Vitamin C (VC) supplementation has been reported to benefit poultry health and performance; however, the antiviral effects of VC have remained largely unknown. This study evaluated the effects of oral VC supplementation on viral RNA load, histopathology, and immune-related gene expression in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens challenged with IBV. Eighty one-day-old SPF chicks were randomly allocated to control group or VC group and orally administered VC every other day at doses equivalent to 0 or 400 mg/kg diet for 21 days. All birds were challenged with 0.1 mL of 10⁷ 50% embryo infectious dose of IBV strain CK/CH/I0317/22 via the intraocular and intranasal routes. Results showed that VC supplementation did not affect growth performance, clinical signs, gross lesions, or IBV-specific antibody titers. However, VC alleviated IBV-induced histopathological damage in the trachea and kidney and reduced viral RNA load in the bursa of Fabricius (P < 0.05). In addition, VC supplementation modulated the expression of genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling, avian β-defensin responses, antioxidant defense, and inflammatory regulation in a tissue-specific and time-dependent manner. In particular, the expression of several TLR signaling- and inflammation-related genes was decreased in selected tissues, whereas avian β-defensin-1 (AvBD1), AvBD2, SOD1, GSH-Px2, and IL-10 expression was increased in selected tissues and at specific time points (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings indicated that VC supplementation was associated with attenuated IBV-induced histopathological lesions, lower viral RNA load in the bursa of Fabricius, and tissue-specific modulation of innate immune-, inflammatory-, and antioxidant-related gene expression following IBV challenge.

Vitamin D is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, yet its antiviral role in chickens during fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral vitamin D3 supplementation on humoral immunity, tissue viral load, and immune-related gene expression in FAdV-4-infected chickens. Ninety 8-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 45/group) and fed a basal diet. The experimental group received oral vitamin D3 dissolved in 0.1 mL soybean oil at a dose equivalent to 3000 IU/kg diet daily for 3 weeks, whereas the control group received soybean oil alone. After supplementation, all birds were challenged with FAdV-4. Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly reduced tissue viral loads and increased serum antibody levels compared with the control group. At the transcriptional level, vitamin D3 modulated key innate and adaptive immune markers, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), avian β-defensins, and cytokines. It downregulated several TLRs and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, while increasing the antiviral cytokines interferon-γ and IL-1β. Vitamin D3 also increased vitamin D receptor expression, decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase, and reduced the apoptosis regulators B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and Bcl2-associated X protein in selected tissues. In conclusion, vitamin D3 supplementation enhanced antiviral defense against FAdV-4 infection, possibly by promoting humoral immunity and modulating innate immune and apoptosis-related responses. These findings provide new insight into the role of vitamin D3 in limiting FAdV-4 infection and support its potential as a nutritional strategy for controlling viral diseases in poultry.

In addition to its nutritional role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, vitamin D also possesses immunoregulatory effects. Herein, we used chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEFs) to study the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the immune response induced by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. We observed the inhibition to virus proliferation in the cells by adding 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3. In addition, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 has significantly increased the mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor 15 (TLR15) (2.75-fold), avian beta-defensins 9 (AvBD9) (25.37-fold), and AvBD14 (2.28-fold) in the IBV-infected CEFs comparing with those of the control group. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of TLR3 (0.98-fold), TLR4 (0.66-fold), TLR5 (0.44-fold), TLR7 (0.62-fold), and AvBD1 (0.57-fold), AvBD3 (0.54-fold), AvBD8 (0.60-fold), and AvBD12 (0.54-fold) were found to be decreased. In parallel with this results, the mRNA expression levels of the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) (0.69-fold), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (0.99-fold), IL-6 (0.98-fold), and IL-1β (0.93-fold) in 1,25(OH)2D3 group were also significantly downregulated comparing with those of control group. Thus, the results suggest that adding of 1,25(OH)2D3 is capable of inducing TLRs and AvBDs gene expressions, suppressing the inflammatory response and enhancing an antiviral defense, which might have a beneficial effect in controlling viral infections in poultry.

Verticillium wilt of cotton, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating soilborne fungal diseases in cotton production, urgently demanding the development of effective control measures. Myxobacteria, a group of higher prokaryotes exhibiting multicellular social behaviors, possess predatory activity against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, giving them unique potential for application in plant disease biocontrol. In this study, based on a previously myxobacterial strain collection, a myxobacterial strain, HM-E, exhibiting broad-spectrum antifungal activity was screened. Through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characterization, and multi-locus sequence analysis, this strain was identified as Cystobacter fuscus HM-E. C. fuscus HM-E not only significantly lysed V. dahliae hyphae but also inhibited its spore germination. Both its cell-free fermentation filtrate and volatile metabolites exhibited certain antifungal activity. Greenhouse pot assays showed that the fermentation broth of C. fuscus HM-E had a control efficacy of only 23.01% against cotton Verticillium wilt, whereas the solid agent formulated with white star flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis) frass achieved a significantly higher control efficacy of 70.90%, and the myxobacterial solid agent also significantly promoted cotton seedling growth. Furthermore, the crude extracts concentrated using macroporous resin and acid precipitation showed no antifungal activity against V. dahliae, whereas the crude protein obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation disrupted not only the cell wall and cell membrane of V. dahliae hyphae, induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst but also lysed spores and inhibited spore germ tube elongation. Enzyme substrate profile assays indicated that several peptidases, lipases, and glycoside hydrolases secreted by C. fuscus HM-E might play important roles in its antifungal process and are potential biocontrol factors. This study suggests C. fuscus HM-E, as a novel biocontrol agent, has great potential for application in the combating of cotton Verticillium wilt.

In response to the need for separation and utilization of residual film mixtures after transformation of protaetia brevitarsis larvae, a pneumatic drum-sieve-type separator for transforming mixtures of protaetia brevitarsis larvae was designed. First, the suspension velocity of each component was determined by the suspension speed test. Secondly, the separation process of residual film, larvae, and insect sand was formulated on the basis of biological activities, shape differences, and aerodynamic response characteristics. Eventually, the main structural parameters and working parameters of the machine were determined. In order to optimize the separation effect, a single-factor experiment and a quadratic regression response surface experiment containing three factors and three levels were carried out, and the corresponding regression model was established. The experimental results showed that the effects of the air speed at the inlet, inclination angle of the sieve cylinder, and rotational speed of the sieve cylinder on the impurity rate of the residual film decreased in that order, and that the effects of the rotational speed of the sieve cylinder, inclination angle of the sieve cylinder, and air speed at the inlet on the inactivation rate of the larvae decreased in that order. Through parameter optimization, a better combination of working parameters was obtained: the rotational speed of the sieve cylinder was 24 r/min, the inclination angle of the sieve cylinder was −0.43°, and the air speed at the inlet was 5.32 m/s. The average values of residual film impurity rate and larval inactivation rate obtained from the material sieving test under these parameters were 8.74% and 3.18%, with the relative errors of the theoretically optimized values being less than 5%. The results of the study can provide a reference for the resource utilization of residual film and impurity mixtures and the development of equipment for the living body separation of protaetia brevitarsis.

BACKGROUND:Thrips tabaci is an important cotton pest. Cultivating insect-resistant varieties is a fundamental approach to reducing their occurrence and associated damage. This study investigated and compared the field occurrence of T. tabaci on three cotton varieties, including XLZ54, evaluated their resistance under a controlled indoor environment, and explored their biochemical and metabolic response mechanism. RESULTS:The results indicated that the occurrence of T. tabaci on XLZ54 was least in the field environment (P < 0.05), and the number of wounds on XLZ54 was least when the pest population was the same indoors (16.00-65.67 wounds). Among the different cotton varieties, XLZ54 had the lowest nutrients content: soluble sugar (SS, 2.10-5.08 mg/g), soluble protein (SP, 1.17-1.79 mg/g) free amino acids (FAA, 2343.50-3236.20 mg/g), and proline (Pro, 22.59-33.29 mg/g). With the increase in the pest population, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) still maintain high activity, and the amounts of flavonoids, total phenols, gossypol, and tannins, increased significantly. Principal component analysis identified that degree of damage, PPO, SOD, SS, FAAs, SP, and flavonoids were essential factors in evaluating resistance to T. tabaci. CONCLUSION:This study indicates that XLZ54 has the highest resistance to T. tabaci, and this is closely related to its low nutrient content and its high amounts of insect-resistant substances such as flavonoids, total phenols, gossypol, and tannins after damage. In addition, the seven indicators mentioned above can serve as characterization indices for evaluating the resistance of cotton to T. tabaci, providing a basis for future breeding of cotton varieties resistant to T. tabaci. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Alpaca farming has received increasing attention in China in recent years. However, Australian alfalfa remains the main choice of forage for alpacas. China has abundant forage resources, including oat grass, Leymus chinensis, and corn straw, which are widely distributed across the country. This study aims to explore the feasibility of replacing Australian alfalfa entirely with these resources, thereby providing insights into the selection of forage species for alpacas. Test results showed that oat grass, when used as a fiber source for alpacas, has a significant positive effect on their growth performance, energy metabolism and intestinal microbiota. These results suggest that oat grass is a viable forage option for alpacas and is as nutritionally adequate as alfalfa. In contrast, neither corn straw nor Leymus chinensis demonstrated superior nutritional value compared to alfalfa. Therefore, we conclude that oat grass has substantial potential to serve as an alfalfa substitute in alpaca forage. Conversely, Leymus chinensis and corn straw are not suitable candidates for replacing alfalfa.

To improve the survival rate of larvae during material separation after biotransformation of existing residual film mixtures of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, this paper adopts the method of combining physical test and EDEM simulation test, and selects Hertz Mindlin with JKR contact model to calibrate the discrete element simulation contact parameters of the Protaetia brevitarsis larvae and the frass mixture. First, the cylinder lifting method was used to determine the actual repose angle of the mixture of larvae and frass. The collision recovery coefficients between larvae-frass and steel, static friction coefficient, kinetic friction coefficient and the collision recovery coefficient between larvae were measured through physical tests such as the inclined plane method. The Plackett-Burman test was then used to screen out the factors that have a significant impact on the repose angle: Poisson's ratio of frass, frass-frass rolling friction coefficient, frass JKR surface energy, frass-larvae JKR surface energy. The optimal value intervals of four significant factors were determined based on the steepest climb test, Based on the Box-Behnken response surface analysis test, the second-order regression model between the repose angle and four significant factors was determined, and variance and interaction effects were analyzed. And with the actual repose angle as the goal, the significant factors were optimized and the optimal parameter combination of the four significant factors was determined. The simulation test of material repose angle and screening was carried out with the optimal parameter combination, and compared with the physical test. It was found that the maximum relative errors of the two tests were 1.48% and 3.79% respectively, indicating that the calibrated parameter values are true and reliable, It can provide a reference for the discrete element simulation of the transportation and separation of the Protaetia brevitarsis larvae-frass mixture.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b (FAdV-8b), as causative agent of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), poses a great threat to the poultry industry. Considering the importance of innate immune response in host against viral infections, we investigated pathogenicity of a FAdV-8b strain HLJ/151129 in 1-mo-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and immune responses of host to FAdV-8b infection in this study. The results demonstrated that no obvious clinical signs were observed in infected birds. Neither mobility nor mortality was observed in both FAdV-8b infected and control chickens, as well. However, hepatic necrosis and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed by pathological analysis. Viral load was detected in bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, liver, heart, spleen, Harderian glands, and thymus. Virus shedding and viremia generated as early as 3 days postinfection (dpi) (9/10) and reached the peak at 7 dpi (10/10). In addition, the infected birds had developed FAdV-specific antibodies at 7 dpi, and the antibody titers reached the peak at 14 dpi. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of most of toll-like receptors (TLRs), most of avian β-defensins (AvBDs), and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ], were significantly upregulated in most tissues at early phases of FAdV-8b infection, especially in liver and spleen. In contrast, FAdV-8b infection results in downregulation of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR21 expressions in some tissues of infected chickens. In addition, FAdV-8b infection upregulated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF) expression in some tissues, while decreased NF-κB p65 and TRIF in spleen at both 72 hpi and 21 dpi. Taken together, these results confirmed that FAdV-8b could replicate in all investigated tissues of infected birds, and then, result in production of FAdV-specific antibody titers. Meanwhile, the FAdV-8b infection induces strong innate immune responses at early stage in chickens, which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.

To determine the sequence structure and spatiotemporal expression patterns of AKT, MAPK and RPS6KB genes in the insulin signaling pathway of Propylea japonica, the full-length genes of AKT, MAPK and RPS6KB were acquired from P. japonica genome. Protein sequence structure analysis showed that the genes encode 522, 332,and 375 amino acids, respectively. Expression profiles of the genes in different developmental stages（1, 3, 5, 7 days after eclosion） and tissues（head, thorax, abdomen, intestine） of P. japonica female adults were investigated through the method of real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that AKT, MAPK and RPS6KB were significantly up-regulated in the 7-d old females and reached the highest level. AKT was highly expressed in the head in the 1-d and 3-d old females, and highly expressed in the intestine and thorax in the 5-d and 7-d old females, respectively.The expression level of MAPK gene in the head was significantly higher than that in the thorax, abdomen and intestine in the 1-d, 3-d, 5-d and 7-d old females. Expression level of RPS6KB gene was the highest in abdomen in the1-d, 3-d, 5-d and 7-d old females, and significantly higher than that in head, thorax and intestine. Taken together,the expression levels of AKT, MAPK and RPS6KB genes differ in different developmental stages and tissues of P.japonica, which serves as a foundation for further study on the role of insulin signaling pathway in reproductive development of P. japonica..

为探究荒山绿化模式下对野生新疆郁金香Tulipa sinkiangensis传粉昆虫多样性的影响,选取乌鲁木齐市雅玛里克山设置长期绿化区、短期绿化区和自然生境3 个环境梯度,采取样线和样方调查等方法进行新疆郁金香传粉昆虫多样性的研究.共收集传粉昆虫共316 头,隶属17 科23 属36 种,优势种为黑腹膝芒寄蝇Gonia picea.不同绿化梯度下物种丰富度指数相似,但随着荒山绿化进程的推进传粉昆虫多样性指数、均匀度指数呈下降趋势,自然生境最高(2.719;0.941),长期绿化区最低(1.299±0.311;0.553±0.076).长期绿化区和短期绿化区之间物种组成极不相似;长期绿化区和自然生境以及短期绿化区和自然生境之间物种组成均为中等不相似.同时发现,树木胸径对传粉昆虫多样性具有显著负面影响(P =0.047).研究表明,未来荒山绿化工程应提高生态异质性,避免大片纯林的单一种植模式.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is a crucial mediator of the immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on host immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in chickens. Forty 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were fed a basal diet and randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20 birds per group). Chickens in the experimental group were treated orally with vitamin A (dissolved in 0.1 mL soybean oil, at a dose of 8,000 IU per kg diet) daily. Birds in the control group were orally administered 0.1 mL soybean oil without vitamin A until 21 d of age. On d 21 after birth, all chickens were infected with 0.1 mL of 106.5 50% median embryo infectious dose of a pathogenic IBV strain (CK/CH/LDL/091022) by intraocular and intranasal routes. The results demonstrated that oral vitamin A supplementation did not affect the clinical course of disease and growth performance of SPF chickens. However, vitamin A supplementation increased the IBV-specific IgG serum levels and decreased the viral load in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. In addition, the results demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation decreased the expression levels of most immune-related molecules in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some avian β-defensins (AvBD2, 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13) and increased the expression levels of AvBD9 and AvBD12 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Similarly, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) and increased the mRNA expression levels of IL-2 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Furthermore, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, nuclear factor-κB p65, toll-like receptor 3, toll-like receptor 7, and CD4. In summary, the present study suggests that vitamin A supplementation enhances the immune function of SPF chickens against IBV infection by inhibiting viral replication, increasing the IBV-specific antibody titer, and suppressing the excessive inflammatory responses to IBV infection.

为了评价人工释放多异瓢虫防治棉蚜的生物防治技术,同时与化学防治做比较,利用棉田生物防治区(人工释放多异瓢虫),化学防治区(吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪)和对照区3种处理区.结果表明:在棉田释放多异瓢虫后,生物防治区的棉蚜数随着天数的增多而增加,化学防治区是喷药3 d后棉蚜数量减少,喷药21d后棉蚜数量开始增加,但均低于对照组,整个处理过程中,吡虫啉处理区蚜虫数量少于啶虫脒和噻虫嗪处理区,同样吡虫啉处理区多异瓢虫的数量也少于啶虫脒和噻虫嗪处理区.生物防治区多异瓢虫数量大于化学防治区多异瓢虫的数量.喷药后3d吡虫啉处理区的防效是56%,生物防治区的防效是44%,对照区的最少.喷药后5d生物防治区的防效大于化学防治区.因此,田间人工释放多异瓢虫可以提高棉蚜防效,有利于天敌昆虫的生长发育,因此田间防治棉蚜优先考虑生物防治措施.

[目的]探究呼吸型传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)对蛋鸡免疫反应的影响及重组禽β-防御素(avian β-defensins,AvBDs)的抗病毒作用.[方法]试验将70只7日龄SPF白来航鸡随机分为2组,每组35只.攻毒组通过滴鼻点眼途径接种呼吸型IBV强毒(CK/CH/LSD/051),对照组以相同途径接种等剂量灭菌PBS.定时观察临床症状14 d并记录,在攻毒后12 h、36 h、3 d、7 d和14 d 2组各随机选取5只鸡心脏采血处死,检测血清抗体水平并收集部分气管和肾脏进行组织病理学检测.采集法氏囊、脾脏、肾脏和气管,提取RNA,运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测组织中IBV的病毒载量、Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)及信号转导分子、AvBDs基因表达量变化.将重组AvBD11和AvBD12转染鸡胚肾细胞(chicken embryo kidney,CEK)并在病毒感染细胞后6、12、24、36和48 h收取细胞上清和细胞用于提取RNA,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测病毒载量.[结果]感染呼吸型IBV强毒后,鸡出现轻微呼吸道症状,剖检无明显病理变化.在感染14 d后,鸡血清抗体水平转阳且阳性率为100％.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,对照组均未检测到病毒,攻毒组仅在感染14 d后的气管中检测到病毒且病毒载量低.与对照组相比,攻毒组脾脏中TLR1、TLR5、AvBD9和AvBD12基因表达量在感染后7 d均显著升高(P＜0.05),攻毒组法氏囊中TLR1、TLR2、TLR3、A0BD5和AvBD9基因表达量及气管中核转录因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、NF-κB c-Rel、AvBD5、AvBD9、AvBD11 和 AvBD13 基因表达量在感染 14 d 后均显著升高(P＜0.05).体外抗病毒结果显示,与转染空载体组相比,转染AvBD11的CEK细胞在感染24和48 h后病毒载量显著下调(P＜0.05),细胞上清的病毒载量在感染48 h后显著下调(P＜0.05);转染AvBD12的CEK细胞在感染12和24 h后病毒载量显著下调(P＜0.05),细胞上清的病毒载量在感染12和48 h后显著下调(P＜0.05),说明重组AvBD11和AvBD12在CEK细胞中具有抗IBV活性.[结论]呼吸型IBV强毒感染机体后增强了相关受体的基因表达和信号转导,上调了 AvBDs基因表达,加强了机体免疫反应.重组AvBD11和AvBD12具有抗病毒作用,为无抗饲料的配制及研究提供了新思路.

2019 年在新疆塔城市进行入侵有害生物实地踏查中发现疑似假苍耳的植株,首先采用传统形态学鉴定方法,根据植物的根、茎、叶、花及果实等外部形态特征进行初步鉴定,再以植物的 Rps16、psbA 和matK基因序列为参考,设计特异性引物(分别为IXR、IXP及IXM)进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增和测序.通过形态学和DNA分子鉴定可知,采自塔城市的野生杂草为假苍耳,待检测植物基因测序片段与假苍耳psbA和matK基因序列的相似度高达 98％,是我国入境植物检疫性有害生物之一.本研究建立了假苍耳的快速检测方法,可为新疆地区假苍耳的检验检疫及有效防控提供参考.

Verticillium wilt is one of the most crucial diseases caused by Verticillium dahliae that threatens the cotton industry. Statistical results showed that the return of cotton plants infected with V. dahliae to the field might be an essential cause of the continuous aggravation of cotton Verticillium wilt. The correlation among the cotton plants infected with V. dahliae returning to the field, the occurrence of Verticillium wilt, and the number of microsclerotia in rhizosphere soil need further investigation. A potted experiment was carried out to explore the effects of the direct return of cotton plants infected with Verticillium dahliae to the field on the subsequent growth and Verticillium wilt occurrence in cotton. As a risk response plan, we investigated the feasibility of returning dung-sand (i.e., insect excreta) to the field, the dung-sand was from the larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidea) that were fed with the V. dahliae-infected cotton plants. The results demonstrated that the return of the entire cotton plants to the field presented a promotional effect on the growth and development of cotton, whereas the return of a single root stubble or cotton stalks had an inhibitive effect. The return of cotton stalks and root stubble infected with V. dahliae increased the risk and degree of Verticillium wilt occurrence. The disease index of Verticillium wilt occurrence in cotton was positively correlated with the number of microsclerotia in the rhizosphere soil. The disease index increased by 20.00%, and the number of soil microsclerotia increased by 8.37 fold in the treatment of returning root stubble infected with V. dahliae to the field. No Verticillium wilt microsclerotia were detected in the feed prepared from cotton stalks and root stubble fermented for more than 5 days or in the transformed dung-sand. There was no risk of inoculation with Verticillium wilt microsclerotia when the dung-sand was returned to the field. The indirect return of cotton plants infected with V. dahliae to the field by microorganism-insect systems is worthy of further exploration plan of the green prevention and control for Verticillium wilt and the sustainable development of the cotton industry.

Cotton stalks (CS) are a potential agricultural biomass resource. We investigated the use of CS as a feed for Proteatia brevitarsis Lewis larvae and the resulting frass (larvae dung-sand) as a fertilizer. Based on a three-factor experiment (decomposition inoculant, fermentation duration, and cattle manure ratio), the optimal parameters for the transformation of CS using P. brevitarsis larvae were determined as 40–50% of cattle manure, the use of VT inoculant and a fermentation duration of 25–30 days. Regarding the products of the transformation, the protein content of the larval body was as high as 52.49%, and the fat content was 11.7%, which is a suitable-quality insect protein source. The organic matter content of larvae dung-sand was 54.8%, and the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (TNPK) was 9.04%, which is twice more than that of the organic fertilizer standard (NY525-2021, Beijing, China, TNPK ≥ 4.0%), and larvae dung-sand has the potential of fertilizer application. Therefore, CS as a feed and fertilizer based on the transformation of P. brevitarsis larvae is feasible, and it is a highly efficient way to promote the utilization of both CS and cattle manure.

昆虫在长期的进化过程中与其体内微生物形成了互利共生的关系,共生微生物参与调节寄主的多种生命活动,例如生殖、代谢等.在黄河流域棉区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是棉花的主要害虫之一.为明确绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与群落结构,通过HiSeq平台对棉田绿盲蝽体内共生菌的16S rRNA基因V3～V4区进行高通量测序,分析绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与多样性.结果显示,变形菌门Proteobacteria(89.18％)、放线菌门Actinobacteria(2.99％)、厚壁菌门Firmicutes(2.48％)为绿盲蝽的3个优势菌门.在属水平上立克次氏体Rickettsia(32.86％)、欧文氏菌属Erwinia(20.21％)为优势菌群.本文初步明确了绿盲蝽体内微生物群落的组成和动态变化,为进一步研究绿盲蝽与共生菌的相互作用提供了基础,为今后从共生菌出发防治绿盲蝽提供新思路.

[目的]研究苦豆子(Sophraalopecuroides)、孜然(Cuminum cyminum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)3种植物甲醇提取物对小麦的生长调节作用,为新型植物源生长调节剂的研制提供依据.[方法]选用春小麦品种新春44号为材料,以清水处理为对照,将苦豆子、孜然和苦草甲醇提取物浸膏分别制备成3种不同浓度(1％、0.1％、0.01％)的溶液,于小麦拔节前期连续喷施3次,分析小麦株高等茎秆性状、光合特性及产量等相关指标的影响;采用主成分分析法,筛选并评价植物提取物的生物活性.[结果]0.01％苦豆子甲醇提取物处理后,小麦基部第1、2、3节间长度分别降低27.8％、13.4％、4.5％;茎粗分别增加9.4％、16.1％、14.3％;基部3节IAA含量提高16.2％;基部3节ABA含量降低7.9％;株高降低5.6％;旗叶净光合速率增加3.9％;旗叶SPAD值增加6.2％;千粒重、籽粒重量、容重分别增加2.8％、24.7％和3.6％.0.01％苦豆子处理效果显著优于其他处理组.[结论]苦豆子、孜然和苦草3种低浓度甲醇提取物对小麦均具有不同程度的生长调控作用,能缩短节间长度和增加茎粗,增强小麦抗倒伏能力,降低小麦株高的作用,改善田间的通风透光条件,提高旗叶光合作用,提高光能利用率和作物产量.0.01％苦豆子处理效果最优,0.01％孜然甲醇提取物次之.