A pulsed ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) strategy enabled high-efficiency tannin extraction from chestnut burr waste, yielding 104.40 ± 4.31 mg TAE/g DW-2.1-fold higher than conventional aqueous extraction. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations revealed synergistic effects: DES components enhanced hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction with tannins, while a favorable solvation energy barrier (ΔG = -85.15 kcal/mol) facilitated extraction. Advanced spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, HPLC-IT-TOF-MS2) demonstrated DES-induced structural stabilization of hydrolysable tannins, with key components exhibiting a 3.1-fold increase in relative abundance. Specifically, DES was found to suppress water activity while forming protective tannin-DES complexes, as evidenced by characteristic upfield 1H NMR shifts (Δδ = -0.19 ppm) and distinct vibrational frequency changes. The sustainability of this method was validated through five successful recycling trials and comprehensive green metric assessments. DES-extracted tannins demonstrated >1.2-fold enhanced antioxidant capacity and superior antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extracts. This work establishes an innovative method for agroforestry waste valorization and advances green extraction technologies.

In this study, urushiol (U1) and its antiseptics (U2, U3)-functionalized silver-coated nanoscale zero-valent iron composites (Ag@ZVI NPs1-3) were synthesized through metal coordination-driven assembly. The optimized NPs demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, exhibiting IC50 values of 18.28 ± 0.75 μg/mL (DPPH) and 15.62 ± 0.22 μg/mL (ABTS), alongside broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 3.27 to 7.26 μg/mL. Subsequent incorporation of 2 wt% NPs3 into polylactic acid (PLA) matrices yielded nanocomposite films (2%NPs3/PLA) with enhanced physicochemical properties, including improved thermal stability (melting enthalpy ΔHm = 31.6 J·g-1), superior mechanical strength (tensile strength 71.0 MPa, elongation at break 13.4 %), and controlled hydrophilicity (water vapor permeability 0.26 ± 0.14 g·mm·m-2·h-1·kPa-1, doubling PLA's baseline performance). The composite films exhibited dual functional efficacy, demonstrating sustained radical scavenging capacity (56.29 ± 1.26 % DPPH, 57.26 ± 2.28 % ABTS) and Fenton reaction-mediated bactericidal activity (99 % bacterial inactivation within 60 min via H₂O₂-catalyzed hydroxyl radical generation). The 2%NPs3/PLA nanocomposite showed remarkable biocompatibility (>97 % LO2 cell viability) and significantly improved the preservation of fresh-cut apples, outperforming commercial polyethylene films. This shelf-life extension is attributed to the synergistic antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which likely contribute to the maintenance of key quality parameters.

This study identified extra virgin olive oil rich in oleocanthal from six Chinese cultivars and enhanced its stability through microencapsulation. Ascolana Tenera oil, containing 100 mg/kg of oleocanthal, was selected. Microencapsulation via complex coacervation with gelatin and gum arabic, followed by spray drying, yielded spherical microcapsules (788.4 nm) with 70.75 % encapsulation efficiency. Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed structural stability and effective cross-linking. In vitro release studies across 5 food models showed rapid oleocanthal release (50.55 % in 120 min) in simulated gastric fluid, fitting the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian diffusion. In intestinal fluid, release reached ∼70 %, following the Peppas-Sahlin model. Compared to unencapsulated oil, microcapsules exhibited approximately double antioxidant activity, due to improved oxidative stability and storage resistance. These findings suggest that microencapsulation preserves oleocanthal bioactivity and enables controlled release, making this approach promising for functional food applications.

Valonea, a natural product from Quercus variabilis, is rich in bioactive phenolic compounds; however, its compact physical structure restricts the efficient extraction of these components, limiting its high-value applications. To address this issue, the present study examined the influence of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment on the physical structure, phenolic profile, and bioactivity of valonea and identified optimal processing parameters. Under optimal conditions (1.0 MPa and 10 min), the content of total polyphenols increased by 63.1%, reaching 553.0 mg/g extract, while gallic acid and ellagic acid concentrations increased by 380.6% and 1280.0%, respectively. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified 12 major phenolic constituents, providing a compositional basis for the observed bioactivities. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, confirming that SE not only augments phenolic content but also preserves or enhances the functional quality of the extract. As an efficient and environmentally friendly pretreatment technology, SE substantially improves the bioavailability and activity of phenolics in valonea. Thus, this study offers a reliable strategy for the high-value utilization of valonea in fields such as pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and animal feed.

The genus Quercus is widely distributed globally and serves as a potential source of phenolic compounds, which are renowned for their potent biological activities. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of metabolite components and evaluate the relative antioxidant activities of valonea (acorn cups) from Quercus variabilis (Q. variabilis) of different geographic origins using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach. A total of 791 metabolite components were identified, with significant variations in their concentrations observed among samples from different geographic locations. Among these, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose was identified as a key active compound. The biosynthesis of galloyl sugars, galactose metabolism, and pathways for starch and sucrose metabolism represent the three pathways that correspond to the differential metabolites, encompassing 23, 11, and 7 metabolites, respectively. The variations in the antioxidant effectiveness of valonea could mainly be linked to the synthesis of galloyl sugars. These findings improve our knowledge of the composition of valonea and offer valuable resources for its extensive utilization and focused development.

This study developed tryptophan-containing antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-anthocyanin composite films for real-time meat freshness monitoring. Tryptophan-anthocyanin interactions enhanced pigment stability, while peptide hydrophobicity improved mechanical strength and reduced swelling. The AMPs also imparted antibacterial activity. Compared with anthocyanin-only films, composites exhibited 5.25-28.40 % higher stability, 16.7 % less swelling, and over twofold greater sensitivity and antibacterial efficacy. They further increased ΔE* values by 1.4-fold, reduced microbial counts by 0.52 log CFU/g, and lowered TVB-N and TBA levels (31.25 % ∼ 38.46 % and 10.22 % ∼ 19.75 %, respectively). Pork freshness was extended by at least two days, highlighting the composites' promise for intelligent packaging.

Baphicacanthus cusia (B. cusia) was traditionally used as raw material to prepare indigo naturalis; however, many factories have been shut down by local governments on account of their serious pollution contributions. In this study, a green and sustainable production of B. cusia leaf extracts is proposed. Namely, new indigo extract (NIE) and phenolic acid extract (PAE) were produced in an integrated fashion by enzyme transformation coupled membrane separation and freeze-drying technologies. The small-scale process was optimized, and its feasibility was verified by a pilot experiment. Moreover, the physicochemical properties, dyeing effect, and wound-healing ability of the two extracts were systematically evaluated. The NIE could be obtained within 1 day and exhibited more than 20 times the indigo content and 1.8 times the pure indigo yield than indigo naturalis. Moreover, the NIE showed superior dye-uptake rate and washing and rubbing fastness on pure cotton poplin compared with natural indigo from India. The PAE exhibited excellent broad spectrum antibacterial activities, especially S. aureus (IC50 = 32 mu g/mL). Significantly, the PAE had no toxicity and presented over 98% of the wound-healing rate on mice by increasing their collagen fiber content. All of above work is of great significance for the extension and sustained healthy development of a B. cusia industry chain.

Phytol, as a potential drug-carrier, can regulate the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing them at lower doses and increasing them at higher doses. In this study, we developed phytol-based micelles composed of phytol, PEG, and OE, which can clearly enhance drug delivery efficacy and simultaneously protect normal cells. Drug-loading and -releasing mechanisms of phytol-based micelles were investigated combined with dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations and experimental. The simulation results indicate that Ph4EO22Ph4 exhibits the most desirable properties for forming phytol-based micelles compared with other phytol-based polymers we designed. We found that co-loading (purpurin 18 a) P18 and paclitaxel (PTX) within the Ph4EO22Ph4 micelle not only enhances the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of P18 (P18’s EE rised from 85.16 % to 91.17 %) but also optimizes the overall micellar structure, exhibiting excellent DL capability along with sustained release (75.2 % PTX releasing after 72 h) performance under acidic conditions. The release mechanism varies with the loaded drugs, in which PTX is released in its molecular form while P18 is released through P18/Ph4 particles. In the latter case, Ph4 within the particles significantly facilitates cellular uptake of P18 drugs by 4T1 cells, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Interestingly, Ph4EO22Ph4 exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity towards 4T1 cells compared to HC11. Therefore, the phytol-based micelles incorporating a concentration-dependent hydrophobic block and a steric effect-driven hydrophilic block composed of PEG demonstrated enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. The present study presents a novel phytol-based micelle system incorporating DPD simulation and experimental validation, which effectively addresses the challenges encountered by P18 and PTX. Moreover, it comprehensively investigates drug loading and releasing behaviors in phytol-based micelles from various perspectives, thereby offering valuable insights for the design of alternative drug delivery systems.

Ultra-flexible nanoliposomes (UNL) coated with sodium cholate were fabricated using the thin film hydration technique to encapsulate oleocanthal (OLEO), oleacein (OLEA), oleuropein (OLEU), and hydroxytyrosol (HT) for improving their stability and bioactivity. Their physicochemical properties were further validated through DLS, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC analyses. Negative-staining TEM imaging revealed well-dispersed UNL with laminar vesicles inside. Additionally, their transdermal studies in vitro demonstrated that UNL enhanced the cumulative release of OLEO, OLEA, OLEU, and HT by 3.13, 2.76, 2.59, and 2.83 times, respectively. Furthermore, their release mechanisms were better approximated the Peppas-Sahlin model rather than the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models, which governed by Fickian diffusion. Moreover, comparing to their compounds, UNL structure exhibited improved their antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties, highlighting their potential as effective delivery agents in humans. These results offer a novel approach for stabilizing biologically active polyphenols from Olea europaea, paving the way for enhanced human health applications.

Oleocanthal, oleacein, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol comprise characteristic polyphenols of olive with high biological value. However, stability problems hinder their further investigation. Thus, in the present study they were incorporated in nanoliposomes by thin film hydration method. The particles sizes, PDI, zeta-potential and physicochemical stabilities of nanoliposomes were evaluated by light scattering methods while FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC methods were carried out for further physicochemical characterization. Their micromorphology was illustrated by negative-staining TEM and Cryo-TEM, revealing well-dispersed round-shaped vesicles. According to in vitro release studies, oleocanthal and oleacein were rapidly released in a higher percentage than oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol and compatible with the Ritger-Peppas model release mechanism while only oleuropein liposomes were governed by anomalous diffusion of non-Fickian diffusion. Antioxidant assays showed that nanoliposomes presented comparable activity with pure compounds enabling them as suitable carriers for the delivery of olive active biophenols in the human organism.

The effects of treatment with edible coatings containing decolorizing shellac incorporated with natural antibacterial juglone from walnut green husk extract (WGHE) on the postharvest quality of dried Wichita pecans during 180 days at 4℃ were investigated. WGHE with a high yield of juglone was obtained by Soxhlet extraction in orthogonal test and mixed with main film former of decolorizing shellac to prepare edible coatings. The present results showed that the edible coating preserver NO. 4 (CP4) group had better waterproof performance and could coat pecan nuts in a natural color, decrease the pure kernel yield and the fat content, but the acid value, the peroxide value, and the soluble protein content were increased compared with the blank (BL) group. Moreover, the changing trends of the pure kernel yield were consistent with the fat content but had an opposite relationship to the acid value, as the heat map and correlation coefficients of different indexes after treatment of CP4. Besides, WGHE enhanced the antibacterial activity of CP4, meanwhile, Wichita pecans had a good overall taste in the determination of sensory evaluation, indicating CP4 minimized the hydrolysis and oxidation of internal fats, especially their auto-oxidation, maximized the stability of their functional unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant functional components. In conclusion, CP4 treatment is a potential method in delaying significantly the oxidation process of pecans for maintaining the pecan nutrition and quality under low temperature during long-term storage.

The underutilized by-products of hydrophilicity olive mill wastewater phenols (OPs) have great antimicrobial potential. ZnO NPs is one of most wildly used nano material with anti-bacterial function as well. This study aimed to prepare the detoxified and antimicrobial-enhanced OPs capping ZnO nanoparticles (OPs-ZnO NPs) containing metal core of ZnO NPs and organic shell of OPs, respectively. The OPs-ZnO NPs was chemically coordinated/chelated driven by Lewis bases (NaOH) in aqueous solution. The results obtained by SEM and TEM showed that those irregular sphere OPs-ZnO NPs were ranged from 58 to 92 nm, with an OPs caption of 35.40% (w/w). Importantly, the in vitro results showed that the strategy of capping OPs in ZnO NPs decreased the toxicity of ZnO NPs (< 0.02 g/L). Moreover, OPs-ZnO NPs presented a higher stability in simulated gastrointestinal digestion (Zn2+ < 0.07 g/L after 12 h). The results also showed that the protective coating of OPs-ZnO NPs and OPs-ZnO NPs/CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) enhanced the antimicrobial activity of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. Furthermore, the coating of OPs-ZnO NPs/CMC decreased the weight loss and the rotting ratio of fresh strawberry, and ultimately prolonged its shelf-life at least 4 days under 25 degrees C. Therefore, this study provided a biosafety strategy for the preparation of detoxified and antimicrobial enhanced OPs-ZnO NPs and its CMC protective coating for fresh produce throughout storage.

以海南生物结香的沉香木为原料,建立了沉香精油的基质固相分散-气相色谱/质谱联用(MSPD-GC/MS)分析方法.采用基质固相分散技术进行沉香精油的提取,采用单因素试验得到优化工艺条件为:吸附基质为硅酸镁,吸附基质与样品的质量比为4:1,分散溶剂为异丙醇,分散溶剂与样品的比例为4:1(mL:g),洗脱溶剂为体积比9:1的正己烷和乙酸乙酯混合液,洗脱溶剂用量6 mL,在此条件下,沉香精油的提取得率为(9.19±0.15)％,明显高于乙醚超声波提取方法的(6.65±0.22)％.采用GC/MS分析沉香精油成分,并与乙醚超声波提取方法进行比较.基质固相分散提取的沉香精油成分组成与乙醚超声波提取相似,主要为2.13％的芳香族类、25.67％的倍半萜类、26.85％的色酮类和7.5％的脂肪族.相比乙醚超声波提取,基质固相分散提取的沉香精油中倍半萜类化合物的成分更多,主要有 γ-芹子烯、β-檀香醇、缬草-4,7(11)二烯、α-愈创木烯、白菖醇和1,9-马兜铃二烯.MSPD-GC/MS分析方法能够真实地反映沉香精油的化学成分,可作为沉香品质评价的一种快速鉴别方法.

以江苏泗洪市所产的薄壳山核桃为原料,分别涂抹不同浓度的以脱色紫胶、大豆分离蛋白、乳化漆蜡为主要成膜剂的9组复合保鲜剂,以4℃、无氧及纳米聚乙烯包装组作为空白对照,考察不同保鲜处理对薄壳山核桃贮藏期间纯仁率、脂肪含量、酸值、过氧化值和蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,效果最好的是复合保鲜剂4:脱色紫胶10 g、大豆分离蛋白10 g、沸水200 mL、乳化漆蜡2 g、青龙衣提取液3 mL、EDTA-Na2 2 g和维生素E 2 g;相比对照组,其纯仁率下降程度减少了5％,脂肪含量下降程度减少了6.60％,酸值增加程度减少了0.43倍,过氧化值增加程度减少了0.73倍,可溶性蛋白质含量增加程度提高了0.47％.因此,保鲜剂4结合低温、除氧剂及纳米聚乙烯包装对薄壳山核桃具有较好的保鲜效果,能够显著延缓薄壳山核桃的氧化过程,保持较高的贮藏品质.

To valorise olive mill wastewater phenols (OPs) potentially applied in food preservation, a novel stable and regularly spherical OPs-AgNPs (Davg = 78 nm) were successfully assembled in aqueous solution under the optimized conditions (pH 8.0, 5 mM AgNO3, 35C and 30 min). The results of antimicrobial zone diameters indicated that 50 μg/mL of promising OPs-AgNPs presented excellent antimicrobial effects. Especially, the cell wall damages of E. coli ATCC 23,815 were caused when OPs-AgNPs concentration was exceeded its MIC (8.58 μg/mL). Also, a significant down-regulating of the Ca2+-ATPase activity in E. coli was revealed, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were thus decreased from 12.5 to 1.35 µg/mL after a treatment for 3 h. The apoptosis level of E. coli was significantly increased more than the control (55.13% of OPs-AgNPs vs 9.90% of control). In sum, OPs exerts enhanced antimicrobial function via penetrating cell membrane and targeting Ca2+-ATPase after chelated with AgNPs.

采用氢氧化钠-氨基硅油对稻壳纤维进行了表面改性,并制备了性能优异的稻壳/聚丙烯绿色复合材料.采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(S EM)、力学性能测试、吸水率测试等研究了氢氧化钠-氨基硅油改性对稻壳以及稻壳/PP复合材料性能的影响.结果 表明,氢氧化钠-氨基硅油改性能够改善稻壳与聚丙烯基体之间的相容性,提高复合材料的综合性能.其中,稻壳的热稳定性以及复合材料的冲击强度得到显著改善,复合材料吸水率显著降低.

Background This study demonstrated an innovative formulation including the polyprenol (GBP) lipid and vitamin E-TPGS hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) which was aimed to control the transfer of betulinic acid (BA) and low-substituted hydroxyl fullerenol (C60(OH)n). Additionally, it developed BA-C60(OH)n-GBP-TPGS-NPs delivery system and researched the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects. Materials and Methods The NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation with ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (UAE) method. It was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectrum, size distribution and zeta potential. Physical and chemical properties were evaluated through measurement of drug release, stability studies, drug loading efficiency (DE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). Biological activities were evaluated through measurement of MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay (LDH), cell proliferation assays, cell apoptosis analysis, comet assay, wound healing assay, cell invasion and Western blot analysis. Results and Conclusions The NPs exhibited clear distribution characteristics, improved solubility and stability. BA and C60(OH)n for the NPs displayed a biphasic release pattern with sustained drug release properties. The mixture of C60(OH)n with different hydroxyl groups may have a certain effect on the stability of the NPs system itself. The NPs could effectively inhibit MHCC97H cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Combined use of C60(OH)n and BA in GBP lipids may improve the inhibit effect of C60(OH)n or BA against HCC cells and reduce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of C60(OH)n for normal cells. We concluded that one of the important mechanisms of BA-C60(OH)n-GBP-TPGS-NPs inhibiting MHCC97H cells is achieved by up-regulating the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9.

A simple and efficient matrix solid-phase dispersion via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector was developed to analyze the following flavonoids of Rhus verniciflua Stokes: fisetin, fustin, butein, sulfuretin, garbanzol, and quercetin. The optimum conditions for the procedure was the use of Zeolite Socony Mobil-twenty-two molecular sieves as the adsorbent, sample:adsorbent ratio of 2:5, grinding for 3 min, and use of 8 mL of 70% methanol:water as the elution solvent. The method was validated for linearity, precision, reproducibility, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The method exhibited excellent linearity for all six flavonoids. The intra- and interday precisions over a range of concentrations were below 3.0% and limits of quantification for the six flavonoids were 0.16 and 0.50 mu g/mL. Compared with other published methods, the proposed methodwas more effective, rapid, and required less reagents. Therefore, the combination of matrix solid-phase dispersion and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector showed excellent reproducibility and simplicity and could be suitable for the extraction and quantification of multiple flavonoids in R. verniciflua Stokes samples.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Ginkgo Biloba Leaves polyprenol (GBP) is considered potential efficacy in the treatment of HCC. This study involved oil-in-water type nanoemulsion (NE) loading GBP and Fullerene C60 (C60F) were prepared by dissolving GBP and C60F in NE using inversed phase emulsification (EIP) with ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (UAE) method. Folic acid (FA) coupled Chitosan (CS) and Graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites (NCs): FA-CS-GO-NCs were fabricated by ionic cross-linking of positively charged FA-CS-GO solution conjugates and negative charged NE with TPP. We combined these materials for preparing NCs loading GBP and C60F (GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs) based GBP-C60F-NE. GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs in the NE were the mean size was 44.9 nm, PdI was 0.267 and the mean zeta potential was 47.8 mV. And they had good drug loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, drug release property and storage stability. In this cytotoxic study, it demonstrated the GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs were greater inhibition capacity on MHCC97H cells compared with GBP-NE, C60F-NE, GBP-C60F-NE, GBP-FA-CS-GO-NCs and C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs. In this genotoxic study, GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs at low C60F concentration showed low genotoxicity on MHCC97H and L02 cells. By comparison, GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs had higher cytotoxicity on MHCC97H than L02 cells. By the cell apoptosis analysis, the results revealed that GBP-C60F-NE and GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs could obviously induce MHCC97H cell apoptosis, especially high concentration GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs had the strongest apoptosis inducing ability. The treatment against MHCC97H cells with moderate C60F concentrations of GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs effectively inhibited the overexpressions of Akt1 and Akt2, and significantly increased the expression of PTEN. Our results suggest that PTEN, Akt1 and Akt2 might play an important role in the aspect of GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs inhibiting against HCC cells. It provides further evidence to speculation that up-regulated PTEN expression and down-regulated Akt1 and Akt2 expression might be one of the important mechanisms for GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs inhibiting HCC cells. All these results suggest that GBP-C60F-FA-CS-GO-NCs effectively inhibited the HCC malignant development and has potentially important value in the HCC treatment.