研究盆栽人工模拟干旱条件及复水条件下12个果桑品种的膜透性、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,各果桑品种的电导值、游离脯氨酸含量相对提高,MDA、SOD、CAT活性、SSC含量呈先升高后降低趋势,POD活性和SPC含量呈先降低后升高趋势,不同果桑品种对土壤干旱胁迫和复水的响应不同,其抗旱性存在差异.采用聚类分析法对各品种的抗旱性进行综合评价,将12个果桑品种的抗旱性分成3类:澳玉、台湾46c019、日本胡橙为高抗型,台湾76c002、红宝石、8632、天圣1号、北方红为中抗型,红果1号、白玉王、宁夏红和绿椹子为低抗型.

Mulberry is an economically important crop in Asia.We determined the complete chloroplast sequence of cultivated species of Morus multicaulis.Ribenhuchen was used as experimental material.High-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the chloroplast genome and the genome structure (NCBI No.:KU355297),and we compared the chloroplast genome with those of reported sibling species (Morus mongolica,M.indica,M.notabilis).The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of M.multicaulis with a typical quadripartite structure is 159 154 bp long.The cpDNA of M.multicaulis contains 130 genes,including 85 protein coding genes (18 genes duplicated in the inverted repeat regions),37 transfer RNA genes and 8 ribosomal RNA genes.There are 82 simple sequence repeats,and the number of mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,pentanucleotide repeat motifs is 63,7,2,9,and 1,with no hexanucleotide repeat sequences.Mono-nucleotide repeat sequences accounted for 76.8％ of the cpDNA of simple sequence repeats.MEGA 6.0 was used to construct the phyIogenetic tree of 15 species and for cluster analysis of Morus plants.M.multicaulis and M.mongolica were clustered into one group.The research results have reference value for chloroplast genome research,molecular marker development and breeding of mulberry.

为了有效区分15份果桑种质资源,利用分子标记SRAP技术进行遗传差异分析并构建DNA指纹图谱.从42对SRAP引物组合中筛选出17对引物进行PCR扩增,得到306条清晰条带,其中多态性条带253条,多态性比率为82.68％,供试材料间的遗传相似系数(GS)在0.390 9～0.811 1之间.选用2对多态性引物(Me2/Em1和Me7/Em5),初步构建了15份果桑种质材料的DNA指纹图谱.经过非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析,以遗传相似系数0.666为阈值,将供试材料分为3组;根据条带的有无转换为二进制编码形成数字指纹图谱,简便快速区分每份种质材料.采用SRAP分子标记建立的指纹图谱适合于果桑品种的分类和鉴定.

叶绿体基因组的结构和组成较为保守且其序列片段的变异速率适中,适合用于研究植物的系统进化.以我国主要栽培桑种广东桑(Morus atropurpurea)的品种一串红为实验材料,利用Illumina高通量测序平台进行广东桑叶绿体全基因组测序,分析基因组结构,并且与已报道近缘物种的叶绿体基因组进行比较.广东桑叶绿体基因组长159 113 bp,2个反向重复区(IRa和IRb)长度均为25 707 bp,被大单拷贝区(LSC)和小单拷贝区(SSC)分隔开,LSC和SSC大小分别为87 824 bP、19 875bp;叶绿体基因组共有130个基因,包含85个蛋白质的编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因,其中含有内含子的基因数量是24个,有22个基因只含有1个内含子,2个基因(ycf3和clpP)含有2个内含子.广东桑叶绿体基因组的基因数目、种类以及CG含量与其它桑属植物的叶绿体基因组类似.通过生物信息学分析在广东桑叶绿体基因组得到83个简单重复序列(SSR)位点,单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸和五核苷酸重复基序的数量分别是60、8、3、10、2个,未发现六核苷酸重复序列,大多数位点都偏向A或T组成.用MEGA 6.0软件通过最大似然法和邻近法基于叶绿体全基因组序列对包括4个桑种在内的14个物种进行聚类分析,其中广东桑和蒙桑(Morus mongolica)聚在一起,印度桑(Morus indica)和川桑(Morus notabi-lis)聚在一起.研究结果对于叶绿体基因组工程研究以及桑属种间的分子标记开发和优良品种培育具有一定参考价值.

为了从分子水平揭示果桑种质资源间的亲缘关系,指导其种质资源的鉴定和利用,以及快速选育优良果桑新品种,利用SRAP和EST SSR 2种新型分子标记对供试果桑种质材料的遗传多样性进行分析.从42对SRAP引物中筛选出17对扩增条带清晰的引物,扩增得到306个位点,多态性位点达253个,多态性比率为82.68％,遗传相似系数(GS)为0.3909～0.811 1.从26对EST-SSR引物中筛选出18对引物,扩增出297个位点,多态性位点236个,多态性比率为79.46％,遗传相似系数(GS)为0.506 8～0.858 1.综合2种分子标记得出供试材料的遗传相似系数(GS)为0.464 3～0.814 3.利用UPGMA构建聚类树状图,最终供试材料被聚为3个类群,呈现出明显的地理分布特征,并由此得出SRAP分子标记更适用于果桑种质亲缘关系的遗传差异分析.

The teaching process of breeding of ornamental plants was reformed by timely updating teaching content,creating teaching environment,improving teaching method,strengthening practical teaching,flexible assessment,so as to improve students' interest in learning and ability of solving problems,which has significance on training students' innovation ability.

以陕西省黄陵县轩辕庙院内千年树龄黄帝手植柏(古侧柏)嫩枝为外植体进行茎段组织培养试验研究.经过初代培养和继代增殖培养,研究了不同植物生长调节剂种类及浓度、活性炭在组培各阶段的作用,并测定不同年龄段侧柏组织培养前后的硝酸还原酶活性.结果表明:最适启动培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+椰乳100 mL/L,适宜的继代培养基为1/2或1/4MS+ 6-BA 0.4 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+椰乳100 mL/L;活性炭对增殖无显著作用;古侧柏组织培养后硝酸还原酶活性可达到幼嫩水平.

Taking superior individual plant of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge in Yangling,Shaanxi Province as the research object,through field investigation and observation,the flowering phenology,morphological characteristics of flowers,floral dynamicthe space distribution pattern of the fertile flowers,pollen viability and stigma receptivity were studied and analyzed.The results showed that the flowering phase of superior individual plant lasts for 15days,from the early April to the mid-to-late of April.Flowers on the middle and top of crown came into blossom before the lower,outer before the center.Flowers at the bottom of terminal inflorescence bloom firstly,lateral inflorescence almost open at the same time. Pollen vitality in the initial stage of the blossom was lower than fullbloom stage,and it reached the max value at around 5days after flower,then decreased slowly.When the base of petals turned from bright orange to salmon pink,stigma receptivity achieved the highest level.

Taking 5-year-old 30 Xanthoceras sorbifolia in the nursery of Yangling as materials,the phenophase,blooming habits and fruiting rules were observed and analyzed.The results showed that the fruit of Xanthoceras sorbifolia of Yangling need about 90 days from shaping to ripening,they could be planted to those places where had the same or similar conditions;the proportion of fertile flower was very low,only 17.35%,so the regulation and control measures of flower sex transformation could be taken;the distribution of fruits on the tree was as follows:south had the most fruits which was 34.8% of total amount;for different position of the tree-crown,45.8% of fruits were on the upside and 84.3% of them were on the upside and middle part of the tree;for different age of branches,4-year-old branches had the most while 1-year-old or 2-year-old branches rarely.More than 50% of the fruits were solitary and 95.3% of the total amount were dehiscent fruit which with three lamellas.

The main growth characters,fruit characters and yield traits of 15 mulberry varieties were analyzed and compared to study the characteristics of growth and fruiting of fruit mulberry varieties.The results showed that‘Da 10’,‘Yichuanhong’,‘Hongbaoshi’,‘Beifanghong’,‘Ribenhucheng’,‘Baiyuwang’,‘8632’,‘Hongguo No.1’,‘Hongguo No.2’,‘Tiansheng No.1’could be used as a fruit and leaf to plant;‘Taiwan 72C002’could be used as the variety of fruit production to plant;but‘Taiwan 46C019’,‘Ningxiahong’,‘Aoyu’,their yields were low,growth potential was weak,so they don’t quite appropriate widely planted in the region.

以一串红、大10、红果2号3个果桑品种的3年生嫁接苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验方法,分别在适宜水分、中度干旱胁迫、重度干旱胁迫及复水(土壤水分分别为田间最大持水量的70％～75％、45％～50％、25％ ～ 30％、75％～ 80％)条件下测试分析3个果桑品种的光合作用、光响应和CO2响应特征,评价果桑品种的抗旱能力.结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低3个果桑品种的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、瞬时光能利用效率和瞬时羧化效率,增加了胞间CO2浓度；3个果桑品种在不同土壤水分条件下对光强度和CO2浓度的响应曲线变化趋势基本一致,即在干旱胁迫下,3个果桑品种的最大净光合速率、表现量子效率、暗呼吸速率、瞬时羧化效率、光呼吸速率等均较适宜水分下降,复水处理后,各项响应值均有所回升.根据3个果桑品种在中度、重度干旱胁迫及复水条件下上述各项指标的变幅,比较品种的抗旱能力为:红果2号＞大10＞一串红.红果2号可在干旱缺水、光照较强的地区栽植.

Taking Malus halliana as test material,explant disinfection factors of Malus halliana and the best combination of culture medium and plant growth hormones concentration for bud germination were studied.The results indicated that the explants of best disinfectant effect were those which were young and sampled in April to August every year;the best disinfection method of stem segment with single bud was 75% alcohol 30 s with 0.1% HgCl2 6 min,the best disinfection method of leaf was 75% alcohol 30 s with 0.1% HgCl2 8 min,Because of high infection rate,it was too hard for Petal to establish aseptic system;Orthogonal experimental design showed that the best combination of culture medium and plant growth hormones concentration for bud germination was WPM+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L,and germination rate was 87%.

Low temperature of the late autumn is very harmful to the growth of mulberry during early period of the rest.In order to screen the cold tolerant mulberry varieties,14 mulberry varieties using subordinate function method combined with correlation analyses based on six physiological and biochemical indexes relevant to cold tolerance under low temperature treatment were comprehensively evaluated.The results indicated that 14 mulberry cultivars were divided into three groups of cold tolerance,the group I had three varieties with high cold resistance,the group II had seven varieties with moderate cold resistance,and the group III had four varieties with low cold resistance.

Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were conducted on 12 quantitative characters of Xanthoceras sorbifolia by using the statistica1 software DPS.The results indicated that the additive contributing rates of the first five principal components amounted to 70.26%.According to the effect of each character on principal component and the composition of main indices,12 biological characters could be divided into 5 groups: tree form,leaf form,fruit shape,inflorescence,and comprehensive factors.According to the result in cluster analysis,the 12 quantitative characters were divided into 6 groups.The two analyses revealed the influences of these factors on the biology of X.sorbifolia.

Lycium ruthenicum seedlings were chosen as test material,effect of different concentration of NaCl(0,200,400 mM)on seedling growth and physiological property of Lycium ruthenicum were studied.The results showed that the values of relative electrolyte leakage in roots increased significantly during the period of NaCl treatment;After NaCl treatment for 14 days,the contents of H2O2 and MDA did not change much as compared with the control;The content of soluble sugars decreased significantly in roots after 7 days of NaCl treatment,while the content of soluble protein declined after 14 days of NaCl exposure;Under different concentrations of NaCl treatment,POD activity in both leaves and stems declined dramatically after 7 and 14 days of treatment.According to the results obtained,the leaves and the stems posses relatively higher salt tolerance,while the root was relatively sensitive to salt stress.

Modified CTAB method was adopted to extract total DNA of 15 fruit mulberry(Morus spp.) clones.The RAPD fingerprints of 15 fruit mulberry clones were constructed.The results showed that 8-15 bands were clearly amplified from each primers,of which,4-15 bands were of polymorphism and the percentages of primers with polymorphism were from 50.0% to 100.0%.Totally 232 bands were produced using 20 random primers,in which 178 bands showed polymorphism.Fifteen fruit mulberry clones can be identified by using the fingerprints established on the electrophoresis map of products amplified by primers of OPA-09 and OPD-05.

<正>1植物名称陕西卫矛(Euonymus schensianus Maxim.)。2材料类别幼嫩茎段。3培养条件(1)诱导愈伤组织培养基:MS+6-BA2.0mg·L-1(单位下同)+NAA0.2;(2)芽分化及继代培养基:MS+6-BA2.0+NAA0.5;(3)诱导生根培养

Based on the study of morphological characteristics and genetic variation of the seed plants of Pinus tabulaeformis in Jiaoping forest farm,Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,China,P.tabulaeformis was divided into 6 types for the bark color and bark crack: gray longitudinal crackle type,gray chipped type,gray piece crackle type,yellow longitudinal type,yellow piece crackle type and black type.Significant differences existed among different types of morphological traits in economy,between offspring seedling growth and nitrate reductase.And yellow longitudinal type,gray longitudinal type,yellow piece crack type were considered to be superior types.

Early spring stem segments of Lycium barbarum cv.'Ningqi No.2' were used as the explants to conduct tissue culture.Influences of different sterilization time on institution of asepsis explants,effects of different combinations of hormones,different concentrations of hormones on the induction,proliferation,as well as rooting cluster buds were studied.The results showed that explants sterilizated with 0.1% HgCl2 for seven minutes were the best sterile method,in which the pollution rate was about 9.2% and the death rate was about 15%.In addition,the best culture medium for inducing cluster buds was 6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1,and the germination rate of lateral bud was up to 90%,the best culture medium for bud proliferation was MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.6 mg·L-1 + activated carbon 0.5 g·L-1,and the growth coefficient was 4.68;For rooting,1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg·L-1 had a better effect.The rate of rooting was 95.0% and the number of growth was 11.6,and the root was brawny,callus was less and the growth rate was faster.

This paper studied the growth and development and morphological variation of M1 population of Celosia cristata treated by ion implantation.The results showed that the stage of growth and development of variant JTM was earlier than control varieties,and corolla became compact.It had significant variation in plant height,crown width,leaf index and branch number.The initial period of true leaf and emergence stage of variation YH was earlier than control varieties,but the squaring period,initial flowering stage,and full-bloom stage was later than control varieties.it's flower color changed into dark red,It had significant variation in plant height,crown width,leaf index,leaf number,branch number and the length of main flower cluster.The stage of growth and development of variant ZTH was slightly earlier than control varieties,its flower type became brachycephaly,and flower color was yellow,there was significant variation in plant height,branch number and the length of main flower cluster.All variation of three types Celosia cristata can set seed and had very high popularization value.