The Magnoliaceae family,an ancient relict group and a key representative of primitive angiosperms,is widely distributed across Earth's history.It is characterized by a complex taxonomic structure and diverse habitat types.In China,from the southwest to the south,it serves as the"modern distribution center"and"center of diversity conservation".Due to climate changes and human activities,such as habitat destruction and overexploitation,Magnoliaceae has become one of the most threatened plant families on China's list of rare and endangered species.Based on literature and extensive data,this study collected and organized geographic distribution data for 13 genera and 157 species of wild Magnoliaceae plants in China,including 11 varieties,2 subspecies,and 3 forms.Of these,101 species are endemic to China,and two genera-Woonyoungia and Pachylarnax-are endemic.Referring to the 2024 edition of the Catalogue of Life China Annual Checklist,the dataset provides critical scientific data for the research,conservation,and sustainable use of Magnoliaceae germplasm resources.

In recent years, the impacts of climate change and human activities have intensified the loss and fragmentation of habitats for wild rare Magnoliaceae. Predicting the potential impacts of future climate change on the suitable habitat distribution of wild and endangered Magnoliaceae species is of great significance for their conservation and application. This study employs the optimized MaxEnt model to investigate current and future potential suitable habitats of three rare Magnoliaceae species (Michelia crassipes, Lirianthe coco, and Manglietia insignis). The dominant environmental variables influencing the distribution of three species were also explored. The results showed the following: (1) The potential habitat range of three Magnoliaceae species currently span from 92–122° N and 19–36° E. Variables associated with temperature (bio2, bio9, bio4) and altitude (Ele) significantly influence the distribution of these species, with precipitation (bio17) and ultraviolet radiation (UVB4) playing a minor role. The warm and humid climate in central and southern China is highly conducive to their growth. (2) Under the SSP126 scenario, after the mid-21st century, the suitable habitat area of Michelia crassipes has undergone a fluctuating trend of initial increase followed by decrease, reducing to 51.84 × 104 km2 in 2090. On the other hand, both the suitable habitat areas of Lirianthe coco and Manglietia insignis show an upward trend. Under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, the total suitable habitat areas of these three rare Magnoliaceae species gradually decrease. (3) We compared the priority protection areas with existing Protected Areas (PAs) in gap analysis; 96.84% of priority conservation areas are lacking effective protection. (4) The distribution centroid is constantly moving to western China. In order to address habitat fragmentation, it is recommended that the range of natural reserves be expanded and ecological corridors be established in the future, preferably according to the predicted suitable climate for protected areas and refuges or habitats for these species. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for the preservation, stewardship, and utilization of the endangered species of Magnoliaceae under the circumstances of projected global climate change.

In the original publication [...].

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) gene family members represent one of the most diverse and largest groups of transcription factors in eukaryotes. Research has demonstrated that bZIP transcription factors play crucial roles not only in plant growth and development but also in response to various abiotic stresses. However, studies focusing on bZIP factors in Rhododendron delavayi (RdbZIPs) remain limited. In this study, a total of 59 RdbZIPs were identified using bioinformatics approaches, and these could be classified into 13 subfamilies based on the genomic data of R. delavayi. Members of the same RdbZIP subfamily exhibited similar gene structures and conserved motifs, and were unevenly distributed across the 13 chromosomes of R. delavayi. Collinearity analysis revealed a total of 20 duplication events, comprising 3 pairs of tandem duplications and 17 pairs of segmental duplications. Additionally, cis-acting element analysis indicated that RdbZIP family members may be involved in various biological processes, including transcription, development, hormone regulation, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RdbZIP family genes were highly expressed in reproductive tissues. RT-qPCR expression analysis revealed that many selected RdbZIP genes were significantly upregulated under high salinity and drought conditions, suggesting their potential involvement in stress-responsive regulatory networks. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the bZIP transcription factor family in Rhododendron delavayi, laying a foundational framework for functional studies of individual RdbZIP genes. The results highlight the pivotal role of RdbZIP genes in abiotic stress tolerance, which is crucial for understanding the adaptive mechanisms of R. delavayi. Future research should focus on the functional validation of key RdbZIP genes and elucidation of their regulatory pathways, which may contribute to the genetic improvement of Rhododendron species under adverse environmental conditions. Not applicable.

The Magnoliaceae family represents one of the most ancient angiosperm lineage and provides key insights into early flowering plant evolution. Woonyoungia septentrionalis is an endangered dioecious tree endemic to the karst regions of Southwest China, with small and fragmented populations threatened by habitat loss and low reproductive success. Here, we generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of W. septentrionalis with an assembled genome size of 2.62 Gb and 98.9 % completeness based on BUSCO. Repetitive elements occupy 81.23 % of the genome, dominated by long terminal repeat retrotransposons. Ks-based analysis revealed an ancestral whole-genome duplication event around 65 Mya shared with Magnolia species. Phylogenomic analyses indicated that W. septentrionalis represents the earliest diverging lineage within Magnolia sensu lato, reflecting its distinct evolutionary position. Comparative and transcriptomic analyses identified gene family expansions and sex-biased regulatory networks, including hub genes such as MCM2-MCM7, and transcription factors SPL, TCP, and ERF, which may be involved in floral organ differentiation and dioecy formation. This reference genome provides a valuable resource for exploring the molecular basis of reproductive specialization and evolutionary diversification in Magnoliaceae, and supports conservation efforts for this endangered species.

During a study on hyphomycetous fungi, two isolates were obtained from submerged decaying wood in Guizhou Province, China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequence data and detailed morphological comparisons with other asexual species within Junewangiaceae, a new species, Jennwenomyces guizhouensis, is introduced. This species is characterized by its navicular or obclavate to cylindro-clavate conidia and unique phylogenetic position. Both morphological data and molecular analyses support its taxonomic placement. A description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the new species are provided. Notably, J. guizhouensis represents the second reported lignicolous asexual species from a freshwater habitat in China, expanding our understanding of fungal diversity in aquatic ecosystems.

The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs), which play a vital role in plant growth and development, stress response, and disease resistance, have been extensively analyzed in various plant species. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the NAC family in Rhododendron delavayi, an important ornamental flower. In this study, a total of 102 RdNAC genes were identified from the R. delavayi genome. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into seven subfamilies, each characterized by similar conserved motifs. Chromosomal mapping revealed an uneven distribution of RdNACs across all 13 chromosomes, with gene family expansion driven primarily by dispersed duplication (110 gene pairs) and, to a lesser extent, tandem duplication (17 pairs). Intraspecific synteny analysis detected 26 pairs of duplicated RdNAC genes, while interspecific collinearity with Arabidopsis thaliana uncovered 83 orthologous pairs, indicating both lineage-specific diversification and conserved evolutionary relationships. Ka/Ks ratio calculations for both intra-RdNAC duplicates and RdNAC–AtNAC orthologs yielded values below 0.5, reflecting strong purifying selection. Conserved-motif and domain analyses identified ten distinct motifs and 35 structural domains, with the NAM and MIT CorA-like superfamily domains being the most prevalent. Promoter analysis of 2 kb upstream regions revealed a high abundance of abiotic stress-related cis-acting elements (e.g., ABRE, ARE, CGTCA-motif, LTR). Finally, qRT-PCR demonstrated that under drought (20

Magnoliaceae, an ancient lineage of relict plants, were once extensively distributed throughout geological history. Understanding their species diversity, geographic distribution patterns, and hotspots is essential for providing a theoretical foundation for germplasm resource assessment, conservation, and utilization. This study presents a comprehensive catalog of wild Magnoliaceae species in China, derived from an extensive literature review integrating geographic distribution and endemism data. Utilizing GIS 10.2 software, we analyzed data from up to July 2024, revealing that China hosts 157 wild Magnoliaceae species across 13 genera, including 11 varieties, two subspecies, and three forms. These species are distributed across 24 provincial-level administrative regions, including special administrative regions and municipalities. Yunnan Province exhibits the highest species richness, with 12 genera and 94 species, followed by Guizhou, with 9 genera and 65 species, and Guangxi, with 9 genera and 62 species. At the county level, species are found in 609 regions, with Malipo County in Yunnan recording the highest count (32 species), followed by Leishan County in Guizhou (28 species). Vertically, Magnoliaceae are most abundant in the H3 elevation band (1000 < H3 ≤ 1500 m), while the H7 elevation band (H7 > 3000 m) shows the lowest species diversity. China has two endemic genera, Pachylarnax and Woonyoungia, along with 102 endemic species, of which Michelia accounts for the highest number of endemics at 33. The species composition in Guizhou shows significant similarity to that in Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan, indicating close phylogenetic relationships among these floras. The Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi region is identified as a “modern distribution center”, “diversity preservation center”, “hotspot”, and “refuge” for wild Magnoliaceae in China. This study highlights the importance of understanding the diversity and distribution patterns of wild Magnoliaceae for the effective conservation, development, and sustainable utilization of plant resources.

Changes in species' habitats provide important insights into the effects of climate change. Woonyoungia septentrionalis, a critically endangered species endemic to karst ecosystems, has a highly restricted distribution and is a key biological resource. Despite its ecological importance, the factors influencing its habitat suitability and distribution remain poorly understood. This study employed ecological niche modeling to predict the potential distribution of Woonyoungia septentrionalis across China and analyzed shifts in centroid location to explore migration pathways under current and future climate scenarios. The model exhibited high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.988), indicating its robustness in assessing habitat suitability. Under current climatic conditions, Woonyoungia septentrionalis is predominantly found in the Guizhou-Guangxi border region, southeastern Yunnan, eastern Sichuan, southeastern Tibet, and parts of Chongqing, Hunan, and Hubei. Among these, the Guizhou-Guangxi border represents the primary suitable habitat. Temperature factors, particularly bio6 (minimum temperature of the coldest month) and bio7 (annual temperature range), were the most significant determinants of habitat suitability, contributing 43.29% and 12.65%, respectively. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) accounted for 15.82%, while precipitation had a relatively minor impact. Under future climate scenarios, suitable habitats for Woonyoungia septentrionalis are projected to shrink and shift toward higher altitudes and latitudes, increasing the risk of extinction due to the "mountain trap" effect, where migration is constrained by limited habitat at higher elevations. Stable habitats, particularly in Libo (Guizhou) and Huanjiang (Guangxi), are identified as critical refugia. We recommend prioritizing shrinking and stable habitats in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Yunnan for in situ conservation. Ex situ conservation efforts should focus on areas identified based on key environmental factors and predicted migration pathways to ensure the species' long-term survival. This study provides both theoretical and practical guidance for the conservation of this species and its vulnerable habitat.

Polyploids are essential in plant evolution and species formation, providing a rich genetic reservoir and increasing species diversity. Complex polyploids with higher ploidy levels often have a dosage effect on the phenotype, which can be highly detrimental to gametes, making them rare. In this study, offspring plants resulting from an autoallotetraploid (RRRC) derived from the interspecific hybridization between allotetraploid Raphanobrassica (RRCC, 2n = 36) and diploid radish (RR, 2n = 18) were obtained. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using C-genome-specific repeats as probes revealed two main genome configurations in these offspring plants: RRRCC (2n = 43, 44, 45) and RRRRCC (2n = 54, 55), showing more complex genome configurations and higher ploidy levels compared to the parental plants. These offspring plants exhibited extensive variation in phenotypic characteristics, including leaf type and flower type and color, as well as seed and pollen fertility. Analysis of chromosome behavior showed that homoeologous chromosome pairing events are widely observed at the diakinesis stage in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of these allopolyploids, with a range of 58.73% to 78.33%. Moreover, the unreduced C subgenome at meiosis anaphase II in PMCs was observed, which provides compelling evidence for the formation of complex allopolyploid offspring. These complex allopolyploids serve as valuable genetic resources for further analysis and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of complex allopolyploids.

Water deficiency is a critical factor that restricts the utilization of Rhododendron delavayi in landscaping.bHLH transcription factors are pivotal regulators of plant growth,development,and stress responses.This study aimed to identify members of the R.delavayi bHLH transcription factor(RdbHLH)family by utilizing the R.delavayi genome file and transcriptome data.Through bioinformatics methods,we analyzed various aspects,including gene structure,conserved motifs,phylogenetic relationships,protein physicochemical properties,cis-acting elements,protein interaction networks,and expression patterns.The results were as follows:(1)A total of 116 RdbHLH genes were identified,exhibiting significant variations in terms of amino acid composition and molecular weight of proteins.These genes were primarily weakly acidic hydrophilic proteins that function predominantly within the cell nucleus.(2)The RdbHLH family was categorized into 17 subfamilies,where motif structures were conserved within each subfamily but displayed noticeable differences between different subfamilies.Most RdbHLH proteins contained both Motif 1 and Motif 2 at the same time.The promoter region of these genes contained a substantial number of cis-acting elements associated with plant growth and development,hormone response,light response,and stress response.(3)R.delavayi responded to drought stress by activating signal transduction pathways and regulating osmotic pressure and flavonoid biosynthesis systems,leading to stress damage mitigation.Drought stress exerted an impact on the expression of 36 RdbHLH genes,with 12 genes displaying robust induction.Notably,RdbHLH49 and RdbHLH95 might play pivotal regulatory roles in enhancing plant resistance to drought stress.These research findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigations into the biological functions of RdbHLH genes and establish target gene resources for the breeding of superior horticultural varieties of R.delavayi.

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) have been reported to play a crucial role in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating growth and development. However, the biological function of the ACP gene family in the Brassica genus has been limited until now. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and identified a total of 120 ACP genes across six species in the Brassica genus. Among these, there were 27, 26, and 30 ACP genes in the allotetraploid B. napus, B. juncea, and B. carinata, respectively, and 14, 13, and 10 ACP genes in the diploid B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra, respectively. These ACP genes were further classified into six subclades, each containing conserved motifs and domains. Interestingly, the majority of ACP genes exhibited high conservation among the six species, suggesting that the genome evolution and polyploidization processes had relatively minor effects on the ACP gene family. The duplication modes of the six Brassica species were diverse, and the expansion of most ACPs in Brassica occurred primarily through dispersed duplication (DSD) events. Furthermore, most of the ACP genes were under purifying selection during the process of evolution. Subcellular localization experiments demonstrated that ACP genes in Brassica species are localized in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that most of the ACP genes were associated with various abiotic stresses. Additionally, RNA-seq data revealed differential expression levels of BnaACP genes across various tissues in B. napus, with particularly high expression in seeds and buds. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that BnaACP genes play a significant role in salt stress tolerance. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of ACP genes in Brassica plants and will facilitate further functional analysis of these genes.

Sect. Tuberculate Chang belongs to the genus Camellia, which is an endemic group in China and has high research value. However, the phenotypic patterns of this taxon are complex and diverse, and the phenotypic variation in key traits is still unclear. In this study, a total of 212 samples from 18 populations of sect. Tuberculate plants were studied for 30 phenotypic traits of flowers, fruits, and leaves using analysis of variance, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed the following. (1) The plants in sect. Tuberculate were rich in phenotypic trait variation and possessed rich phenotypic diversity. The differentiation of phenotypic traits mainly came from among populations, with leaves (66.804%) being the largest and flowers (53.476%) being the smallest. Qualitative traits (70.264%) were greater than quantitative traits (57.608%). (2) Correlation analyses showed close and complex relationships among the phenotypic traits of flowers, fruits, and leaves. (3) The cumulative contribution of the first 10 principal components was up to 73.49%, which screened out 12 major traits contributing to the phenotypic differences in plants of sect. Tuberculate. (4) Q-type analysis showed that they were classified into 18 taxa at a Euclidean distance of 7.5 and 11 taxa at a Euclidean distance of 10. The 18 populations were not fully clustered according to the geographic distance of the plants, and there was an overlap between some of the populations. In summary, the degree of variation in phenotypic traits among populations of sect. Tuberculate plants is high, which is affected by the climatic environment. The 12 major phenotypic traits screened can be used as the basis for the classification of sect. Tuberculate plants. There are trait overlaps among some populations, which may be affected by the stochastic influence of the geographic climate and gene flow. This study will provide important references for interspecific identification, classification system construction, genetic mechanism, germplasm resource conservation, and exploitation of plants in sect. Tuberculate.

Climate change poses a very serious threat to woody plants, and it is important to study its impact on the distribution dynamics of woody plants in China. However, there are no comprehensive quantitative studies on which factors influence the changes in the area of woody plant habitats in China under climate change. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the future suitable habitat area changes of 114 woody plant species in 85 studies based on MaxEnt model predictions to summarize the future climate change impacts on woody plant habitat area changes in China. It was found that climate change will result in a 3.66% increase in the overall woody plant suitable areas and a 31.33% decrease in the highly suitable areas in China. The mean temperature of the coldest quarter is the most important climatic factor, and greenhouse gas concentrations were inversely related to the area of future woody plant suitable areas. Meanwhile, shrubs are more climate-responsive than trees, drought-tolerant plants (e.g., Dalbergia, Cupressus, and Xanthoceras) and plants that can adapt quickly (e.g., Camellia, Cassia, and Fokienia) and their appearance will increase in the future. Old World temperate, Trop. Asia and Trop. Amer. disjuncted, and the Sino-Himalaya Floristic region are more vulnerable. Quantitative analysis of the possible risks to future climate change in areas suitable for woody plants in China is important for global woody plant diversity conservation.

对忽地笑种球的主根数、围径、基盘直径及重量等指标进行测量,利用SPSS及图形软件进行相关数据分析;记录盆栽苗开花指标.结果表明,通过相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法初步将忽地笑种球分为五个等级,一级球,围径>16 cm;二级球,围径14～16 cm;三级球,围径12～13.9 cm;四级球,围径10～11.9 cm;五级球,围径8～9.9 cm;不同级别种球在外观形态上存在围径、基盘、重量等方面的大小差异,各级别种球均具有分球特性,分球方式为侧分球;不同级别种球对花期、开花时长、葶基粗、葶颈粗、花瓣宽及雄蕊长等指标无明显影响,对开花率、结实率、葶长、花径有不同程度影响,且与种球围径呈正相关.研究得出的分级标准科学合理,可用于实际生产,用于林下经济林花种植时尽量选择一、二级种球,以达到林下经济林药+林花种植模式的效益最大化、景观最佳化.

以百里杜鹃自然保护区淡紫杜鹃为研究对象,采用野外植物群落调研方法,在保护区内设置1个10 m×20 m的样地,研究了淡紫杜鹃群落结构和多样性特征,以期为百里杜鹃有效保护种质资源和生物多样性等提供参考依据.结果表明:1)样地内共有维管束植物24科32属47种,群落中植物优势科为蔷薇科和杜鹃花科;只出现1个种的科和属较多;2)群落垂直结构为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,群落乔木层植物以迷人杜鹃为优势种,白栎为亚优势种,灌木层中淡紫杜鹃占优势地位.

[目的]江户彼岸樱苗木市场需求量大,市场上传统育苗的苗木质量参差不齐.筛选适宜江户彼岸樱容器苗的育苗基质,为快速培育江户彼岸樱容优质容器苗提供提供实践操作和理论基础.[方法]以泥炭土、蛭石、珍珠岩和黄泥土为材料,常规基质为对照,研究不同配比基质的物理和化学性质及对一年生江户彼岸樱容器苗地径、苗高、生物量及各项生理特性的影响.[结果]不同基质配比对一年生江户彼岸樱容器苗地径、苗高、生物量及各项生理特性影响显著,4种容器育苗基质无论是化学性质还是物理性质均优于常规基质容器苗;在泥炭土、蛭石、珍珠岩、黄泥土体积比为3∶2∶1∶1时,江户彼岸樱容器苗的苗高、地径、生物量及各项生理指标均最优;体积比为2∶1∶0∶1时,基质对容器苗地下部分的影响大于地上部分;体积比为1∶1∶1∶1时,苗长势最差,根系出现盘根及畸形生长,植物光合作用受抑制;体积比为1∶0∶0∶1时,容器苗出现由于低钾胁迫引起的光系统Ⅱ受损,容器苗光合能力减弱.[结论]基质对江户彼岸樱容器苗质量具有一定的调控性,4种容器育苗基质无论是化学性质还是物理性质均优于常规基质.一年生江户彼岸樱容器苗培育以泥炭土、蛭石、珍珠岩、黄泥土体积比为3∶2∶1∶1的轻型基质最佳,培育的江户彼岸樱苗根系发达、苗高、地径、生物量及各项生理指标均最优.

Climate change poses a severe threat to biodiversity. Greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated climate warming and significantly impacted species distribution and population dynamics. Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is an ecologically, medicinally, and economically important plant; it is cultivated as an economic crop at large scales in China, and is a valuable medicinal plant in India, Nepal, etc. A precise prediction of the potential distribution areas of Z. armatum will contribute to its protection and determination of its planting areas. In this paper, based on 433 distribution points and 19 climate factors, the MaxEnt model was used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of Z. armatum between 1970 and 2000, predict its spatial distribution pattern in 2040–2060 (the 2050s) and 2081–2100 (the 2090s), and comprehensively assess the critical climate factors limiting its geographical distribution. The findings are as follows: (1) in the 1970–2000 scenario, the potential suitable distribution areas of Z. armatum include the subtropical monsoon climate regions of Japan, the Korean Peninsula, the south of the Qinling–Huaihe Line of China, and the regions along the southern foot of the Himalayas (India, Bhutan, Nepal, etc.), with an area of 330.54 × 104 km2; (2) the critical climate factors affecting the potential distribution of Z. armatum include temperature (mean diurnal temperature range, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, and temperature seasonality) and annual precipitation; (3) the distribution areas of Z. armatum will shift to higher latitudes and shrink under the three climate change scenarios in the 2050s and 2090s. In the 2090s–SSP585 scenario, the total area of suitable habitat will decrease most markedly, and the decrease rate of the highly suitable areas will reach up to 97.61%; only the region near Delong Town, Nanshan District, Chongqing City, will remain a highly suitable habitat, covering an area of merely 0.08 × 104 km2. These findings suggest that Z. armatum is susceptible to climate change. The border area between Guizhou Province and Chongqing City and the southwest district of Leshan City, Sichuan Province, will be a stable and moderately high potential suitable habitat for Z. armatum in the future. The above regions are recommended to be managed as key protected areas.

植物是园林景观重要元素,植物景观对环境生态平衡、人与自然和谐起到不可代替的作用.语境与符号、语言存在复杂的关联性,植物语境与符号影响景观舒适性、生态性与文化性.景观语境是由语形基础、语义规则、语用边界等内容组成约定过程.以中共贵州省委党校室外环境为研究区域,结合植物资源、景观元素等划分语境区域,赋予不同功能区域植物元素符号内涵,联合语境元素构建植物景观语境,营造整体与局部景观内涵.通过植物本身色彩、结构、形态等要素为中介,运用语境约定机制,强调植物文化象征的设计意义与景观语境内涵.

目的:探索杜鹃苗对不同水分梯度及混合接菌的光合响应机制.方法:以1年生杜鹃为研究对象,采用D(四种杜鹃花类菌根真菌混合接菌)、DM(四种杜鹃花类菌根真菌和一种马尾松外生菌混合接菌)、CK(不接菌,对照)3种接菌组合与不同水分梯度即轻度水湿W1(85％～95％)、正常水分W(75％～80％)、轻度干旱T1(60％～65％)、中度干旱T2(50％～45％)和重度干旱T3(35％～40％),研究菌根真菌与水分对杜鹃苗光合特性的影响.结果:混合接菌处理能提高杜鹃叶片叶绿素含量、光合特征参数及叶绿素荧光参数.水分胁迫环境下混合接菌处理能促进杜鹃生长,提高杜鹃叶绿素含量、使接菌处理杜鹃苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度的降幅小于CK处理.结论:在水分胁迫环境下接种DM相较于D和CK,最能显著提高杜鹃苗的光合能力,且以中度干旱条件下最为明显.