PK-NRP hybrid scaffold.

Qingwen Zhike prescription (QWZK), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospital prescription developed in response to the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has demonstrated efficacy in clinical practice. Nevertheless, its specific antiviral components and mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study screened the antiviral compounds against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from Qingwen Zhike prescription and explored the underlying mechanism through chemical composition analysis, serum and lung exposure profiles analysis, high-throughput screening, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. Utilizing the UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS system, a total of 279 components were identified from Qingwen Zhike. Among these, 49 components were detected in the serum and lungs of dosed rat, with 26 components distributed abundantly in the lungs. Subsequently, a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus-based assay and a main protease (Mpro) enzymatic assay were used to screen for viral entry inhibitors and M pro inhibitors. The results showed that two alkaloids (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) and five polymethoxy-flavonoids (3,5,6,7,8,3 ',4 '-heptamethoxyflavone, nobiletin, isosinensetin, tangeretin, and sinensetin) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on viral invasion. Further observation by TEM indicated that these two alkaloids could dissolve the viral envelope, while these five polymethoxy-flavonoids could cause leakage of virus contents, deformation of viral envelope or decomposition of the virus. Collectively, these seven compounds may serve as key antiviral components of QWZK.

The potential hepatotoxicity of Herba Epimedii is a focal point in traditional Chinese medicine security applications. As determined in our previous study, the flavonoid constituents of Herba Epimedii, sagittatoside A, icariside I, baohuoside I and icaritin, are related to the hepatotoxicity of this herb. However, the hepatotoxic mechanism of these components needs to be clarified further, and whether these components can maintain their injury action following liver metabolism needs to be confirmed. Herein, the effects of sagittatoside A, icariside I, baohuoside I and icaritin on the apoptosis of HepG2 cells and the expression of key proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, were evaluated. Moreover, with liver microsome incubation, the influences of metabolism on the apoptotic activities of these components were investigated. Then, by HPLC–MS/MS analyses, the in vitro metabolic stability of these components was determined after incubation with different kinds of liver microsomes to explain the reason for the influence. The results suggested that sagittatoside A, baohuoside I and icaritin could induce apoptosis, which is likely to be closely related to the induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. After metabolic incubation, the sagittatoside A and icaritin metabolism mixture could still induce apoptosis due to less metabolic elimination, while the icariside I and baohuoside I metabolism mixtures respectively got and lost the ability to induce apoptosis, probably due to quick metabolism and metabolic transformation. The findings of this study may provide important references to explore the material basis and mechanism of the hepatotoxicity of Herba Epimedii.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of remotely obtaining complex information on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pulse conditions through voice signals. Methods: We used multi-label pulse conditions as the entry point and modeled and analyzed TCM pulse diagnosis by combining voice analysis and machine learning. Audio features were extracted from voice recordings in the TCM pulse condition dataset. The obtained features were combined with information from tongue and facial diagnoses. A multi-label pulse condition voice classification DNN model was built using 10-fold cross-validation, and the modeling methods were validated using publicly available datasets. Results: The analysis showed that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 92.59% on the public dataset. The accuracies of the three single-label pulse manifestation models in the test set were 94.27%, 96.35%, and 95.39%. The absolute accuracy of the multi-label model was 92.74%. Conclusion: Voice data analysis may serve as a remote adjunct to the TCM diagnostic method for pulse condition assessment.

Acupuncture can reduce blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and ameliorate cardiac damage by modulating the excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, but the exact mechanism of this effect remains unclear. This study investigated the potential mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of cardiac damage in hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used as the hypertension model with Wistar–Kyoto rats as the control. Manual acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and metoprolol were used as interventions. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) plus HR were monitored with cardiac structure determined using Masson staining. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and norepinephrine in myocardium were detected with ELISA as was Ang(1-7) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Expression of mRNA for collagen type I (Col-I), Col-III, actin α1 (ACTA1), and thrombospondin 4 (THBS4) in myocardium was detected using real-time PCR. Expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Ang II, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), ACE2, and Mas receptor (MasR) proteins in RVLM was monitored using western blot. After manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture treatment, SHRs showed decreased SBP, DBP and HR, reduced myocardial damage. There was decreased expression of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, and increased expression of the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR axis within the RVLM. GABA levels were increased within the RVLM and norepinephrine levels were decreased in myocardial tissue. Metoprolol was more effective than either manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture. Acupuncture directed against hypertensive cardiac damage may be associated with regulation of ACE/Ang II/AT1R and the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR pathway within the RLVM to reduce cardiac sympathetic excitability.

Herb-induced liver injury (HILI) is gradually increasing, and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity. However, its underlying toxicity mechanism has been only poorly revealed. In this paper, we attempted to explore the liver injury and mechanism caused by Psoraleae Fructus ethanol extract (PFE). First, we administered PFE to mice for 4 weeks and evaluated their serum liver function indices. H&E staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of the livers. Oil red O staining was used to visualize hepatic lipids. Serum-untargeted metabolomics and liver proteomics were used to explore the mechanism of PF hepatotoxicity, and transmission electron microscopy was determined to assess mitochondria and western blot to determine potential target proteins expression. The results showed that PFE caused abnormal liver biochemical indicators and liver tissue injury in mice, and there was substantial fat accumulation in liver tissue in this group. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis showed that PFE changed bile acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, etc., and eight metabolites, including linoleic acid, which could be used as potential biomarkers of PFE hepatotoxicity. Proteomic analysis revealed that differential proteins were clustered in the mitochondrial transmembrane transport, the long-chain fatty acid metabolic process and purine ribonucleotide metabolic process. Multiomics analysis showed that eight pathways were enriched in both metabolomics and proteomics, such as bile secretion, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism. The downregulation of SLC27A5, CPT1A, NDUFB5, and COX6A1 and upregulation of cytochrome C and ABCC3 expressions also confirmed the impaired fatty acid oxidative catabolism. Altogether, this study revealed that PFE induced hepatotoxicity by damaging mitochondria, reducing fatty acid β-oxidation levels, and inhibiting fatty acids ingested by bile acids.

Background:Diet acts on the human body through digestion in the stomach and absorption in the intestines. Thus, the emptying of the stomach should be the focus of the research mechanism of the combined medicine and food treatment of diabetes. The emptying function of the stomach and the secretion of related hormones may be the key points of traditional Chinese medicine. In the clinic, Yunvjian is a famous traditional Chinese formula for preventing and curing diabetes. However, the pharmacological action and mechanism of Yunvjian are also need to be probe.Objective:To assess the effect of Yunvjian on glucose, insulin level and gastric emptying function and related hormones on high-fat diet combined with STZ-induced diabetic rats.Methods:High-fat diet combined with STZ was used to construct type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats model and received a 4-week Yunvjian administration. The animals were divided into 6 groups, respectively, as the Control group, the DM group, the DM + Acarbose group, the DM + YNH group, and the DM + YNL group. Radionuclide single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technology was used to observe the gastric emptying rate and half-empty time; blood was took to test fasting insulin, and then the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated; HE staining was performed to detect islets and gastric antrum, immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the number and morphology of pancreatic β cells and gastric antrum Cajal cells, and the average optical density was calculated; the expression of ghrelin hormone in gastric antrum and serum was detected by ELISA and immunofluorescence; the expression of GHRS mRNA in gastric antrum was detected by RT-PCR method.Results:Yunvjian could significantly improve the glucose level and insulin function of rats. Compared with the DM group, Yunvjian was beneficial to low fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P < 0.01), increased glucose tolerance, and improved islet function at the same time (P < 0.05). At the same time, compared with the DM group (25.02 ± 0.05, 44 ± 12.33), the emptying rate of the DM + YNH group was significantly faster (64.98 ± 0.12), and the half row time was shortened (26 ± 8.29, P < 0.05). The gastric ghrelin levels in each group of Yunvjian increased with different degrees compared with the DM group (616.2 ± 26.23), especially in the DM + YNH group (863.51 ± 23.76, P < 0.01). Correspondingly, the expression of gastric GHSR mRNA in the DM + YNH and DM + YNL groups increased significantly compared with the DM group (P < 0.01).Conclusions:Yunvjian can effectively control glucose and improve islet function, which may be closely related to its influence on gastric emptying function and related hormone secretion regulation.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine prescriptions for resolving phlegm in the treatment of angina pectoris of phlegm-stasis coronary heart disease by a network Meta-analysis. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on clinical efficacy of CHD angina pectoris with interaction of phlegm and blood stasis were searched in PubMed, Springer, the Cochrane Library and Chinese-language databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wanfang Data from their inception to December 2021. Literature was screened and literature bias risk was assessed by RevMan5.4 software. The overall response rate, the duration of angina attack, the levels of serum lipids such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and expression of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were selected as outcome indicators for network Meta-analysis and mapped using Stata15.1 software. RESULTS:Totally, 26 RCTs were included, involving 2098 participants. There were 6 TCM formulas with the effects of dispelling phlegm and removing blood stasis. Taking conventional Western Medicine as the common intervention measures, the results showed that the overall response improvement rate from high to low was displayed as modified Xiaoxianxiong decoction (, MXD), Danlou tablet (, DT), modified Gualou Xiebai Banxia decoction (, MGXBD), modified Wendan decoction (, MWD), modified Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction (, MZXGD), and modified Erchen decoction (, MED). The sequence of angina attack duration improvement from high to low was MZXGD, MGXBD, DT, MWD, MXD. The sequence of TC improvement from high to low was MZXGD, MED, DT, and MGXBD. Sequence of improving TG from high to low was MED, MZXGD, MGXBD, and DT. For LDL-C improvement, the effect from good to poor was MZXGD, MGXBD, DT, and MED. With regard to HDL-C improvement, the effect was ranked as MED, MZXGD, MGXBD, and DT from good to poor. hs-CRP expression from high to low was MZXGD, MXD, MED, MWD, and MGXBD. CONCLUSION:TCM formula with the effects of dispelling phlegm and removing blood stasis combined with conventional Western Medicine has obvious advantages in treating CHD angina pectoris with interaction of phlegm and blood stasis. MZXGD has great potential in increasing the overall response rate, reducing Duration of angina attack improving blood lipids, and reducing inflammatory factors. However, due to the limitations of extant studies, the conclusions of this study need to be confirmed by numerous reasonably-designed RCTs.

Epimedii Folium is widely used worldwide as an herbal supplement, and the risk of its induced liver damage has emerged in recent years. Our preliminary study has found that, among several Epimedii Folium species specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Epimedium koreanum Nakai has a more severe propensity for hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai is still unclear. In this study, untargeted metabolomics was performed to analyze the serum and liver tissue to explore the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. The results of experiments in vivo showed that, after 28 days of exposure to Epimedium koreanum Nakai ethanol extract (EEE), the liver weight, levels of AST, ALP, TBIL, etc. in serum of rats in the EEE group were significantly increased, as well as severe cytoplasmic vacuolation appeared in the liver tissue, which suggested that EEE has significant hepatotoxicity. Subsequently, the results of metabolomics revealed significant changes in the metabolic profile in the liver and serum of rats after EEE exposure, in which metabolites in serum such as flavin mononucleotide, phenylacetylglycine, glutathione, l -tryptophan, and sphingomyelin were able to accurately identify liver injury caused by EEE and could be used as serum markers to reflect EEE-induced liver injury. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that EEE caused extensive effects on rats' metabolic pathways. Some of the most affected pathways included glutathione metabolism, glutamate metabolism pathway, primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway, and sphingolipid metabolism pathway, which were all directed to the biological process of ferroptosis. Then, the main markers related to ferroptosis in the liver were examined, and the results demonstrated that the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased, the activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly reduced, the ferroptosis inhibitory proteins GPX4 and System x c − were significantly downregulated, and the ferroptosis-promoting protein ACSL4 was significantly up-regulated. Judging from these results, we concluded that the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai was probably related to the induction of ferroptosis in hepatocytes.

通过对枳实薤白桂枝汤在宋校《金匮要略》《外台秘要》《备急千金要方》文献记载的对校研究,参考《新雕孙真人千金方》《医心方》相关内容,发现该方在汉唐五部医书中主要有两个版本:"薤白半斤""水五升"煎煮时间短、服用量小的枳实薤白桂枝汤适用于"心中痞"的轻症胸痹,以《金匮要略》《外台秘要》中的该方为代表;"薤白一斤""水七升"煎煮时间长、服用量大的枳实薤白桂枝汤适用于"心中坚痞急痛"的重症胸痹,以新雕本《千金方》《医心方》中的该方为代表.而通行本宋校《备急千金要方》中该方用量用法与主治不相符,推测为宋人所改.提示:要充分认识宋校医书的复杂性与不确定性,对方剂关键信息的研究考证,切忌局限于某一文本以偏概全,而是应当以方剂文献为切入点,探讨北宋校正医书局中医古籍整理的指导思想、基本原则、具体做法及其对后世的影响,扎实做好基础性考证,是当今方剂研究特别是古方开发利用的前提条件.

《金匮要略》治疗虚烦不眠的酸枣汤,一般认为其酸枣是酸枣的干燥成熟种子,然笔者通过细致的文献研究,认为应该为酸枣的干燥成熟果实,即酸枣的果肉连同种子一同入药.一般认为酸枣仁"生者治多睡,熟者治不寐",然笔者的研究结果显示,酸枣仁生熟皆能增强人体睡眠功能.故建议今后可以考虑将处方用酸枣仁改为酸枣,在采收、加工时保留果肉;临床应用无需强分生熟.

对北京中医药大学民族医学博士研究生培养现状进行分析,发现招生制度、导师队伍、培养机制及培养目标等方面仍存在不足.针对上述问题,提出优化招生制度、加强师资队伍建设等措施,为我国民族医学高等人才的招收和培养建言献策.

目的 探析陈延之《小品方》中方药服量的控制策略与方法.方法 纳入《小品方》中方名、主治病症、药物组成、方药剂量及煎服法均完整辑录的内服方剂,并运用描述性分析对所纳入的数据进行频次统计与归纳总结.结果 共纳入内服方剂194首.汤剂单次服量为30～1200ml,以300ml最多见,约占汤剂单次服量总频次的46.19％.散剂单次服量为0.10～15 g,以5g最多见,约占散剂单次服量总频次的64.29％.丸剂单次服量为0.02～6g,以2g最多见,约占丸剂单次服量总频次的34％.服药次数为2日1服～日7服,各剂型均以日服3次最为常见,约占3种剂型日服次数总频次的68.15％.服药时间以定时服药为主,但据病情轻重、病理特点与人体生物节律等不同,有汤剂顿服、平旦服药及昼夜连服等特殊服法.结论 《小品方》强调多因素综合作用下机体对于药物耐受性与敏感性的差异是决定服量轻重的关键.其通过对方药的单次服量及服药间隔时间的调整,增强了服法对于方药绝对服量的控制.