The global obesity epidemic has emerged as a major driver of cancer incidence and mortality, with accumulating evidence highlighting the gut-adipose-tumor axis as a critical mediator of obesity-related carcinogenesis. The gut-adipose-tumor axis is a tripartite communication network, wherein the intestinal microbiome, adipose tissue, and tumor microenvironment engage in dynamic bidirectional crosstalk that alters cancer susceptibility and progression. This review synthesizes current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, therapeutic implications, and future directions of this axis. Obesity-induced gut dysbiosis leads to systemic dissemination of pro-inflammatory microbial products and metabolites. These gut-derived signals profoundly influence adipose tissue homeostasis, exacerbating chronic low-grade inflammation, promoting macrophage infiltration and polarization, and disrupting adipokine secretion patterns. Dysfunctional adipose tissue generates cancer-promoting mediators and metabolic perturbations. The convergence of gut-derived and adipose-derived signals creates a systemic pro-carcinogenic environment that reshapes the tumor microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. Understanding the gut-adipose-tumor axis as an integrated biological system offers opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment. This is of significant importance for exploring the mechanisms of obesity-related carcinogenesis and developing new therapeutic approaches for obesity-related cancers.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) serve as the foundation of spermatogenesis and play a critical role in livestock fertility and genetic improvement. However, maintaining these cells in long-term culture remains challenging, especially in pigs, where preserving both proliferative capacity and the undifferentiated state has proven difficult. To overcome this limitation, we investigated SB216763 (SB), a selective GSK-3β inhibitor reported to enhance proliferation in other stem cell types, for its potential effects on porcine spermatogonial cells (pSCs). In a 9-day concentration screening (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM SB), SB treatment significantly enhanced the proliferation of pSCs. It upregulated the proliferation-related gene PCNA and the antiapoptotic gene BCL2, while downregulating key apoptosis-related genes, including BAX and Caspase-3. It also promoted the expression of DAZL, UCHL1, NANOS2, and OCT4. Furthermore, over a 55-day period, treatment with 2.5 μM SB consistently supported higher proliferation rates, a larger proportion of DAZL-positive cells, and elevated expression of undifferentiation-associated markers (NANOS2, OCT4) compared with untreated controls at each passage. Overall, our results demonstrate that SB216763 not only promotes the proliferation of pSCs but also helps maintain their germline identity, offering a feasible strategy to improve the long-term in vitro culture of porcine spermatogonial cells.

The sensory quality of pork constitutes a complex phenotype that arises from the interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions. As a local pig breed in China, Tibetan pigs (TPs) are known for their high-quality meat. However, their slow growth rate and low production efficiency limit their large-scale breeding. We have used Duroc as a hybrid sire to improve TP. Our study found that TPs have higher intramuscular fat content and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids. Duroc × Tibetan crossbred pigs (DZs) not only retain the paternal high productivity but also inherit the superior meat quality of the maternal parent. Transcriptome analysis identified IL6, GPX1, GPX3, AOX1, ALDH7A1, PTGS2, NFKBIA, ADIPOQ and PPARG as being involved in affecting meat quality. Metabolomic analysis found that betaine, carnosine, L-carnitine, and lysophosphatidylcholine were important components that affect meat quality. Joint analysis further reveals that the expression of ATF4, DGKB, GNMT, and ADSL genes is closely related to arachidonic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, betaines, and hypoxanthine, ultimately affecting the quality of the meat. By comprehensively analyzing the carcass and meat quality traits, genes and metabolites affecting meat quality traits, this study provides new evidence for improving pork quality and guiding breeding strategies.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a transformative tool in genome editing, playing a pivotal role in enabling precise genetic engineering. Achieving high on-target efficiency while minimizing off-target activity is critical for translating CRISPR/Cas9 into reliable experimental and therapeutic applications. Conventional off-target detection methods are labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive, limiting their scalability. The integration of artificial intelligence has markedly reduced detection costs and substantially increased throughput. Early shallow learning models in the CRISPR/Cas9 domain, although effective in basic classification tasks, exhibited limited feature representation and poor generalization. With advances in algorithms and computational power, deep learning architectures have significantly improved off-target prediction accuracy. However, a critical blind spot remains, most current models operate predominantly at the sequence level, overlooking the downstream functional consequences of genome edits. This review summarizes the current landscape of AI-driven CRISPR/Cas9 prediction methods and proposes a forward-looking “three-layer framework” that integrates molecular, cellular, and tissue dimensions. By linking nucleotide-level edits to protein alterations, cellular functional changes, and tissue-specific responses, this framework aims to bridge the gap between sequence-based predictions and phenotypic outcomes, thereby advancing the precision and translational potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies. Not applicable.

With the rapid development of gene editing technology, its application in breast cancer has gradually become the focus of research. This article reviews the application of gene editing technology in the treatment of breast cancer, and discusses its challenges and future development directions. The key application areas of gene editing technology in the treatment of breast cancer will be outlined, including the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of drugs related to the pathway. Gene editing technology has played an important role in the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Through the use of gene editing technology, breast cancer-related genes are systematically edited to regulate key regulatory factors on related pathways or key tumor suppressor genes such as FOXC1 and BRCA, and the results are analyzed in cell or animal experiments, and the target is obtained from the experimental results, which provides important clues for the development of new drugs. This approach provides an innovative way to find more effective treatment strategies and inhibit tumor growth. In addition, gene editing technology has also promoted the personalization of breast cancer treatment. By analyzing a patient's genomic information, researchers can pinpoint key genetic mutations in a patient's tumor and design personalized treatments. This personalized treatment approach is expected to improve the therapeutic effect and reduce adverse reactions. Finally, the application of gene editing technology also provides support for the development of breast cancer immunotherapy. By editing immune cells to make them more potent against tumors, researchers are trying to develop more effective immunotherapies to bring new treatment options to breast cancer patients.

Genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized life and medical sciences, particularly in treating monogenic genetic diseases by enabling long-term therapeutic effects from a single intervention. However, the CRISPR/Cas9 system can tolerate mismatches and DNA/RNA bulges at target sites, leading to unintended off-target effects that pose challenges for gene-editing therapy development. Existing high-throughput detection and in silico prediction methods are often limited to specifically designed single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and perform poorly on unseen sequences. To address these limitations, we introduce CCLMoff, a deep learning framework for off-target prediction that incorporates a pretrained RNA language model from RNAcentral. CCLMoff captures mutual sequence information between sgRNAs and target sites and is trained on a comprehensive, updated dataset. This approach enables accurate off-target identification and strong generalization across diverse NGS-based detection datasets. Model interpretation reveals the biological importance of the seed region, underscoring CCLMoff's analytical capabilities. The development of CCLMoff lays the foundation for a comprehensive, end-to-end sgRNA design platform, enhancing both the precision and efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics. CCLMoff is a versatile tool and is publicly available at github.com/duwa2/CCLMoff .

Background/Objectives: Fat deposition traits in pigs directly influence pork flavor, tenderness, and juiciness and are closely linked to overall pork quality. The Tibetan pig, an indigenous breed in China, not only possesses a high intramuscular fat content but also exhibits a unique fat metabolism pattern due to long-term adaptation to harsh environments. This makes it an excellent genetic and physiological model for investigating fat deposition characteristics. Adipose tissue from different body regions displays varying morphologies, cytokines, and adipokines. This study aimed to examine adipose tissue deposition characteristics in different parts of Tibetan pigs and provide additional data to explore the underlying mechanisms of differential fat deposition. Methods: Our research identified significant differences in the morphology and gene expression patterns between subcutaneous fat (abdominal fat [AF] and back fat [BF]) and intramuscular fat (IMF) in Tibetan pigs. Results: Histological observations revealed that subcutaneous fat cells were significantly larger in area and diameter compared to IMF cells. The transcriptomic analysis further identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subcutaneous fat and IMF, with a total of 65 DEGs in BF vs. IMF and 347 DEGs in AF vs. IMF, including 25 DEGs common to both comparisons. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that these genes were significantly associated with lipid metabolism-related signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, mTOR, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Several DEGs, including DDAH1, ADRA1B, SLCO3A1, and THBS3, may be linked to the differences in fat deposition in different parts of Tibetan pigs, thereby affecting meat quality and nutritional value. Conclusions: These findings provide new insights into the unique fat distribution and deposition characteristics of Tibetan pigs and establish a foundation for breeding strategies aimed at improving pork quality.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of Bohadschia ocellata, a member of the Holothuriidae family, was constructed through the integration of MGI DNBSEQ-T7 short-read sequencing, PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing, and Hi-C genomic scaffolding technology. After optimization to eliminate redundant sequences, the genome assembly was precisely anchored to 23 chromosomes, resulting in a total size of 909.18 Mb. The N50 of its contig and scaffold sequences were 12.00 Mb and 38.97 Mb, respectively, confirming that the assembly was highly continuous. According to Merqury and BUSCO evaluations, the genome assembly reached a QV of 64.44 and completeness of 94.40%. From this assembly, 31,277 protein-coding genes were identified, which were 98.10% complete based on BUSCO assessment of the predicted proteome. Functional annotations were obtained from at least one database for more than 99% of these genes. This high-quality B. ocellata genome assembly from the current study could offer valuable information for further genetic and evolutionary studies of this sea cucumber species.

The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of porcine intramuscular fat (IMF), subcutaneous fat (take back fat (BF), for example), and visceral fat (take perienteric fat (PF), for example) to address the challenge of optimizing meat quality without excessive fat deposition. Many improved breed pigs have fast growth rates, high lean meat rates, and low subcutaneous fat deposits, but they also have low IMF content, resulting in poor meat quality. There is usually a positive correlation between intramuscular fat and subcutaneous fat deposits. This study selected eight-month-old female Tibetan pigs as experimental subjects. After slaughter, fat samples were collected. Histological differences in adipocyte morphology were observed via hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining of tissue sections, and phenotypic characteristics of different adipose tissues were analyzed through fatty acid composition determination. Transcriptome sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were employed to perform pairwise comparisons between different fatty tissues to identify differentially expressed genes and metabolites. A siRNA interference model was constructed and combined with Oil Red O staining and lipid droplet optical density measurement to investigate the regulatory role of WNT16 in adipocyte differentiation. Comparative analysis of phenotypic and fatty acid composition differences in adipocytes from different locations revealed that IMF adipocytes have significantly smaller areas and diameters compared to other fat depots and contain higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified differential expression of WNT16 and L-tyrosine, both of which are involved in the melanogenesis pathway. Functional validation showed that inhibiting WNT16 in porcine preadipocytes downregulated adipogenic regulators and reduced lipid droplet accumulation. This cross-level regulatory mechanism of “phenotype detection–multi-omics analysis–gene function research” highlighted WNT16 as a potential key regulator of site-specific fat deposition, providing new molecular targets for optimizing meat quality through nutritional regulation and genetic modification.

Gene edited pigs have extensive and important application value in the fields of agriculture and biomedicine. With the increasing demand in medical research and agricultural markets, more and more application scenarios require gene edited pigs to possess two or even more advantageous phenotypes simultaneously. The current production of multi gene edited pigs is inefficient, time-consuming, and costly, and there is an urgent need to develop efficient and accurate multi gene editing application technologies. The polycistronic tRNA-gRNA-processing system (PTG), developed based on endogenous tRNA self-processing systems, has been shown to exhibit efficient multi gene editing in plants. This study aims to combine a PTG strategy with multiple gRNA production functions with an adenine base editor (ABE) to test its feasibility for efficient and precise multi gene base editing in pig cells. The results indicate that the PTG based integrated ABE plasmid can perform efficient base editing at multiple gene loci in pig cells. And while the gene editing efficiency was significantly improved, no indel and sgRNA dependent off target effects caused by DSB were detected. This work permit will provide a solid foundation for the production of multi gene edited pigs with agricultural and medical applications.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent and regulated form of cell death, characterized by lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The progressive development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is closely linked to the ferroptosis pathway. Although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined, this field has drawn intense research attention. Notable progress has been made in identifying ferroptosis-related metabolic pathways and key targets during PF development. In this review, we first summarize the basic regulation of iron metabolism in the human lung, iron metabolic imbalance, and the activation of ferroptosis. Second, we focus on elaborating the mechanistic connections between ferroptosis and PF, encompassing the clinical features, pathological manifestations, and core pathogenic mechanisms of PF, as well as the interplay between ferroptosis and 3 specific cell types in PF: alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Third, the research progress in the pharmacotherapy of PF is categorized into 3 categories: drugs already approved for PF and those under clinical trials; ferroptosis-targeted therapeutic strategies, including inhibitors, natural compounds, gene therapy, and combination strategies. This review, grounded in key metabolic pathways and therapeutic targets, systematically explores the complex relationships among iron metabolic disorders, ferroptosis, and PF progression. Our aim is to provide a theoretical and practical foundation for ferroptosis-targeted PF treatment.

Background: Receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are crucial in regulating innate immune responses and cell death signaling (necroptosis and apoptosis), and are potential candidates for genetic improvement in breeding programs. Knowledge about the RIPK family and MLKL in sea cucumber remains limited. Methods: We searched the genomes of sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota for genes encoding RIPKs and MLKL, performed phylogenetic tree, motif and functional domain analyses, and examined tissue distribution and embryonic development patterns using qPCR. Results: RIPK5 (Hl-RIPK5), RIPK7 (Hl-RIPK7) and MLKL (Hl-MLKL) were identified in sea cucumber H. leucospilota. Hl-RIPK5 and Hl-RIPK7 were mainly expressed in coelomocytes, suggesting that they play a role in innate immunity, whereas Hl-MLKL exhibited relatively low expression across tissues. During embryonic development, Hl-MLKL was highly expressed from the 2-cell stage to the morula stage, while Hl-RIPK5 and Hl-RIPK7 were primarily expressed after the morula stage, indicating different roles in embryonic development. In primary coelomocytes, Hl-RIPK5 transcriptional activity was significantly depressed by LPS, poly(I:C), or pathogen Vibrio harveyi. Hl-RIPK7 expression levels were unchanged following the same challenges. Hl-MLKL mRNA levels were significantly decreased with poly(I:C) or V. harveyi, but did not change with LPS. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary tree and characterization of RIPK and MLKL genes in sea cucumber, contributing to the broader understanding of the RIPK gene family and MLKL in ancient echinoderms.

[Objective]In mammals,Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptide genes are important components of the innate immune system,which play a crucial role in fighting against pathogen attacks.The study was conducted to explore the expression differences of Toll-like receptor and antimicrobial peptide genes between different immune organs or tissues in Tibetan pigs and Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs,with an aim to reveal the potential contribution of these genes to disease resistance and immune response and provide theoretical support for the screening of molecular markers for disease resistance.[Method]The mRNA abundance of Toll-like receptors genes(TLR1-TLR9)and two types of antimicrobial peptide genes(PBD-1 and PR-39)in lungs,mesenteric lymph nodes,inguinal lymph nodes,submandibular lymph nodes and spleens of 6-month-old Tibetan and Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs were detected by qPCR.[Result]The mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptide genes in most of the immune organs or tissues of Tibetan pigs was significantly higher than that of Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs.Among them,the mRNA expression of TLR1 and TLR2 in lungs was increased by about 50%,and PR-39 was increased by 2.6 times;the expression of TLR4 in mesenteric lymph nodes was increased by 40%,and the expression of TLR1 and PR-39 was increased by 88%and 3 times,respectively.In the inguinal lymph nodes,the expression of TLR1 and TLR2 was increased by about 2 times,and the expression of TLR9 and PR-39 was increased by 70%,especially,the expression of PR-39 increasing by 7 times;The expression of TLR1,TLR2,TLR4 and TLR7 in submandibular lymph nodes was increased by more than 2 times,and the expression of PR-39 was increased by nearly 7 times,which was similar to that in inguinal lymph nodes;the expression of TLR1 in the spleen rose by 3.5 times,which was similar to that in submandibular lymph nodes.The expression of TLR4 and TLR9 increased by about 50%,and the expression of PR-39 increased by 2.5 times.[Conclusion]Tibetan pigs show higher expression levels of Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptide genes in multiple immune organs or tissues compared to Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs.It is implied that Tibetan pigs may possess stronger innate immunity and be able to generate more effective local or systemic immune responses against pathogenic microbial infections.The results of this study provide important theoretical support for the identification of disease resistance molecular markers and are expected to provide a scientific basis for further improvement of disease resistance in Tibetan pigs and other pig breeds.

Adipose tissue, an indispensable organ, fulfils the pivotal role of energy storage and metabolism and is instrumental in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of energy and health of the organism. Adipocyte hypertrophy and adipocyte hyperplasia (adipogenesis) are the two primary mechanisms of fat deposition. Mature adipocytes are obtained by differentiating mesenchymal stem cells into preadipocytes and redifferentiation. However, the mechanisms orchestrating adipogenesis remain unclear. Autophagy, an alternative cell death pathway that sustains intracellular energy homeostasis through the degradation of cellular components, is implicated in regulating adipogenesis. Furthermore, adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, producing various cytokines, and certain inflammatory factors, in turn, modulate autophagy and adipogenesis. Additionally, autophagy influences intracellular redox homeostasis by regulating reactive oxygen species, which play pivotal roles in adipogenesis. There is a growing interest in exploring the involvement of autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress in adipogenesis. The present manuscript reviews the impact of autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammation on the regulation of adipogenesis and, for the first time, discusses their interactions during adipogenesis. An integrated analysis of the role of autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress will contribute to elucidating the mechanisms of adipogenesis and expediting the exploration of molecular targets for treating obesity-related metabolic disorders.

本文讨论了分子生物学课程在组学时代下面临的挑战以及如何进行有效教学.文章从课程内容、教学方法和策略以及教学改革等角度进行分析,并提出了一些具体建议,包括多层次的课程设置、注重信息获取与数据分析能力的培养、合理利用项目式教学、创设互动环节等.此外,培养学生的素质和社会责任感也是非常重要的.在推进分子生物学课程教育改革时,需要制定完善的教学方案、组建优秀的教师团队和实验室设备并协同多方力量.综上所述,本文为当前面对新挑战的分子生物学课程的教学提供了新思路和参考.

BACKGROUND:NK cells play an important role in immune response, immune surveillance, and metabolism regulation. Therefore, NK cells are involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as infectious diseases, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. IL-25 is a special member of the IL-17 family with anti-inflammatory function. IL-25 can regulate inflammatory response and metabolism via various immune cells; however, the role and regulatory mechanism of IL-25 in NK cells are still unclear.METHOD:In this study, we investigate the role of IL-25 in NK-cell protein profile via 4D label-free mass spectrum and validate the differential proteins via PRM analysis. In addition, GO analysis, KEGG analysis, and other bioinformatic analysis methods are used to explore the enriched function and signal pathway of differentially expressed proteins.RESULT AND DISCUSSION:The GO and KEGG analyses suggest that IL-25 may affect the processes, such as metabolism, thermogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation of NK cells. There are 7 down-regulated proteins (NCR1, GZMB, PRF1, KLRC1, NDUFA11, LAMTOR5, and IKBIP) and 1 up-regulated protein (PSMD7) in IL-25-treated NK cells versus the control group for PRM validation. Our results indicate that IL-25 may regulate metabolism and other biological processes via NK cells, which will be beneficial in revealing the role and regulatory mechanisms of IL-25 in NK cells in various diseases.CONCLUSION:Proteomics combined with bioinformatic analysis will help to mine more information hidden behind mass spectrometry data and lay the foundation for finding clinical biomarkers and mechanisms of diseases.

To date, studies on apoptosis in echinoderms mainly focus on the caspase-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway, while knowledges regarding the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is still limited. In this study, 55 genes belong to 7 families of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, namely, Bcl-2, caspase, AIF, Cyt c, Apaf-1, Smac, HTRA2 and Endo G, were identified by screening of the genomic database of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. The Bcl-2 family showed significant gene expansion in H. leucospilota but not in other echinoderms, while the pro-apoptotic factor Endo G is generally lost in echinoderms. Transcriptomic data showed that the genes of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, and all embryonic and larval developmental stages of H. leucospilota. The gene numbers and functional domains of the caspase family and AIF family were further clarified and showed conserved with their counterparts in vertebrates. In primary coelomocytes, the transcript expression of different caspases showed different responses to pathogenic challenges of vibrio and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and environmental challenges of heave metal and reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study indicates that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is conserved between vertebrates and echinoderms by using the sea cucumber H. leucospilota as a model. This study may contribute in increasing the knowledge of development and innate immunity in ancestral deuterostomia species.

体外诊断(in vitro diagnosis,IVD)产业发展迅猛,我国IVD每年复合增长率保持在15％～20％,增速明显高于全球平均水平,IVD企业急需大量医学检验体外诊断复合型人才.然而,近40多年来,我国高校医学检验专业办学模式、培养目标及课程体系设置等变化不大,培养目标单一,课程设置同质化严重,医学检验专业人才培养与岗位需求严重脱节.为培养体外诊断产业复合型医学检验人才,以行业发展和岗位需求为导向,我院设置了"体外诊断产业"特色拓展方向,与体外诊断企业共同成立"体外诊断现代产业学院",修订了人才培养方案,优化了课程体系,主编了相应课程创新特色教材,组织牵头全国高校医学检验专业毕业生体外诊断企业在线招聘会,效果显著.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive impairment and memory loss. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau metabolism, and that autophagy dysfunction exacerbates amyloidosis and tau pathology. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be an effective approach for the treatment of AD. Animal models are considered useful tools for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of diseases. This review aims to summarize the pathological alterations in autophagy in representative AD animal models and to present recent studies on newly discovered autophagy-stimulating interventions in animal AD models. Finally, the opportunities, difficulties, and future directions of autophagy targeting in AD therapy are discussed.

Traditional pig breeding has a long cycle and high cost, and there is an urgent need to use new technologies to revitalize the pig breeding industry. The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique shows great potential in pig genetic improvement, and has since become a research hotspot. Base editor is a new base editing technology developed based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which can achieve targeted mutation of a single base. CRISPR/Cas9 technology is easy to operate and simple to design, but it can lead to DNA double strand breaks, unstable gene structures, and random insertion and deletion of genes, which greatly restricts the application of this technique. Different from CRISPR/Cas9 technique, the single base editing technique does not produce double strand breaks. Therefore, it has higher accuracy and safety for genome editing, and is expected to advance the pig genetic breeding applications. This review summarized the working principle and shortcomings of CRISPR/Cas9 technique, the development and advantages of single base editing, the principles and application characteristics of different base editors and their applications in pig genetic improvement, with the aim to facilitate genome editing-assisted genetic breeding of pig.