作为修辞学,尤其是古典修辞学的核心范畴,话题自古典时期至今,历经古希腊、古罗马以及"新修辞学"等不同时期,呈现出迥异的属性.在这一演变过程中,其属性共呈现出静态和动态两种形式.同时,话题的演变并不是任意而行的,其属性的更迭受制于作为其载体的、位居"修辞五艺"之首的觅材取材.话题的属性与觅材取材保持一致,且随觅材取材属性的变化而发生变化.

敬语是日语的重要特征之一,在近代日本形成过程中被赋予了浓厚的政治色彩,肩负了维持日本社会秩序的重要作用.二战以来,日本敬语的使用经历了由"绝对敬语"到"相对敬语"的演化过程,敬语本身亦从之前表示阶级上下身份关系的封建主义产物转型为国民语言中表示民主平等人际关系的润滑剂.这与日本政府和学界先后组织的三次敬语审议活动以及分别出台的《今后的敬语》《现代社会中的敬意表现》《敬语指针》等政策密切关联.这些政策不仅规范了敬语的使用,也反映了其背后的政治体制变革、国民思想演变、社会变迁等因素.

明治维新之后,语言问题备受日本社会各界的关注.日本当局为了建立本国的语言学学科,向欧洲选派了不少语言学家,如上田万年、藤冈胜二、保科孝一、桥本进吉、时枝诚记等.这些语言学家留学归国之后,致力于日本的"语言学"学科建设,并影响了近代日本语言学界的走向.上田万年等语言学家接触到西方语言学理论之后,对其冠以"科学"学说之称,并开始重新审视日本一直以来的国学研究.

日本步入近代之后逐渐对朝鲜半岛表现出野心,在“文明”与“进步”的幌子下,日本政界与学术界的言论往往以“日本优秀论”为主流.为使日本的侵略行为正当化,学界纷纷从所谓“科学”的角度提前为之准备了理论口实.在朝鲜半岛的殖民统治上,“同种论”“同系论”等研究成果纷纷登场.为了稳固在朝鲜半岛的殖民统治,朝鲜总督府还特派语言学家调查欧洲的语言殖民政策用于朝鲜半岛,政界与学界密切联合为日本当局谋利已暗相契合,这种现象在朝鲜半岛的殖民统治上表现得淋漓尽致.

西方学术界历来重视受众这一概念,研究聚焦于受众的本质特征、修辞者与受众二者间的关系以及受众在篇章建构中的作用等三大问题.同时,有关受众的研究多停留在20世纪70—80年代,实证研究极为匮乏.我国有关受众的研究无论是在理论层面还是在实证层面,较西方而言则更为匮乏.就研究趋势而言,在理论研究延续的同时,借助计算机软件、语料库等研究手段对受众进行实证研究将成为受众研究的新趋势.

This paper conducted a corpus-based analysis of rhetorical appeals in U.S. presidential campaign speeches; it is focused on the way the selected rhetorical appeal was linguistically realized and the rhetorical functions it performs in the construction of campaign speeches. It was indicated by the findings that rhetorical appeals are indispensable to the construction of the campaign speeches, and their execution is governed by the rhetor's audience awareness.

A campaign designed to negate Chinese characters and Chinese culture was launched after Japan entered into the modern era.It is in this background that the proposal on the use of Roman alphabets was set forth.Along with this proposal,came the battle between the two divergent views over the marking system of Roman alphabets.This debate lasted from the Meiji Period to the Postwar Period.Even today,both of the two marking systems are still in use.This paper aims to analyze the causes for the coexistence of the two marking systems,make an account of their historical development and elaborate on their current situation.

觅材取材,作为修辞五艺的第一要素,在修辞研究中的地位可见一斑.伴随着修辞学的起起伏伏,觅材取材在认识论方面也经历由动态至静态再至动态的、鲜明的历史演变过程.同时,这些变化的产生根植于对真理本质属性的认识以及修辞学与哲学关系的解读.

Audience in the domain of rhetoric is characterized with distinctive dynamic features.These features manifest themselves not only in the falls and rises of audience in its historical evolution,but also in the authenticity of audience,the role played by audience in the construction of discourse and the relationship between the rhetor and the audience.In addition,the emergence of the dynamic features of audience is not a coincidence;rather,it is planted in the rhetoric philosophy basis of audience,i.e.the divergent interpretations of truth.

The word "障碍"has three ways of marking in pre-war Japan including ,,and .As an attempt to restrict the use of Chinese characters in post-war Japan,the Japanese government implemented the mutual substitution of the Chinese characters with the same pronunciation.As a result,the marking of "障碍"became .Even the term "残疾人"was marked as,which became one of the hot issues of the Japanese society about ten years ago due to the fact that it involved the issue of human rights.This article combed through the evolutionary process of the marking of this vocabulary about which the dispute arose from the negative connotation of the character [害].At the same time,the dispute presented some characteristics demanding massive attention in the field of philology due to their distinctions from those of the other Chinese character zone countries.

Despite the fact that English writing has always taken form as the focus of attention and various discourse patterns are available for writing practice,Chinese students' writings are still claimed as "obsessed with loose structures" or "lack of logic" by some native speakers.What does form mean to English discourse? Why is the achievement of meaning in English discourse preconditioned on its hypotaxis? These questions might be answered by attending to the intricacy of English as an inflectional language and its cultural motivations and rhetorical traditions.This paper intends to expound the rhetorical basis for modern English discourse structure and its influence on the teaching of English writing in China through an elaboration on the theories of invention and arrangement of western classical rhetoric.