The elderly tend to be influenced more by environmental coldness than the young, due to the declined thermoregulation ability with aging. Thermal comfort and health of the elderly in the cold winter season is a widely discussed topic, especially in recent aging society. To realize the mechanism of thermal responses of the elderly and figure out the state-of-the-art methods for maintaining their thermal comfort in cold environments, this study presented a thorough review on related articles. Three aspects, i.e., thermal characteristics, thermal response models, and behavioral adjustments of elderly in cold winter are discussed. It was found aging affects thermal responses via affecting body constructions, like neurons, skin thickness and vessel elasticity, etc. The elderly show lower skin and core temperatures than the young due to lower metabolism and weaker muscular and vasomotion regulation abilities; however, they show greater tolerance to coldness. A few thermoregulation models have been built to reveal the special physiological mechanism for the elderly, but they still need improvements by correcting set-point temperatures, basal blood rates, regulated heat, heat transfer coefficients and clothing thermal insulation (Icl) just according to characteristics of the elderly. Thermal sensation models also need improvements through more accurate skin temperature predictions by the optimized thermoregulation models. The two predominant adjusting methods of garment and air temperature demonstrated great differences among elderly in various regions. It is proposed that instead of overall Icl of clothing, local Icl should be made clear to guarantee local thermal comfort. Through this review of over a hundred publications across the world, the current circumstance of elderly thermal comfort in the cold winter season is clear and future research directions are proposed. This is conducive to improving the thermal comfort and health of this vulnerable sub-population in extreme weather conditions.

The utilization of shape memory alloy (SMA) in shape memory fabric (SMF) has revolutionized thermal protective clothing, significantly enhancing its thermal protection. However, the cost- and time-consuming process of SMA shape memory training and performance testing can be optimized for improved efficiency. This study addresses this challenge by developing machine learning models to predict the thermal protection of a smart fabric system (SFS) with a SMF. The training data was sourced from the previous experimental studies, and six features significantly impacting thermal protection were identified. Results demonstrated that gradient boosting regressor (GBR) model exhibited the highest accuracy, with the SMA interval emerging as the most critical feature in determining thermal protection. Moreover, the GBR model predicted that SFS presented the best thermal protection when the dry SMF was woven by SMA of 2 cm interval and aramid 1414 of 20 roots/cm density, located between the moisture barrier and thermal liner vertically.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how the aesthetics, entertainment value, and parasocial interaction of virtual influencers influence consumer purchasing attitudes. This exploration is particularly focused on understanding how flow, trust, and satisfaction mediate these relationships and how differences in these variables affect consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach A total of 293 useable online surveys were collected from Mainland Chinese consumers. Multi-item scales were utilized to measure seven constructs: aesthetic value, entertainment value, parasocial interaction, flow experience, perceived trust, perceived satisfaction, and purchase intention. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to identify factor structures and to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings The study discovered that the aesthetic value and parasocial interaction facilitated by virtual influencers exert a significant influence on followers' flow experience. Conversely, the impact of entertainment value on flow experience was found to be insignificant. It was further revealed that flow experience directly affects purchase intention and also amplifies purchase intention by a chain-mediating effect involving perceived trust and perceived satisfaction. Originality/value This research explores the complexities of virtual influencer marketing and its influence on consumer behavior, focusing on the role of flow experience. It highlights the underlying mechanisms, emphasizing the significance of virtual influencers’ aesthetic appeal and the dynamics of parasocial interactions in shaping consumer engagement. Moreover, the findings reveal that flow experience not only directly enhances purchase intentions but also amplifies this effect through a chain-mediated process involving perceived trust and satisfaction.

An air gap in thermal protective clothing (TPC) plays an important role in determining heat transfer, but it may also increase the amount of stored thermal energy that would discharge to the skin after exposure, especially when the TPC suffers compression. To investigate the effect of air gap and compression on the dual thermal protective performance (TPP), thermal hazardous performance (THP) and overall thermal protective performance (OTPP) of TPC, nine air gap configurations with different sizes and positions and five compression levels were designed in this study. Regression models were established to explore the relationships among air gap size, compression and THP for different air gap positions. The results demonstrate that increasing the air gap size without exceeding 12 mm not only significantly enhances the TPP by impeding heat transfer from the heat source to the fabric system during exposure but also decreases the THP by reducing heat discharge from the fabric system to the sensor even when compression is applied. Although an inner air gap contributes more to increasing the TPP during exposure than an outer air gap, it may also bring about severe stored energy discharge when compression is applied. It suggests that a larger air gap size should be divided into individually separate air gaps within different fabric layers to reduce the heat transfer during exposure as well as lower the stored thermal energy discharge after exposure.

Purpose - On the basis of demand survey feedback from individuals with disabilities and caregivers, this study designed two sets of functional garments for long-term bedridden patients, with the primary objective of increasing convenience and reducing the physical workload of caregivers. Design/methodology/approach - Wear trials were conducted by employing 24 subjects to perform 11 different tasks to compare the performance of the two newly developed garments with that of conventional hospital patient apparel. Task operation time, heart rate (HR), electromyography (EMG) signals, and subjective perceptions were evaluated. Findings - The new functional garments reduced the time required to perform tasks by 29-79%, maintained the average HR of caregivers at approximately the resting threshold and resulted in a 37-74% reduction in the root mean square (RMS) of the EMG at the arm muscles in the private and thigh nursing tasks. All the subjective and objective evaluation results of the caregivers demonstrated varying degrees of correlation. Practical implications - This study has practical implications for the design of functional clothing for long-term bedridden patients and provides guidance for evaluating the ergonomics of garments that can be utilized only with caregiver support. Originality/value - In contrast to previous studies that focused primarily on individuals with disabilities while overlooking the indispensable role of caregivers in the nursing process, this study shifted its emphasis to long-term bedridden patients who relied exclusively on caregivers for daily activities. Additionally, this study attempted to analyze the correlations between the evaluation parameters to explore the relationships between the evaluation methods.

The air gap between fabric layers or underneath clothing significantly affects heat and moisture transfer. To explore heat and moisture transfer mechanism of protective clothing with the air gap exposed to high pressurized steam, a robust numerical "steam-protective fabric-skin" heat and moisture transfer model was established, accounting for both static and dynamic air gaps. The model prediction results showed a strong agreement with experimental data, namely a relative error ranging from 0.63% to 3.60%. In addition, the effects of various air gap parameters on steam protective performance were investigated, including the thickness and position of interlayer air gaps, the thickness of underneath air gaps, and dynamic variations in air gaps. The findings show that the interlayer air gap prolong the skin burn time, but mitigate the influence of fabric properties. Also, increasing air gap thickness underneath clothing, particularly no bigger than 12 mm, yields a substantial increment in skin burn time. It reveals that motion amplitude emerges as the primary factor influencing steam protective performance of the fabric system during periodic air gap thickness fluctuations. Larger amplitudes causes weaker protective performance. These insights hold immense promise for engineering high performance protective clothing under exposure to hot steam environments.

Operators in thermal hazardous environments are more susceptible to burns during physical motion due to the potential deformation of thermal protective clothing. To study the influence of fabric deformation on heat transfer, a model of a three-layer thermal protective fabric system with stretching and compression deformation throughout the heat exposure and cooling phases was established and coupled with a skin heat transfer model to predict skin burns. Changes in the thermophysical properties of the fabric with deformation and skin tissue based on body location were considered. To verify the accuracy of the model, a modified radiant protective performance tester capable of simulating fabric deformation was applied. The relative error between the prediction results of the model and the experimental results does not exceed 4.68%. The results demonstrate that stretching or compression deformation of the fabric increases heat transfer to the skin, and compression deformation generates a greater thermal hazard by accelerating the discharge of stored energy. Fabric deformation accelerates skin burns in all body parts, especially in the arms and legs. The findings of this research can provide a theoretical basis for understanding the frequent occurrence of skin burns associated with body motion and provide guidance for the design of thermal protective clothing to enhance the partial thermal protective performance.

为更好地促进消防战斗服的研发,梳理了国内外消防战斗服热防护性和热湿舒适性测评标准,从阻燃性能、热传递性能和综合热防护性能3个方面归纳了热防护性测试标准;归纳了国内外市场上消防战斗服产品的面料组成、认证标准和设计特点,最后对消防战斗服的发展趋势进行了展望.指出未来应加强消防战斗服性能评价、材料开发和设计优化的应用探索,实现性能优异的消防战斗服的市场应用.

在传统的"服装工业样板"课程教学中,学生很难花费更多的时间进行理论学习以及创造性思维的锻炼,因此,可以将微课引入课程教学中,弥补传统教学方式的不足.文章从"服装工业样板"课程引入微课教学的必要性入手,梳理了ADDIE模型的主要内容,并对"服装工业样板"的微课设计原则进行了分析,提出了基于ADDIE模型的微课教学设计模式,以期更好地为设计、开发高质量的服装专业微课提供借鉴和指导.

Maintaining human thermal comfort in cold indoor environments is crucial but usually involves excessive energy consumption and massive greenhouse gas emissions. Thermoregulating the human body by using advanced clothing is emerging as a promising solution to effectively and energy-efficiently achieve personal thermal management. An air inflatable suit (AirST) using a series of air chambers as the thermal insert was developed for the purpose of adjusting clothing thermal insulation and hence improving personal thermal comfort. The thermal insulation regulating performance of AirST was investigated through thermal manikin tests and wear trials. Compared with the AirST without air inflation, AirST after inflation with air had a desired effect, which could not only increase local clothing thermal insulation by a range from 4.5% to 24.8% but also alleviate cold strain and provide significantly higher local skin temperatures, mean skin temperature and mean body temperature. After inflation, AirST successfully improved the whole-, upper- and lower-body thermal sensations in a cool environment. The acceptable heating setpoint temperature by the air conditioner could be decreased while using AirST with inflation, which saved approximately 30% of building energy consumption. As the AirST without air inflation can also be worn as regular windproof clothing, this versatility saved approximately 12 kg CO 2 e emissions in the production process.

为了探究三维间隔织物的隔热性能,拓宽间隔织物作为隔热材料的应用范围,对目前国内外间隔织物隔热性能的研究进行综述.首先介绍了间隔织物作为隔热材料在各个领域中的应用;其次分析了间隔织物的隔热机理,从原料和结构这两个方面分析了影响间隔织物隔热性能的因素;再次重点探讨了间隔织物分别与阻隔型、反射型和辐射型隔热材料复合后隔热性能的增强效果.未来应基于三维间隔织物的结构特征建立传热模型,优化间隔织物结构,同时根据使用场景优化复合方式,结合高性能纤维和隔热材料,研发高性能间隔织物复合隔热材料,以期在建筑、汽车、化工、功能服装等多个领域深入扩大应用.

为了更好地了解服装领域的三维虚拟试衣技术研究现状,简要介绍了三维虚拟试衣技术的构成,展示了三维人体测量技术、三维人体建模技术以及三维服装建模技术近年来的最新进展,并着重分析了近年来三维虚拟试衣技术在服装设计与性能评价中的应用.利用三维虚拟试衣技术,设计者能够对服装结构和图案进行参数化设计,进一步推广以客户为中心的模块化协同设计,针对特殊体型人群设计高质量服装;服装开发人员不仅能够对服装的悬垂性、图案颜色搭配等美观性能进行评价,而且能够利用服装压力、应力图谱以及衣下空气层厚度指标等对服装合体性、压力舒适性以及热湿舒适性进行评价.最后,根据目前三维虚拟试衣技术在应用中遇到的瓶颈问题引出,其在未来将不断引入人工智能等新兴技术,并向自动化、智能化、高精度且低成本方向发展.

为更好地促进服装热防护性能测评技术的发展,从标准化的测试装置和自开发类的测试装置2个角度出发,梳理防护服装热防护性能测试的相关设备.针对标准化测试装置,分析了其测评原理及局限;针对自开发类测试装置,主要从热灾害环境模拟、人体特性模拟、织物特性模拟3个角度进行总结,其中人体特性模拟方面归纳了自开发类测试装置对人体曲面形态、人体运动、人体出汗因素的模拟手段.分析表明,现有测试仪器主要采用单一形式的热源,而多灾害混合式热暴露环境的模拟还需进一步探索;适用于织物小样的台式测试设备应实现人体特性及织物特性的真实状态模拟;适用于服装整体的假人测试设备所模拟的测试条件应更加多样化.

Occupational workers in thermal exposure have frequent physical activities that may lead to fabric deformation of thermal protective clothing. To deeply understand the impact of fabric deformation on its dual thermal protective and thermal hazardous performance, a modified experimental instrument was used to simulate different extents of fabric tensile deformation and compression deformation. The results demonstrated that increasing tensile ratios during exposure decreased heat storage within a fabric system, but increased the skin absorbed energy. Tensile ratios had a more negative impact on the thermal protective performance of a single-layer fabric than of a double-layer fabric system. Increasing tensile ratios during cooling decreased heat discharge to the skin, but the applied compression significantly improved the heat discharge. In addition, regression models were established to examine the effect of fabric deformation and demonstrated that the thermal hazardous performance of fabrics was more affected by compression than by tensile deformation.

为全面评价热防护服在热暴露阶段的蓄热防护作用以及在冷却阶段因蓄热释放对人体造成的热危害效应,介绍了防护服热蓄积产生的原因,阐述了现阶段防护服热蓄积的测试方法以及数值模拟研究现状;从服装因素、环境因素以及人体因素3个方面归纳了防护服在热暴露阶段蓄热特性的影响因素;并总结了织物基本物理性能、空气层配置、织物水分、织物受压等因素对冷却阶段防护织物放热危害特性的影响.最后提出:在未来的研究中应针对多元化的热灾害环境以及冷却环境开展热防护服蓄放热双重特性的基础研究,并基于热防护服蓄放热双重效应探究其最优的配伍设计.

This study focused on changes in protective performance of steam protective clothing after exposure to conditions such as thermal radiation and frictional abrasion. Totally eight radiation conditions varying on exposure duration and times, four types of abrasion scenarios with different friction cycles and three different combined treatments were designed. Results demonstrated that any increase in radiant exposure duration or exposure times would lead to an initial increase and then a following decrease in the steam protective performance. However, the steam protective performance seemed relatively immune to the friction cycles. When thermal radiation and frictional abrasion acted together, interactions between them existed and their specific interaction highly depended on the distribution of heat exposure duration and friction cycles. Findings of this study provided insight into factors influencing steam protective performance, and could be an aid in developing high performance materials or guidelines for use and maintenance of protective clothing.

为了解现有面向失能人群的服装使用现状,以及护理人群和失能人群对服装的需求,选取232名失能人群和189名护理人群进行问卷调研.调查结果显示:40.1％的失能人群认为现有服装一般,其中20.9％的下肢残障患者、20％的偏瘫/全身瘫痪患者表示对现有服装非常不满意或较为不满意.分析发现现有服装在护理便捷性、穿脱便捷性、版型设计合理性和隐私保护性等方面均有待提高,除此之外护理人群和失能人群对服装的版型款式、图案、开口方式、使用场合等都有明显的偏好:59.3％的护理人群重视服装的方便如厕功能,而43.1％的失能人群更重视服装利于身体活动的功能;51.5％偏瘫/全身瘫痪患者更关注面料的耐洗耐磨性能,而55.0％的患者家属更关注面料的防渍抗菌性能.调研结果有助于企业优化设计方案,满足不同人群对于失能人群服装的差异化需求.

为了探究形变状态下热防护织物的防护机制,研发了形变状态下织物蓄放热特性测试仪,在此基础上对拉伸形变状态下6种热防护织物的蓄热防护性能和放热危害性能进行量化研究.结果表明:随着织物拉伸率的增加,织物在热暴露阶段的累计蓄热量降低,而皮肤得热显著提升,织物的热防护性能下降;当双层织物系统发生拉伸形变时,外层织物较其隔热层通常蓄积更多的热量,织物系统累计蓄热量的降低主要源于隔热层蓄热量下降;在冷却阶段,织物释放至皮肤的累计蓄热回放量随着其拉伸率的增加而逐渐降低,织物的蓄热回放效率逐渐增大.织物发生拉伸形变时,其累计蓄热回放量与累计蓄热量呈正比.

为深入了解和提高附加相变材料热防护服的热防护性能,对现阶段相变材料在热防护服中的应用、影响因素以及未来研究趋势进行综述.首先介绍了相变材料的类型和特点,阐述了相变材料基于密封袋法、纺丝法和微胶囊技术的织物后整理法在热防护服中的应用;其次回顾了附加相变材料热防护服传热模型的发展过程,重点从相变材料的类型、相变温度、添加量以及相变材料在多层防护服装中的配置等角度归纳了影响热防护性能的因素;最后从新型服用相变材料的研发、降低相变材料储存热释放等角度预测了相变材料未来在该领域的研究趋势.

A prototype of temperature-responsive protective fabric assembly with shape memory alloy (SMA) spring was developed. The effect of moisture on the thermal protective performance of fabric was investigated under radiant heat exposure and hot surface contact. The thermal liner of fabric system was pretreated with moisture amount of 25%, 50%, and 100%. Meanwhile, the thermal protection of fabric assembly with SMA springs in different positions between the fabric layers was explored. The results showed that moisture above 25% had a positive influence on thermal protective performance of both traditional and SMA fabric assembly under two hazardous environments. The effect of moisture in SMA fabric assembly was more remarkable than that in fabric without spring. And the SMA spring located between thermal liner and moisture barrier provided better thermal protective performance. The research findings will be beneficial for manufacturing high-performance temperature-responsive fabric.