Peatlands play a critical role in global carbon cycling, long-term ecological dynamics, and climate-carbon feedbacks, making their formation processes a key focus of global change research. The Ningshao Plain, a coastal lowland in eastern China, contains extensive Holocene peat deposits that developed mainly between similar to 7.0 and 2.5 cal ka BP. However, the mechanisms driving peatland formation in this region remain poorly understood. In this study, we present new diatom data from the well-dated T1041 profile at the Tianluoshan site in the Ningshao Plain, integrated with published pollen and carbonized seed records, to investigate the drivers of three mid-Holocene peat-forming episodes at 6.5-6.4, 5.2-5.1, and 4.4-4.3 cal ka BP. These peat layers formed under contrasting hydrological conditions, yet each is overlain by flooding deposits, likely associated with storm surges and/or extreme rainfall. Such event layers introduced substantial clastic materials into the wetlands, resulting in waterlogging and persistent anaerobic conditions conducive to peat accumulation. Our results indicate that peatland deposits in the Ningshao Plain constitute sensitive archives of abrupt hydrological responses to mid-Holocene weak monsoon events.

Decades of research have revealed large uncertainties in paleoclimate reconstructions based on fossil pollen data. To address this issue, modern studies are essential for improving the understanding of the vegetation-climate relationship. In this study, a total of 45 modern surface soil samples were collected along an east-west precipitation gradient and a north-south temperature gradient in Northeast China. These samples were analyzed to investigate modern pollen-vegetation, stomata-parent plant, and pollen-climate relationships. Using Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and random forest modeling, we found that pollen assemblages can effectively distinguish different vegetation types. Furthermore, stomata analysis demonstrated that Pinus and Larix stomata can reliably indicate the local presence of their parent plants. Both RDA and random forest models identified that the mean air temperature of the coldest month was the primary climatic parameter influencing coniferous pollen distribution, while annual precipitation was the dominant factor controlling herb pollen distribution. This study demonstrates that combining pollen assemblages with stomata analysis can remarkably improve the accuracy of vegetation reconstruction in northeastern China, with coniferous and herb pollen serving as reliable respective indicators of coldest month temperature and annual precipitation.

Understanding the interplay between climate variability and human activities is essential for assessing long-term river flood hazards. Yet, the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic drivers to flood magnitude remain poorly constrained due to limited multicentury records and insufficient integration of physical mechanisms with land-use histories. Here, we present the reconstruction of a 500-y history of Yangtze River flood variability using lake sediment archives, historical documents, and high-resolution climate reanalysis data. Our results reveal that flood frequency peaked during the Little Ice Age (~1500-1850 CE), driven by a weakened Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), a southward-shifted Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and enhanced southwesterly monsoonal moisture flux into the basin. These conditions were associated with El Niño-like tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and extratropical Rossby wave activity, highlighting the role of tropical-extratropical coupling in shaping flood-prone circulation regimes. Despite increased atmospheric temperature since 1850 CE, flood frequency declined, coinciding with a strengthened WPSH, a northward-shifted ITCZ, and the dominance of La Niña-like or neutral SST patterns. A nonstationary flood frequency model reveals that embankments and lake reclamation amplified the climate-driven 100-y flood magnitude by around 18% and 8%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that human interventions have intensified, rather than mitigated, the hydrological consequences of climatic forcing. Consistent with the recognition that flood risk is inherently nonstationary, our results provide empirical, multicentennial constraints on how atmospheric dynamics and landscape modification interact to shape flood hazards, highlighting the need for process-informed flood risk assessment in large river basins.

Ice-jam floods are a unique yet understudied hydrological hazard, occurring in cold-region rivers when upstream thawing and downstream freezing create ice blockages. Despite their severe impacts, their atmospheric drivers and future trends remain unclear. Using a 160-year documentary record, historical reanalysis datasets, and statistical modeling, we examine the climatic and hydrological controls of ice-jam floods in the lower Yellow River, one of the world's most flood-prone rivers. Our findings show that ice-jam floods are strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric teleconnections, including the Arctic Oscillation, Siberian High, and Ural Blocking, which regulate regional thermal contrasts and cold-air intrusions. Over the past century, ice-jam flood frequency has declined, with hot spots shifting toward the river estuary due to weakening upstream-to-downstream temperature gradients under climate warming. Projections using bias-corrected CMIP6 multimodel ensemble indicate a continued decline in ice-jam flood occurrences by 2100. Our study bridges historical and future perspectives, emphasizing the need for adaptive flood management as climate change shifts hydrological risks worldwide.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a primary region for freshwater lakes in China, have undergone significant transformations throughout the Holocene. These changes, driven by factors such as sea-level rise, climate change, and human activities, have led to the progressive elevation of water levels in this area. As a result, a floodplain has emerged, characterized by the formation of numerous shallow lakes along the river course. However, the pattern of water-level changes in the main channel of the Yangtze River during the Holocene remains unclear. This gap in knowledge poses challenges for understanding sediment transport dynamics, the interactions between the river and its adjacent lakes, and the prevention and control of flood disasters in the Yangtze River basin. To shed light on these issues, our study compiled data on the surface elevation and water depth of 81 lakes in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Additionally, we analyzed historical water-level records from the 1900s to the 1970s at eight gauging stations from Shashi to Jiangyin along the river’s main stream. Our findings reveal that, particularly along the Jingjiang section, the basal elevation of most lakes is lower than the Yangtze River’s water level during the dry season. Conversely, the water level of the main stream exceeds that of both the floodplain and the lakes enclosed by the Jingjiang embankment. In the tidal reach, especially within the Taihu Lake basin, the basal elevation of lakes typically falls below sea level. Meanwhile, lakes located along the section from Chenglingji to Wuhu exhibit basal elevations that correspond with the Yangtze River’s annual average and dry season water levels. Given the widespread presence of lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, our study introduces a new proxy for reconstructing the mean water level of the mid-lower Yangtze River in the Holocene. By analyzing sediments from Nanyi Lake and Chenyao Lake in the lower Yangtze River, we attempted to reconstruct the water level of the Yangtze River’s main channel since 8 ka BP.

Modern pollen assemblages from moss polsters, topsoils, and lake surface sediments are crucial for interpreting palaeovegetational and palaeoclimatic conditions from fossil pollen records. While a large number of modern pollen assemblages exist from Yunnan Province, SW China, few are derived from lake surface sediments with depositional environments similar to those of fossil pollen records. In this study, we present modern pollen assemblages from lake surface sediments across 36 lakes in Yunnan, spanning spatially from the southeast to the northwest of the region. These lakes encompass a range of vegetation types, varying from alpine meadow grasslands to tropical seasonal and montane rainforests. Our findings demonstrate that modern pollen assemblages from lake surface sediments can effectively identify various vegetation zones. Redundancy analysis (RDA) reveals a strong correlation of pollen assemblages with climate factors (e.g., temperature and precipitation) but a weak correlation with human activities. This study suggests that modern pollen assemblages from lake surface sediments in Yunnan can be used not only to reflect changes in vegetation and climate, but also as reliable indicators for reconstructing the history of human activities to some extent.

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊主要分布区域之一.全新世以来受海平面上升、气候变化以及人类活动的影响,长江中下游水位抬升,形成了泛滥平原地貌,沿江发育了典型的浅水湖泊.但全新世长江干流水位变化的模式还不清晰,影响了对长江流域泥沙输移、河湖关系的深入理解以及对洪水灾害的防治.本研究收集了研究区81个湖泊的水位、水深等资料,以及长江干流沙市至江阴8个站点1900s～1970s期间的水位数据.对比发现,荆江河段内大部分湖泊湖底高程低于旱季水位,受人类筑堤等影响干流水位高于堤内平原、湖泊;感潮河段内湖泊尤其是太湖流域湖泊湖底高程基本低于海平面;城陵矶至芜湖河段内湖泊湖底高程约束在附近长江多年平均水位和旱季水位之间.基于此,本研究提出利用长江中下游广泛存在的沿江湖泊沉积物高程来重建全新世年平均水位的方法,并利用长江下游的南漪湖、陈瑶湖进行了8ka以来长江干流水位的重建.

Understanding long-term anthropogenic impact on the Earth's surface system is crucial for establishing reference conditions and potentially allowing future trajectories to be more rigorous and tightly constrained. In this study, the evolution of catchment erosion, chemical weathering and bottom-water hypoxia during the late Holocene are investigated using multi-proxy records from an accurately-dated sediment core from Lake Qilu in central Yunnan, southwest China. Through the comparison of our results with other paleoenvironmental records from the study region, we are able to see that the increase in anthropogenic impact on the catchment of Lake Qilu began in 780 CE, which is associated with the large scale expansion of agriculture in China. In the early stages of vegetation disturbance and agricultural land use, soil erosion and chemical weathering within in the catchment was significantly intensified, while the lake gradually changed to a state of anoxia until the period of accelerating eutrophication in 1945 CE. However, the extremely high rate of soil erosion and weak chemical weathering suggest the beginning of a new phase in terms of anthropogenic impact on the landscape. Furthermore, the late Holocene intensification of chemical weathering in monsoonal China can also be linked to increased anthropogenic activities rather than spatial differences in hydroclimate changes. This study highlights the fact that humans have been shaping the Earth's surface for millennia, which means that it is essential to place present environmental concerns into a long-term context.

The southeastern coastal areas of China represent one of the most populous and economically developed regions in China, but they are often severely affected by flood hazards. Therefore, studying the phenomenon and mechanisms behind extreme rainfall changes in this region is of great significance for economic and social development. In this study, we present high-resolution pollen and grain-size records from the Shanglin Lake located in Zhejiang, eastern China, based which changes in the frequency of paleo-flood events were reconstructed and the climatic context was inferred. Our pollen records show that the content of evergreen broadleaf trees gradually increased during 8000-7000 cal. yr BP, reflecting the gradually increasing temperature in the growing season. The content of Altingia increased substantially during the periods of 7960-7860, 7600-7500, and 7200-7100 cal. yr BP, especially in the first and last periods, indicating the prevalence of an El Nin similar to o-like condition in the study area during the early mid-Holocene warm period. Grain-size record shows that the prolonged El Nin similar to o condition facilitated a significant increase in flood frequency. Our results suggest that, similar to that of today, the early mid-Holocene warm climate was the most important factor controlling extreme hydroclimatic changes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

A 150 cm long peat core was collected from a subalpine peatland (above sea level 1790 m) in Luoxiao Mountains,Hunan Province, China. Based on the analysis of AMS 14C dating, loss on ignition, total carbon, total nitrogen, grain size, humification, and pollen data, the environment change was reconstructed focusing on the intervals of the Younger Dryas (YD) event, the 4.2 ka event, and modern time. The pollen record indicates that deciduous broad-leaved trees occupied most parts of the study region and subtropical trees also grew at the lower elevation areas during the deglaciation. The percentages of Quercus (D) reached the highest during the YD, suggesting lowered temperatures than that of the pre-YD. Comparing with modern pollen assemblages, the relative abundance of Tsuga was lower during the 4.2 ka event, suggesting that the temperature were lower than that of the present. Regional comparisons of multiple proxy data in eastern China revealed that the climate was wet in northern China during the YD, which was probably related to the weakening evaporation effect and the strengthening Okhotsk High under low-temperature conditions. During the YD, the climate in the area dominated by the Indian monsoon was relatively dry in the southern part of eastern China. Meanwhile, in the East Asian monsoon-affected region, the climate was relatively wet during the YD in the southern part of eastern China, which was related to the weakening of the East Asian monsoon, El Ni??o conditions, and the West Pacific Subtropical High.

20世纪60年代,因应西部经济建设的需要催生了青藏高原第四纪孢粉研究.最初为探索冰期(冷期)/间冰期(暖期)孢粉组合、植被与气候变化规律,且首次在青藏高原主体钻取200多米第四纪湖相沉积岩芯进行孢粉研究.20世纪70年代,第一次青藏高原科学考察开始了高山雪冰孢粉研究;80年代起,开展了中法、中德、中澳和中美国际合作,标志着中国第四纪孢粉学界与国际接轨,一些第四纪孢粉研究的新方法逐渐得到不断的推广和应用,使中国第四纪孢粉学开始了从定性到定量重建古植被与古气候的探索;90年代后,众多孢粉学者在青藏高原的60多个湖泊/剖面及高山冰川研究点,开展了以全球变化为重点的大范围第四纪孢粉研究,探讨更新世以来高原植被的时空变化及高原气候与环境的演变.半个多世纪过去了,青藏高原第四纪孢粉研究,为中国第四纪孢粉数据库的建立及高原末次盛冰期以来植被和气候演变过程的研究作出了贡献.已有的花粉记录揭示了末次盛冰期以来青藏高原植被的时空分布,表现为森林、草甸、草原和荒漠在末次盛冰期、冰消期和全新世适宜期等不同时段的扩张和收缩.古植被反映的末次盛冰期以来古季风经历了弱→增强→强盛→减弱但仍活跃→萎缩的变化,主要受太阳辐射的影响.

Recent work at the early Shang period type site in Panlongcheng, Hubei Province, China, provides a new understanding of changes in the landscape and water environment over time. In the past few decades, the research at this site has obtained important results and shown progress in many aspects, but few scholars have discussed the geomorphological environment of Panlongcheng, especially the water environment. Researchers have long believed that the present-day environment and landscape of Panlongcheng are no different than during the early Shang period. However, recent archaeological discoveries indicate that there may still be some cultural remains underwater. Therefore, we used a combination of underwater surveys, drilling and digital mapping to expand our knowledge of the landscape of Panlongcheng during the early Shang period. This included mapping the lake basin using single-beam echo sounders and drilling to preliminarily observe the stratum and collect samples from underwater. We also conducted radiocarbon dating on the samples collected from the bottom of the lake. The results suggest that there might not have been a lake during the early Shang period. Therefore, the landscape and environment of Panlongcheng and other related issues should be reexamined. In addition, we hope the methods used in this study can provide a reference for related archaeological work in shallow water areas in inland China.

Climate evolution and hydrological conditions have been crucial factors for cultural development on the east coast of China. The Hangjiahu Plain, given its unique geographic and bioclimatic location, and plentiful Neolithic sites, is an ideal area in which to examine the relationship between environmental change and cultural development along the Lower Yangtze River.We report high-resolution pollen, algae, spore, charcoal, total organic carbon and grain size data from core BHQ2, collected from the Beihu Wetland on the Hangjiahu Plain. The record spans the period from 6300 to 400 cal yr BP. We infer that the climate shifted from warm and wet during the middle Holocene to dry in the late Holocene. Warm and stable hydrological conditions in the Beihu Wetland area during the intervals 6300–6000 and 5300–4250 cal yr BP were optimal for the development of the Majiabang and Liangzhu Cultures. Turbulent, brackish-water conditions in the Beihu Wetland area from 6000 to 5300 cal yr BP, however, led people of the Songze Culture to abandon the area. Collapse of the Neolithic culture and abandonment of the site at Liangzhu City could have been linked to climate drying in the interval 4250–3500 cal yr BP. Dry climate and the turbulent, saltwater environment that prevailed from 3800 to 3600 cal yr BP made conditions difficult for the Maqiao Culture. After 3600 cal yr BP, brackish water gradually receded and local rice agriculture expanded. Persistent warfare during the Warring States Period and the Qin-Han Dynasties may have been a response to colder climate from 2300 to 2000 cal yr BP. The decrease in monsoon precipitation in the Hangjiahu Plain region was influenced by summer solar radiation during the middle to late Holocene.

长江中下游地区浅水湖泊密布,全新世该区湖泊沉积的模式还不清晰.本研究在长江中下游的南漪湖、升金湖和菜子湖这3个湖泊开展了多钻孔AMS14C测年工作,测年结果显示这些湖泊沉积地层中广泛出现长时间尺度的沉积物缺失.南漪湖湖泊钻孔的沉积物14C年龄介于5668 ～ 7828 cal.a B.P.,菜子湖湖泊钻孔的沉积物14C年龄介于6221 ～ 7929 cal.a B.P.,升金湖围垦区钻孔14C年龄介于6302～ 7049 cal.a B.P..结合该地区以往湖泊钻孔研究资料,发现全新世长江中下游两岸洼地湖泊存在较广泛的6～3ka的沉积间断.结合长江水位重建资料,笔者提出关于全新世湖泊沉积存有长期间断的新认识:即6～3 ka,长江水位相对平稳,湖泊沉积物虽有堆积,但易于被侵蚀搬运造成沉积间断;与此对应的是,在约8～7 ka,海面上升造成长江水位较快上升,由于顶托作用,湖泊沉积物持续堆积;在约3 ka以来,由于人类活动的影响,以及长江水位的进一步上升,湖泊沉积物也易于堆积,但在一些湖区沉积物也会被侵蚀.在6～3 ka之间湖泊沉积物易于被侵蚀的一个可能原因是该时段长江上游来沙来水减少,自然堤易被破坏,对两岸湖泊洼地的封堵作用减少,使得湖泊泥沙易被侵蚀入江.

In order to reveal the changes of vegetation in southern China since the Last Glacial Maximum, we have established high-resolution time scales and palynological sequences of borehole profiles by drilling cores in some weak areas of the research to restore vegetation changes over the past 20,000 years on the basis of previous work. This paper gives the vegetation zoning maps of 18, 9 and 6 ka BP respectively in southern China, and describes the distribution characteristics of plants in different zones/subzones. The results show that the vegetation zonations around 18 ka BP were significantly different from that at present. It appeared in turn with Cold-temperate coniferous forest and alpine meadow steppe zone, and Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone/warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone from northwest to southeast in the west, and Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone, Warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, and Northern subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone from north to south in the central and east. The vegetation distribution around 9 ka BP changed distinctively. Except that the northwest part was located in Mountain temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zone, the vegetation in other areas occurred in turn with North subtropical mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest subzone, Mid-subtropical typical evergreen broad-leaved forest subzone, and South sub-tropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest subzone/Tropical seasonal rainforest and rainforest zone from north to south. There was little change in the appearance of vegetation zonations between 6 and 9 ka BP, but the northern edge of each vegetation belt moved a little northward, reflecting that the overall climate became warmer around 6 ka BP. The vegetation changes in southern China over the past 20,000 years were largely driven by environmental changes. Climate change was the main factor affecting the vegetation distribution. The impact of human activities became more and more remarkable in the later period. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the delta region, sea level changes also influenced the vegetation distribution.

为揭示自末次盛冰期以来中国南方植被的变化规律,文章在前人工作的基础上,通过在一些研究薄弱区布钻取芯,建立钻孔剖面高分辨率的时间标尺和孢粉序列,以恢复研究区过去约2万年以来的植被变化过程.文中分别给出中国南方18、9和6ka BP前后的植被分带图和各区域植物的分布特征.研究表明:18ka BP前的植被带分布与现在存在着明显的差异,其中西部由西北向东南依次为寒温性针叶林与高寒草甸草原带、温带针阔叶混交林带/暖温带落叶阔叶林带,中东部由北向南依次分布温带针阔叶混交林带、暖温带落叶阔叶林带,以及北亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带;9ka BP前后的植被面貌发生了明显的变化,除西北部局部地处山地温性针阔叶混交林带外,其他地区由北向南依次分布北亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林亚带,中亚热带典型常绿阔叶林亚带,南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林亚带/热带季雨林和雨林带;6ka BP前后的植被面貌与9ka BP前后的变化不大,但各个植被带的北缘略有北移,反映当时总体气候变得更加温暖.中国南方2万年以来的植被变化,很大程度上受到环境变迁的驱使,其中气候变化为主要影响因素,人类活动的影响在后期变得越来越明显,而在长江下游和三角洲地区,海平面变化对植物的分布同样构成一定的影响.

利用江苏和山东地区70个农田和非农田表土样品研究不同土地类型的花粉特征,为使用孢粉作为研究手段分析古代农业提供重要参考资料.结果 表明所有植被类型的花粉谱均以草本花粉为主,但是含量明显不同,表现为农田＞荒地＞林地.其中禾本科谷物类型含量的变化最大,农田最高达41％,荒地高于11％,林地低于8％.谷物类禾本科花粉传播距离很短,其百分含量在10～20 m内急剧衰减至27.6％,500 m以外降低至20％以下;十字花科花粉也有相似的变化规律.藜科花粉对农田和荒地具有同等指示意义,可能与人类活动强度与方式有关.中华卷柏含量增加表明人类活动加强.油菜、水稻、小麦和玉米等谷物类花粉产量或者在土壤中保存存在差异:十字花科＞玉米型禾本科＞水稻型禾本科＞小麦型禾本科.降趋势对应分析(DCA)结果表明,通过花粉相对百分含量,可以较好地区分水田、麦田和非农田,但油稻田与麦稻田、荒地与林地难以区分.

The chronological framework of late Pleistocene and Holocene transgressional strata along the Fujian coasts in southeastern China were examined using new 14C dates, OSL ages, and diatom data from cores drilled in Longhai. This location was chosen because previous studies in the region have interpreted the occurrence of MIS3, MIS2, and Holocene transgressions. Our study, and a critical review of previous studies, show that 14C dates of bulk samples from coastal areas tend to be erroneously older than the depositional age due to enhanced input of old carbon via erosion of Mesozoic basement rocks from mountainous inlands. Also, OSL dates of deltaic and fluvial sediments either vary widely due to unsuitable luminescence properties of quartz grains or tend to be older than true depositional ages due to partial bleaching. As such, the previously considered late Pleistocene transgression may have occurred in the Holocene. Overall, the early Holocene transgression is well documented along Fujian coast revealing largely consistent early Holocene sea level histories from northern and southern sectors of Fujian coast. However, late Pleistocene transgressions are not well preserved along Fujian coasts, likely due to pervasive erosion. Our examination of the chronology of transgression in Fujian coast suggests cautions for 14C dating of bulk samples and for OSL dating of sediments in fluvial-deltaic settings, and emphasizes the importance of establishing a reliable chronological framework for understanding relative sea level history in this region and in similar settings elsewhere.

The goal of this study was to provide information on the representation of pollen taxa and the human impact on vegetation by exploring the relationship between modern pollen and vegetation in the central and western regions of Yunnan Province of China. A total of 120 modern pollen samples were collected throughout the study area. The surface pollen assemblage was divided into eight pollen zones (Zones I-VIII) based on vegetation types. We analyzed the palynology and determined the hemeroby levels of each zone in the area. Our results showed that human activity is one of the most important factors that can result in the damage of natural vegetation and increase anthropochory and secondary plants. The hemeroby levels of the surface pollen samples were mainly euhemerobic except for Zones I, II, and VI, which indicates a strong and continuous anthropogenic influence in the central and western regions of Yunnan Province in recent decades. The lowest hemeroby values were observed in Zone I samples, which were collected from Mengla and Jinghong. These areas are in the Xishuangbanna region, which is the most biodiverse region in China and has been well preserved since 1959. Therefore, the extent of human influence of a region can be estimated from the degree of hemeroby established from pollen data, which can be used in the future for nature conservation.

对陇中南黄土残塬区15个采样点表土中的孢粉和气孔器进行了鉴定,在此基础上,对该区域表土孢粉和气孔器的总体特征及不同植被类型表土的孢粉特征进行了分析,并对各采样点进行了聚类分析,对花粉类型和采样点进行了DCA排序分析.结果表明:该区域表土中的孢粉以木本植物花粉为主(花粉百分含量的均值为71.2％),木本植物与草本植物花粉数量比值的均值为2.5,主要孢粉类型有松属(Pinus Linn.)、云杉属(Picea A.Dietr.)、蒿属(Artemisia Linn.)和水龙骨属(Polypodiodes Ching);气孔器只有柏科(Cupressaceae)、松属和云杉属3个类型.针叶林和森林草原表土中的孢粉能够很好地反映母体植被的群落特征,针阔混交林表土中的孢粉能够较好地反映母体植被的群落特征,灌丛表土中的孢粉基本能够反映母体植被的群落特征,落叶阔叶林表土中的孢粉不能反映母体植被的群落特征.聚类分析结果表明:15个采样点被分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ5组,分别包含1至3号、4至9号、10号、11至13号及14和15号采样点,并且,Ⅱ组的采样点进一步分成2个小组,而Ⅲ和Ⅳ组的采样点可聚在一起,说明该区域落叶阔叶林表土的孢粉组成差异较大,林地与灌丛和森林草原表土的孢粉组成差异较大,林地边缘区域表土的孢粉组成受外界孢粉散播干扰明显.DCA排序分析结果表明:花粉类型和采样点沿排序轴分类明显.研究结果显示:在陇中南黄土残塬区,松属、云杉属和蒿属植物花粉具有超代表性,孢粉和气孔器数据相结合能够准确指示该区域母体植物的分布状况,利用孢粉的百分含量可较好地区分该区域的植被类型.