Phytosphingosine (PS) is a naturally occurring sphingolipid with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, but its role in breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. Here, oral administration of PS to 4T1 tumor-bearing mice dose-dependently suppressed primary tumor growth, with the optimal dose significantly reducing tumor cell proliferation in vivo. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from PS-treated donors to antibiotic-depleted recipients showed that the antitumor effect of PS was transferable through the gut microbiota. 16S rRNA sequencing further identified Lactobacillus reuteri (Lr) as a bacterial taxon consistently enriched in both PS-treated donor mice and FMT recipients, and its enrichment was associated with reduced tumor burden. Importantly, Lr administration alone reproduced the tumor-suppressive effects of PS in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, both PS and Lr inhibited BC progression through coordinated suppression of the PI3K-Akt-MAPK signaling pathway. Together, these findings suggest that PS suppresses BC progression, at least in part, by remodeling the gut microbiota and enriching Lr, thereby attenuating PI3K-Akt-MAPK signaling. PS may therefore represent a microbiota-modulating bioactive lipid with potential applications in BC prevention and adjunctive nutritional intervention.

Recent studies indicate that breast cancer (BC) has surpassed lung cancer as the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and remains the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Although advances in medical therapy have improved survival rates for BC patients, its etiology is highly complex and necessitates further investigation into the underlying biological mechanisms and risk factors. The gut microbiota, a critical microbial ecosystem within the human body, is increasingly recognized as being closely linked to the initiation and progression of various diseases, including BC. It plays a pivotal role in key physiological processes such as estrogen metabolism and immune regulation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to pathological alterations that influence BC development, progression, and response to treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the gut microbiota’s role in BC pathogenesis and therapeutic outcomes, highlighting recent advances. We discuss the mechanistic pathways by which the gut microbiota affects BC, including modulation of estrogen metabolism, immune system regulation, and impacts on treatment efficacy, thereby providing a theoretical framework for further exploration of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Moreover, by synthesizing and critically analyzing existing evidence, this review identifies emerging research directions and potential therapeutic targets, offering valuable insights for future translational research and clinical applications.

The average life of a dog is generally maintained at ten to fifteen years, and tumours are the predominant reason that leads to the death of dogs, especially canine mammary carcinoma. Therefore, early diagnosis of tumours is very important. In this study, tumor size, morphology, and texture could be seen through general clinical examination, tumor metastasis could be seen through imaging examination, inflammatory reactions could be seen through hematological examination, and abnormal cell morphology could be seen through cytological and histopathological examination. In the 269 malignant cases and 179 benign cases, we randomly selected 30 cases each, and an additional 30 healthy dogs were selected for the experiment (healthy dogs: dogs in good physical condition without any tumor or other diseases). We used RT-qPCR and ELISA to determine the relative expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor protein P53 (P53), serum ferritin (SF), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in 30 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with benign mammary tumours, and 30 dogs with malignant mammary tumours. In the results, the same expression trend was obtained both in serum and tissues, and the expression of the four markers was the highest in malignant mammary tumours, with highly significant differences compared with the benign and healthy/paracancerous groups. By plotting the ROC curves, it was found that the results of combined tests were better than a single test and the combination of the four markers was the best for the early diagnosis. In conclusion, this can assist the clinical early diagnosis to a certain extent, and also provides some references and assistance for the development of tumor detection kits in clinical practice.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can differentiate into three germ layers and diverse autologous cell lines. Since cattle are the most commonly used large domesticated animals, an important food source, and bioreactors, great efforts have been made to establish bovine PSCs (bPSCs). bPSCs have great potential in bovine breeding and reproduction, modeling in vitro differentiation, imitating cancer development, and modeling diseases. Currently, bPSCs mainly include bovine embryonic stem cells (bESCs), bovine induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs), and bovine expanded potential stem cells (bEPSCs). Establishing stable bPSCs in vitro is a critical scientific challenge, and researchers have made numerous efforts to this end. In this review, the category of PSC pluripotency; the establishment of bESCs, biPSCs, and bEPSCs and its challenges; and the application outlook of bPSCs are discussed, aiming to provide references for future research.

兔类骨折在日常生活中是较常见的,这与兔类的运动方式及骨骼结构有关,临床实践中,胫骨骨折比桡尺骨骨折更加常见,这是因为兔类后腿较有力,是主要运动发力的肢体.总结 1 例狮子兔的桡尺骨骨折的诊断与治疗,为兔类骨折方面的临床诊疗提供参考.

本文介绍了一例猫疱疹病毒感染导致慢性角膜炎的治疗过程.当发现该患猫疱疹病毒(FHV)结果为弱阳性,经眼科学检查,该猫患眼角膜出现大面积新生血管增生以及角膜水肿情况,伴有角膜上皮缺损,视力欠佳,极大的影响美观.经与主人协商采取内科治疗,口服抗病毒药物泛昔洛韦30～90 mg/kg,逐渐降低剂量,眼部局部上妥布霉素滴眼液及干细胞滴眼液,每2h一次,两者间隔5 min,佩戴伊丽莎白圈,住院护理;并分别在治疗5 d、8 d、14 d、18 d、30 d进行眼科学检查,主要评估患眼眼压、泪液量、角膜透明度、角膜新生血管生长情况等.期间眼药和泪液生成量都没有明显变化,提示患眼没有继发其他眼科疾病,如葡萄膜炎、干眼症等;在用药5d时角膜水肿明显消退,在用药30d后,角膜水肿和新生血管基本消退,角膜透明度恢复到正常状态.

1临床症状 患猫为1岁2个月的雄性斯芬克斯猫,已绝育,已接种疫苗和驱虫,体重4kg,其高坠后出现发病.病猫体温38.2℃,心率182次/min,呼吸51次/min,可视黏膜偏粉白,干燥,BCS:4/9,轻度脱水,其精神状态差,时呈"母鸡蹲"姿势,呼吸急促,听诊心音遥远,较微弱,在胸腔位置可闻肠鸣音.

Oocyte senescence alters the shape and function, thereby weakening the fertilization potential. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) reverses age-related dysfunctions in various organs. Studies had shown long-term administration of NMN reduced the physiological decline associated in aged mice and reversed the aging of the ovaries. However, the protective effect of NMN on aged porcine oocytes is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of NMN on aging porcine oocytes and subsequent embryonic development. We established a model of senescence of porcine oocytes after ovulation by extending the culture time in vitro. NMN supplementation significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in senescence oocytes and increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant genes SOD1 and Cat. The mitochondrial membrane potential of aged oocytes treated with NMN was increased compared with that of untreated oocytes. In addition, the mRNA level of apoptosis-related gene Bax was significantly decreased in senescence oocytes treated with NMN, while the mRNA level of anti-apoptosis-related gene BCL-2 was significantly increased. Furthermore, NMN supplementation enhanced the subsequent development ability of senescent oocytes during in vitro aging. Compared with untreated senescent oocytes, the blastocyst formation rate and pluripotent genes of senescent oocytes treated with NMN were significantly increased. Taken together, these results suggest that NMN is beneficial for delaying the aging process in porcine oocytes.

In recent years, the antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli has gradually developed into a global problem. These resistant bacteria could be transmitted to humans through animal feces in the environment or direct contact with pets, leading to a problem in bacterial treatment for humans and animals. Now, the antibiotic resistance of oral and intestinal microbiota from dog origins remains unclear in China. Therefore, this study first analyzed the current colistin resistance of oral and intestinal microbiota from dog origins in mainland China. A total of 536 samples were collected from dogs in mainland China and, respectively, cultured on the SS and MacConkey agar plate containing colistin (4 μg/mL) to obtain bacteria, and the antibiotic-resistance phenotype of Escherichia coli was investigated for nine antibiotics. Results showed that a total of 2259 colistin-resistant bacteria were isolated from samples and identified, and among them, the isolated rate of Escherichia coli (34.01%, 769/2259) was relatively higher than that of other bacteria. Subsequently, it was found that the resistance of these Escherichia coli was very severe by exploring its resistance to different antibiotics, particularly to three common antibiotics in a clinic which were ceftriaxone, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, with the resistance rates of 60.60% (466/769), 57.22% (440/769), and 53.06% (408/769), respectively. Moreover, the simultaneous resistance of Escherichia coli to one or more antibiotics was determined, and 69.96% (538/769) strains have defined the resistance to both two or more antibiotics, and even 13 of Escherichia coli strains that were resistant to all nine antibiotics, indicating that the Escherichia coli from dog origins has severe antibiotic resistance in the clinic. In conclusion, this study guided the use of antibiotics and could draw attention to antibiotic resistance in veterinary clinical treatment for animals in the future.

通过分析骨癌患犬与健康犬肠道菌群组成与基因功能预测,筛选出作为犬骨癌评价依据的细菌,为下一步犬益生菌制剂的开发提供理论依据.本研究采集骨癌患犬与健康犬的新鲜粪便并提取其DNA进行Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序.结果显示:2组犬肠道菌群的Shannon、Simpson、Chao1指数无显著差异(P＞0.05),骨癌组犬的ACE和Observed_species指数显著低于健康组(P＜0.05).在门水平上,犬骨癌组肠道中梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota)和拟杆菌门(Bateroidota)的平均相对丰度显著高于健康组(P＜0.05),而变形菌门(Proteobacteria)显著低于健康组(P＜0.05);在属水平上,犬骨癌组肠道中梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)的平均相对丰度显著高于健康组(P＜0.05),而布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和Turicibacter属显著低于健康组(P＜0.05).PCoA分析表明2组的肠道菌群存在显著差异(P＜0.05).LDA差异贡献分析发现骨癌组的丰度增加并具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)的物种有13个,且造成显著影响力最大的5个物种正好位于同一个进化树上.Tax4Fun功能预测分析显示,骨癌组的碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢、聚糖生物合成与代谢、辅助因子和维生素的代谢通路显著高于健康组(P＜0.05),但膜转运、信号转导、细胞群落-原核生物、转录显著低于健康组(P＜0.05).本研究结果丰富了对骨癌患犬肠道菌群变化的认识,肠道优势菌(梭杆菌属和拟杆菌属)有可能作为一种生物标志物用于犬骨癌的早期诊断.

The canine mammary tumor is the most common tumor type in female dogs and seriously threatens their life. Currently, no effective treatments are available for this condition. Hence, it is essential to identify biomarkers that positively influence the early diagnosis and treatment and prognosis of this disease. To provide a basis for early diagnosis of canine breast tumors, in this study, 23 dogs with mammary tumors were identified via histopathological examination combined with ancillary diagnoses via blood examinations and diagnostic imaging. The canine mammary tumor and tumor-adjacent healthy tissues were collected, and their metabolites were identified utilizing a UHPLC-qTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach. The metabolic results revealed a total of 979 ion features in the positive polarity mode and 371 ion features in the negative polarity mode in the tissues of two groups; among them, 536 differential metabolites (385 in the positive and 151 in the negative polarity mode) were analyzed by PCA and PLS-DA. Subsequently, the enrichment pathways purine metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis were analyzed using Metaboanalyst 4.0, which suggested that these pathways were valuable diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curves further confirmed 13Z,16Z-docosadienoic acid, 23-nordeoxycholic acid, and (±)12(13)-DiHOME as expected candidate biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. In conclusion, the discovery of tumor biomarkers based on untargeted metabolomics is informative for pathological mechanism studies and facilitates the early diagnosis of canine mammary tumors.

Pyometra is a common and high-incidence reproductive system disease in female dogs, and its development involves both hormonal and bacterial factors. Characterization of the endometrial microbiome in healthy dogs and diseased dogs with pyometra remains unclear at present, however. In this study, dogs with pyometra were identified based on the clinical examinations, hematology examinations, vaginal smears and uterine histopathology. The endometrial samples of healthy dogs (n = 30) and diseased dogs (n = 41) were then collected and sequenced by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Dogs with pyometra suffered from inflammation, and their endometrial microbial diversity (ACE and Chao 1 indices) was significantly lower than that of healthy dogs (P < 0.05). The endometrial samples of both groups were enriched in four phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria), with a greater abundance of Firmicutes in diseased dogs (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the most prevalent microbes in diseased dogs belonged to Pseudomonas, Escherichia-Shigella, Mycoplasma, Enterococcus, Haemophilus, Vibrio and Ralstonia, with lower levels of Mycoplasma, Enterococcus and Haemophilus in the healthy control. Principal co-ordinates analysis and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling showed that the endometrial microbiome of diseased dogs clustered separately from that of the healthy controls (P < 0.05). In the LDA effect size analysis, 18 members of the endometrial microbiome were screened. Of these, the bacterial species Pseudomonas_aeruginosa and microbes within the genera Mycoplasma, Enterococcus and Haemophilus were found to be enriched in the uteruses of diseased dogs. Furthermore, the Random Forests model further confirmed that Mycoplasma and Haemophilus could be considered as biomarkers of diseased endometrium. In conclusion, this study provided a theoretical basis for the development of probiotic preparation in the future.

犬乳腺癌是老年母犬常见的肿瘤类型之一,手术是最常用的治疗方法,但单纯切除无法根治该种疾病,其较高的复发率和转移率使犬的预后差,另外,犬乳腺癌具有较强的异质性,常规的化疗方法往往伴随着副作用,额外的靶向和非靶向治疗可延长患犬的生命周期,故创新疗法可以发挥很大的作用.同时,犬乳腺癌常被作为研究人类乳腺癌良好的动物模型,故犬乳腺癌新疗法的研究是比较肿瘤学中一个很有前景的领域,引起了学者的广泛关注.本文对犬乳腺癌的免疫治疗方法进行了全面总结,为犬乳腺癌的个体化治疗打开新思路,同时为人乳腺癌新治疗方法的应用提供参考.

Mammary gland tumors are the most common neoplastic diseases in elderly female dogs, about 50

细菌耐药性是在使用抗菌药物过程中出现的一个严重问题,这也是一个全球公共卫生所需直面的紧迫问题.在人类活动和环境的影响下,细菌所携带的耐药基因通过可移动基因元件在人类、家畜、环境和野生鸟类之间传播.而鸟类因其具有飞行距离长、运动范围广以及迁徙路线复杂的特点,导致携带的耐药性细菌复杂,使其成为耐药性细菌的储藏库之一,这让野生鸟类可以成为监测具有抗菌药物耐药性细菌传播的关键指标.论文总结了野生鸟类中携带抗菌药物耐药菌现状以及与环境中耐药性细菌的关系,以便人们更好地了解野生鸟类作为宿主和媒介在全球抗菌药物耐药性传播中的重要作用.

Mammary tumors are the most frequent neoplasia in old female dogs and present challenges in diagnosis and prognosis owing to heterogeneity. Along with the rapid development of biotechnology, the molecular subtyping of canine mammary carcinomas has been researched, and provides an important reference basis for diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and even prediction of recurrence rate. Therefore, the molecular classification of canine mammary carcinomas has gained a broad clinical application prospect. However, the existing molecular markers of canine mammary carcinomas are still unable to meet the expanding clinical needs with poor clinical feasibility. Thus, it is urgent to develop more applicable biomarkers appropriate for personalized treatment modalities. At present, the molecular typing of canine mammary carcinomas is not fully understood, and it is first reviewed in this study.

[目的]探究原儿茶酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠子宫内膜炎的作用机制.[方法]将60只小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+不同浓度原儿茶酸(20、40、80 mg/kg)组共5组,每组各12只.对照组小鼠用微量注射器经阴道灌注50μL生理盐水,LPS组灌注50μLLPS(1 mg/kg),原儿茶酸治疗组灌注50 μL LPS前1 h分别腹腔注射20、40、80 mg/kg原儿茶酸,注射24 h后,颈椎脱臼法处死所有小鼠.收集子宫组织,通过HE染色检测子宫组织病理变化,用试剂盒检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,ELISA法检测炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β和 IL-6含量;Western blotting 法检测 p65、核因子-κB(NF-κB)的抑制蛋白(I/B)以及磷酸化 p65、IκB(p-p65、p-IκB)蛋白表达水平.[结果]组织病理结果显示,对照组小鼠子宫组织形态正常,子宫内膜上皮结构正常;LPS组小鼠子宫组织出现严重的炎性细胞浸润和子宫内膜上皮充血及水肿.与LPS组相比,随着原儿茶酸浓度的增加,小鼠子宫组织中炎性细胞明显减少,子宫内膜上皮充血水肿情况也明显得到改善.MPO活性检测表明,与对照组相比,LPS组MPO活性极显著升高(P＜0.01);与LPS组相比,原儿茶酸治疗组MPO活性均极显著降低(P＜0.01),并呈剂量依赖性.ELISA结果表明,与对照组相比,LPS组小鼠子宫内膜组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均极显著升高(P＜().01);与LPS组相比,原儿茶酸治疗组小鼠子宫内膜组织中炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量均极显著降低(P＜0.01),并呈剂量依赖性.Western blotting结果表明,与对照组相比,LPS组p-p65和p-IκB的表达水平均极显著升高(P＜0.01);与LPS组相比,原儿茶酸治疗组p-p65和p-IκB的表达水平均极显著降低(P＜0.01),且呈剂量依赖性.[结论]原儿茶酸通过减轻子宫组织的病理变化,降低子宫组织MPO活性,抑制NF-κB信号通路及炎症细胞因子的产生,对LPS诱导的小鼠子宫内膜炎起到保护作用.

乳腺肿瘤是母犬中最常见的肿瘤,严重威胁其生命.标志物的评估能够为患病犬提供早期诊断、治疗选择和预后.虽然到目前为止已经进行了多项研究,但有关犬乳腺肿瘤标志物的评估仍不全面,还需要进行更详细的研究.本文综述了标志物在犬乳腺肿瘤中的研究现状,为进一步研究标志物在犬乳腺肿瘤的应用提供参考.

Epidemiological studies enable us to analyze disease behavior, define risk factors, and establish fundamental prognostic criteria. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of canine tumors diagnosed during the years 2017–2021. The results showed that canine mammary tumors were the most common tumors, and their relative incidence for 5-years-total was 46.71% (504/1,079), with 48.41% (244/504) of benign, and 51.59% (260/504) of malignant. Pure breeds accounted for 84.13% (424/504) of submissions, and adult female dogs (9–12 years old) were most frequently involved, followed by 5–8-year-old females. Remarkably, 2.58% (13/504) occurred in the male dogs. In addition, a high prevalence of mammary tumors (77.38%, 390/504) was diagnosed in unneutered dogs, and different incidence rates were observed in different regions (Northeast, Southeast, Northwest and Southwest China). For clinical factors, the tumor size ranged from 0.5 to 28 cm, with the 0–5 cm being the most common tumor size (47.82%, 241/504), and malignant tumors (4.33 ± 2.88 cm, mean ± SD) were bigger than benign ones (3.06 ± 1.67 cm, mean ± SD) (p < 0.001). The incidence of single tumor (55.36%, 279/504) was higher than that of multiple tumors in dogs, while the latter had a higher incidence of malignant tumors (74.67%, 168/225). According to this study, we also found that canine mammary tumors were more common in the last two pairs of mammary glands. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was linear significant relationship between three independent variables (age, tumor size, and tumor number) and histological properties of canine mammary tumor [(p>|t|) < 0.05]. This is the first retrospective statistical analysis of such a large dataset in China to reveal the link between epidemiological clinical risks and histological diagnosis. It aids in the improvement of the host's knowledge of canine tumor disorders and the early prevention of canine mammary tumors.

[目的]子宫蓄脓是犬常发的生殖系统疾病,对犬的生命健康造成了严重的影响,而细菌作为导致犬子宫蓄脓的重要原因之一,但目前其宫内菌群特征是不清楚的.因此,本文采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对子宫蓄脓患犬的宫内菌群进行分析,为小动物临床子宫疾病的微生物学防治提供一种新思路.[方法]通过采集子宫蓄脓患犬的19份子宫内脓液和9份子宫内膜组织,分别提取其基因组总DNA,随后进行文库构建以及16S rRNA高通量测序,最后结合数据分析子宫蓄脓患犬的子宫内脓液和子宫内膜组织的菌群特征.[结果]Alpha多样性表明2组菌群的丰富度指数(Ace、Chao1)和多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)无显著性差异(P>0.05);物种相对丰度表明两组样本在门水平的菌群主要是变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,其中脓液组中的变形菌门含量显著低于内膜组织组,而厚壁菌门高于子宫内膜(P<0.05);PCoA分析提示两组样本的菌群群落结构存在一定的差异性;LDA差异贡献分析发现2组之间共有30个物种存在显著差异,其中脓液组中志贺氏杆菌属和大肠埃希菌属的含量显著高于子宫内膜组,而绿脓杆菌属和嗜血杆菌属显著低于后者(P<0.05).[结论]子宫蓄脓患犬的子宫内脓液和子宫内膜组织均存在特异的微生物菌群,但它们在犬子宫蓄脓中发生的作用仍有待进一步研究.