Background Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes (NPR) are key regulators of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity, acting as transcription co‑regulators. However, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the NPR family in Brassica napus has not been reported. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively identify NPR family members in B. napus and its diploid progenitors, analyze their evolutionary characteristics and expression patterns, and functionally characterize the role of BnaNPR3.A02 in clubroot resistance. Results In this study, we identified 13, 7, and 7 NPR genes in B. napus , B. oleracea , and B. rapa , respectively, which were phylogenetically divided into four conserved subfamilies (Ⅰ–Ⅳ). Structural characterization revealed conserved domain architectures and variable exon-intron organizations, while spatiotemporal expression profiling indicated distinct tissue-specific patterns. Promoter cis‑element analysis and transcriptomic responses to phytohormones and abiotic stresses suggested broad involvement of BnaNPRs in environmental adaptation. Notably, BnaNPR3.A02 displayed striking down-regulation following Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. Functional assays in Arabidopsis demonstrated that overexpression of BnaNPR3.A02 significantly increased clubroot susceptibility, whereas AtNPR3 knockout enhanced resistance, confirming its negative regulatory role. Protein-protein interaction network analysis predicted that BnaNPR3.A02 interacts with multiple proteins including BnaNPR3.C02, and co-expression analysis of its Arabidopsis homolog AtNPR3(AT5G45110) identified 300 co-expressed genes significantly enriched in defense response and response to stress GO terms, further supporting its participation in immune responses. Conclusions These findings provide a foundation for understanding the evolutionary and functional divergence of the NPR family in B. napus and identify BnaNPR3.A02 as a potential target for breeding clubroot‑resistant B. napus varieties.

干腐病是花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum种植中的重大病害,为了开发防治花椒干腐病的绿色生物农药,采用菌落生长速率法和显微观察法检测壳寡糖对花椒干腐病菌Fusarium zanthoxyli的菌落生长、孢子活力和孢子萌发的影响,并检测壳寡糖对花椒盆栽苗干腐病的防治效果.结果表明:壳寡糖对干腐病菌菌落生长的抑制率随质量浓度增加而增加,最适施用质量浓度为0.4～0.6 mg/mL,菌落生长抑制率可达65％以上;0.7 mg/mL的壳寡糖溶液与孢子共培养24 h时,孢子死亡率可达100％;孢子萌发率随壳寡糖质量浓度的升高而降低,芽管生长长度显著缩短,当使用0.5 mg/mL壳寡糖溶液处理孢子12 h时,对孢子萌发的抑制率可达100％;当壳寡糖的施用质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL,对花椒盆栽苗干腐病防治效果可达65.02％.壳寡糖能显著地抑制花椒干腐病菌的菌落生长,降低病菌孢子活力和萌发能力,并能减轻花椒盆栽苗干腐病的发生,可为壳寡糖在花椒干腐病的田间防治应用中提供依据.

Stem canker of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a devastating disease that seriously affects the plantation and industrial development of Z. bungeanum due to a lack of effective control measures. The objective of this study was to screen out resistant Z. bungeanum varieties and further explore their resistance mechanisms against stem canker. Results showed that the most resistant and susceptible varieties were, respectively, Doujiao (DJ) and Fengxian Dahongpao (FD). Combining transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we found that the genes and metabolites associated with the phenylpropanoid metabolism, especially flavonoid biosynthesis, were highly significantly enriched in DJ following pathogen infection compared with that in FD, which indicated that the flavonoid metabolism may positively dominate the resistance of Z. bungeanum. This finding was further confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, through which higher expression levels of core genes involved in flavonoid metabolism in resistant variety were observed. Moreover, by analyzing the differences in the flavonoid content in the stems of resistant and susceptible varieties and the antifungal activities of flavonoids extracted from Z. bungeanum stems, the conclusion that flavonoid metabolism positively regulates the resistance of Z. bungeanum was further supported. Our results not only aid in better understanding the resistance mechanisms of Z. bungeanum against stem canker but also promote the breeding and utilization of resistant varieties.

报道了秦岭野生春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)和野生蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi)的染色体形态及核型.研究结果表明,秦岭野生春兰和蕙兰的染色体数目均为2n=40,属于二倍体植物.秦岭野生春兰核型公式为2n=24m+ 10sm+ 4st+2t,染色体着丝点主要在中部和近中部区域,核型属于2B型,不对称系数为62.40％;秦岭野生蕙兰核型公式为2n=30m+8sm+2st,染色体着丝点主要在中部,核型属于2B型,核型不对称系数为58.58％.结合形态学特征和现有的核型文献资料,认为春兰和蕙兰染色体核型具有极度的保守性.

采用油松的嫩枝为外植体,研究了适宜油松分化、增殖和生根的激素种类及浓度配比,比较活性炭的加入量对生根的影响,并进行移栽试验.结果表明,油松茎段增殖的适宜培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L-16-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.05 mg·L-1 NAA,增殖系数达5.33;培养基MS+0.3 mg·L-16-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.01 mg·L-1 NAA适宜油松的顶芽增殖,增殖系数达4.29;油松分化培养适宜培养基为MS+2.0 mg·L-16-BA+0.05 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.05 mg·L-1 NAA,分化率为83.3％;培养基1/2 MS+0.3 mg·L-1 IBA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA+0.3 g·L-1活性炭,适宜油松的生根,生根率为91.7％.

采用叶盘法对供试寄主杨树进行落叶松-杨栅锈菌夏孢子人工接种处理,研究了杨树对落叶松-杨栅锈菌抗病性的生理机制.结果 表明,接种病原菌后1～8 d,6种杨树的PAL、PPO、几丁质酶和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性均升高,且酶活性的变化与树种的抗性表现了较好的正相关.抗病较强的美黑01和中绥12号接种病原菌后,PAL、PPO、几丁质酶和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性不仅升高幅度大,而且这些酶活性绝对值也明显高于抗病性较弱(或感病)树种中林美荷、69杨等.同时抗病较强的树种中这些酶高活维持的时间也较长.这些变化促进了抗病物质的形成和积累,从而表现出抗病性.从几种酶活性测定的总体结果来看,PAL和几丁质酶在受侵各杨树种(品种)体内的活性增幅较其他酶类明显较高,故这几种酶可作为杨树抗叶锈病的生理指标.

以凤县‘大红袍’鲜花椒为试材,对照、低温(0℃)1.0 μL·L-1 1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理24 h和常温(28℃)1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP处理12h,对其(0±1)℃冷藏期间感官品质、褐变率、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、叶绿素含量、出油率及粗蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性等指标的变化进行监测,以期为其1-MCP保鲜技术提供参考.结果表明:低温1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP处理加速了鲜花椒的褐变速度,贮藏24 d时褐变率显著高于对照;常温1.0μL·L-1 1-MCP处理使鲜花椒贮藏期由24 d延长至48 d,显著抑制其呼吸强度和褐变率,延缓其叶绿素降解和MDA含量的积累,降低其LOX活性峰值,感官品质最优,48 d时褐变率仅为5.3％,对其出油率和粗蛋白质含量无显著影响.

从辽宁省章古台引进5个大果榛子优良品种,即达维、辽榛3号、辽榛8号、辽榛7号和平欧15号,在陕西省靖边县选择试验地栽培,开展栽培试验研究.结果表明:5个品种均能生长发育正常,其中达维、辽榛3号2个品种表现相对更好,适应性更强.

影响红松异砧嫁接成活率的因素较多,为了探索嫁接成活率的影响因素.本文重点选取了不同种源、不同规格的接穗进行嫁接试验研究,并分析了嫁接成活率.结果表明:采自不同种源和不同规格的接穗嫁接成活率均存在一定差异.在辽宁省森林经营研究所红松种子园和辽宁省固沙造林研究所红松林采集的接穗,嫁接后平均成活率分别为91.01％和84.15％.两个种源所采集的不同规格接穗中,规格在12.0～15.0 mm之间时,嫁接成活率均达到最高.因此,红松异砧嫁接时,应选择规格为12.0～15.0 mm之间红松种子园优生区接穗.

Real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR has become a common method for studying gene expression, however, the optimal selection of stable reference genes is a prerequisite for obtaining accurate quantification of transcript abundance. Suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR have not yet been identified for Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.). Chinese prickly ash is the source of an important food seasoning in China. In recent years, Chinese prickly ash has also been developed as a medicinal plant. The expression stabilities of ten genes (18S, 28S, EF, UBA, UBQ, TIF, NTB, TUA, RPS, and TIF5A) were evaluated in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits at five developmental stages and also under stress from cold, drought, and salt. To do this we used three different statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Among the genes investigated, UBA and UBQ were found to be most stable for the different cultivars and different tissues examined, UBQ and TIF for fruit developmental stage. Meanwhile, EF and TUA were most stable under cold treatment, EF and UBQ under drought treatment and NTB and RPS under salt treatment. UBA and UBQ for all samples evaluated were most stably expressed, but 18S, TUA and RPS were found to be generally unreliable as reference genes. Our results provide a basis for the future selection of reference genes for biological research with Chinese prickly ash, under a variety of conditions.

为进一步研究和利用我国核桃资源,对陕西南部地区的镇安、 柞水、 商州、 山阳等地核桃外观性状、 营养成分以及核桃油中脂肪酸的组成与含量进行测定,并应用主成分分析和聚类分析对不同产地的核桃油脂性状进行评价.结果表明:11个核桃样品果实大小、 单果质量核仁质量存在显著性差异.外观为圆形的山阳核桃果实纵径最大,镇安果实横径最大;柞水核桃在果实纵径表现最小,但单果质量和仁质量最大.不同产地核桃油脂的脂肪酸组成基本一致,主要含有亚油酸;其次是油酸、 亚麻酸和棕榈酸,硬脂酸含量较低,不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于饱和脂肪酸,其中又以多不饱和脂肪酸居多.但不同样品间各脂肪酸含量有显著差异,在所有核桃油脂肪酸组成中,T1的不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,T11最低.依据脂肪酸组成与含量对核桃样品进行主成分分析和聚类分析,将核桃分为3类,T7、T10、T11为低亚油酸类;T1、T8和T9为高亚油酸类;其余样品为亚油酸含量中等类.

Normalisation of data, by choosing the appropriate reference genes, is fundamental for obtaining reliable results in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This study evaluated the expression stability of 11 candidate reference genes with different varieties, developmental periods, tissues, and abiotic stresses by using four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The results indicated that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme S (UBC) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC E2) could be used as reference genes for different E. ulmoides varieties and tissues, UBC and histone H4 (HIS4) for different developmental periods, beta-tubulin (TUB) and UBC for cold treatment, ubiquitin extension protein (UBA80) and HIS4 for drought treatment, and ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 (UBA52) and UBC E2 for salinity treatment. UBC and UBC E2 for the group "Natural growth" and "Total", UBA80 and UBC for the group "Abiotic stresses". To validate the suitability of the selected reference genes in this study, mevalonate kinase (MK), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) gene expression patterns were analysed. When the most unstable reference genes were used for normalisation, the expression patterns had significant biases compared with the optimum reference gene combinations. These results will be beneficial for more accurate quantification of gene expression levels in E. ulmoides.

Three-old-year Rhododendron hybridum 'fenzhenzhu'seedling was taken as test materials, the heat tolerance of R.hybridum and some relative physiological indices were determined and analyzed under the stress conditions of 22℃/14℃(14h/10h),30℃/22℃(14h/10h)and 38℃/ 30℃(14h/10h)for 4days.The results showed that at 30 ℃ and 38 ℃,the both stresses led to serious varing degrees damage,and the injury caused by the stress of 38℃ was worse than that 30℃. Chlorophyll content was increased with the rise of temperature;content of MDA decreased at 30℃ light stress condition and increased at heavy stress condition 38℃,while the activity of SOD increased at 30 ℃ and decreased at 38 ℃.It indicated that R.hybridum 'fenzhenzhu'had a certain heat resistance and the suitable temperature growth was 22℃.

以黄色金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus)、“雪球”海棠(Malus‘Snow drift’)为试材,采用农杆菌介导法,将构建的金鱼草素合酶基因(aureusidin synthase,AmAS1)和查尔酮4'-O-葡萄糖苷转移酶基因(chalcone 4,-O-glucosyltransferase,Am4'CGT)双价表达栽体在“雪球”活体花瓣上进行瞬时表达,并通过高效液相色谱分析和基因表达分析对瞬时表达效果进行鉴定.结果表明:成功构建双价表达栽体CGT-AS-pCambia 1302,农杆菌侵染“雪球”花苞后,花苞呈现淡黄色,表明目的基因已在花瓣内转录并表达.高效液相色谱分析发现,侵染后的花苞出现新的吸收峰,进一步确定花瓣内有橙酮物质的合成.

Distinctive plant communities may provide specific physical and chemical properties with soils by specific litters and root exudates to exert effects on soil microorganisms. Past logging activities in the Qinling Mountains induced diverse natural secondary forest types (NSFTs). How these recovered NSFTs regulate patterns of soil microbial communities remain limited. In the study, we used terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to precisely determine forest type-specific soil fungal diversity and composition in five NSFTs. Our results indicated that NSFTs had significant impacts on the soil fungal communities. The most diverse fungal species were found in the Armand pine ( Pinus armandi ) and Chinese pine ( Pinus tabulaeformis ) forest soils, followed by sharptooth oak ( Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata ) and Chinese pine-sharptooth oak forest soils, the wilson spruce ( Picea wilsonii ) forests had the lowest soil fungal diversity. The analyses of community composition suggested that the fungal communities of Armand pine forest soils were similar to those of Chinese pine forest soils, while other communities prominently differed from each other. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that soil silt, clay, pH, and ammonium nitrogen had intimate linkages with soil fungal diversity. Furthermore, the patterns of soil fungal communites were strongly governed by the specific soil environments of the tested NSFTs, as described by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Finally, our study showed that soil fungal communities may be mediated by NSFTs via specific soil edaphic status. Hence, such a comparable study may provide fundamental information for fungal diversity and community structure of natural forests and assist with better prediction and understanding how soil fungal composition and function alter with forest type transformation.

以"辽宁2号"鲜食核桃为材料,采用0.075、0.100和0.300 kGy 3种低剂量辐照处理,用PE30包装袋包装后于(0±1)℃下贮藏,定期转入4℃货架条件下贮藏10d,以未经辐照鲜食核桃为对照,探究低剂量辐照对鲜食核桃货架期间贮藏效果及品质的影响,筛选最佳辐照剂量.结果表明,所用剂量均利于维持鲜食核桃冷藏后的货架品质,其中0.300 kGy更好地保持了鲜食核桃的水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量,抑制了过氧化值和酸价的升高,同时维持了较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量,使其具有较高的营养价值.因此,确定0.300kGy为本研究中保持鲜食核桃货架期间较优品质的适宜剂量.

Disease resistant variety,Populus szechuanica and susceptible variety P.purdomii were inoculated with Melampsora larici-populina isolates Gl052 and Sb052,respectively to investigate the process of programmed cell death(PCD) of the host cells during the interaction between poplar trees and rust fungi by the observation of fluorescence staining of mesophyll nucleus and detection of DNA ladder band.Hypersensitive necrosis occurred on the disease resistant variety P.szechuanica.The nucleus began to change at 0.5 dpi(days post inoculation),cracked at 3 to 4 dpi,and disappeared at 7 dpi,which represents typical features of PCD.Meanwhile,the DNA ladder bands which display the DNA degradation were observed.For the susceptible variety,P.purdomii,no obvious features of PCD were observed(no small degradated DNA fragments were detected,and no obvious changes occurred in the mesophyll nuclei after staining).

Taking 'Liaoning 4' fresh walnut as material,the preservation effect of walnut at(20±3)℃ and(0±1)℃ were studied,and endogenous hormones of ABA,GA3,IAA and ZR content in embryo were detected,and variation with ABA.The results showed that the embryo sprouted on 20 d and mildew at 5 d at(20±3)℃,but there was no germination in the 120 d storage period at the temperature of(0±1)℃;at the same time,the low temperature maintained the high content of ABA and restrained highly significantly the content of GA3,IAA,ZR and the ratios of w(IAA)/w(ABA),w(ZR)/w(ABA),and the ratio of w(GA3)/w(ABA) was not significantly affected.The results indicated that low temperature mainly kept inhibitory substances high and decreased the content of the growth-promoting substance.Therefore,low temperature produced significant preservation effect on the fresh walnut.

The lignin deposition in the leaves of host poplars with different resistance in different inoculation durations was traced by dyeing methods.It was found that after the infected by Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.,the lignin accumulation in the 1~2 d mesophyll tissue of incompatible combination was very little,while the accumulation after 3 d was relatively obvious;the whole processes of lignin accumulation basically appeared as more in nearly immune and high resistance varieties,very little in susceptible varieties and no obvious change in immune varieties.

Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were conducted on 12 quantitative characters of Xanthoceras sorbifolia by using the statistica1 software DPS.The results indicated that the additive contributing rates of the first five principal components amounted to 70.26%.According to the effect of each character on principal component and the composition of main indices,12 biological characters could be divided into 5 groups: tree form,leaf form,fruit shape,inflorescence,and comprehensive factors.According to the result in cluster analysis,the 12 quantitative characters were divided into 6 groups.The two analyses revealed the influences of these factors on the biology of X.sorbifolia.