This review summarized the research progress of plant epigenetics and fruit tree bud sports selection, and analyzed the classic cases of bud sports selection promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the word's apple and citrus industries. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Epigenetics caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, etc., was widely involved in various plant growth and development processes and adversity stress responses; (2) The selection of fruit tree bud sports was the best among the best. It had six characteristics, such as high efficiency, reproducibility, stability, diversity and pleiotropy, epigenetic characteristics, and practical effects. At present, more than 600 varieties of fruit tree bud sports have been selected, such as apples and citrus; (3) In response to the problems of the four varieties of Fuji, Delicious, Navel Oranges and Satsuma Mandarin, a series of new varieties have been bred using continuous multi-generation bud sports selection technology, forming a huge variety group and promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the industry. Therefore, two aspects should be further studied in the future: one is to further strengthen the mechanism of fruit tree bud sports and to promote the innovation of breeding technology; The second is to further enhance the awareness of the innovation of fruit tree bud sports selection and to further strengthen the understanding of the importance of the fruit tree industry, and the technical route of combining Mendelian inheritance and epigenetic inheritance should be adopt, combining conventional and molecular technology as well as hybrid breeding and bud sports selection, so as to increase the research efforts of fruit tree bud sports selection and new varieties breeding, and provide varieties support for the high-quality development of the fruit tree industry.

山东是全国果品主产区,多年来果品产量一直居全国前列.通过走访全省果品主产区有代表性的新型果品生产和经营主体,与当地政府、业务部门和技术人员等进行座谈交流,深入了解了山东省果业标准化现状及存在的问题,提出了标准化助推果业高质量发展的对策建议.

种质资源评价挖掘和创新利用是现代农业的重要特征.新疆是苹果等多种落叶果树起源演化中心,种质资源极为丰富.笔者系统介绍了近几年来在新疆红肉苹果和'红富士'以及'库尔勒香梨'资源评价挖掘和创新利用方面的研究进展,主要包括红肉和红皮苹果育种理论与技术创新、新品种培育和配套技术研发以及优质、耐贮、晚熟梨新品种创制,为苹果和梨产业升级提供了重要支撑.

随着苹果产业劳动力、生产成本及种植模式等要素的发展变化,其社会化服务经历了从无到有、由少到多的演变过程,呈现出以龙头企业、专业合作组织、基层党组织、销售(物流)平台、互助团体或民间组织等主导型的多种供给模式共同发展的特点.对苹果社会化服务的发展背景进行了阐述,对其当前主要发展模式及特点进行了总结,并提出了发展建议.

分4个阶段总结回顾了山东省果业百年发展历程,总结了现代化果园初具规模、优势区域集聚度提高、高质量生产水平提升、产业化发展能力增强、设施化生产面积扩大、产业促增收成效显著等果业发展成就,提出了品种优化与良繁体系建设、技术创新与推广体系建设、品牌培育与营销体系建设、规模生产与服务体系建设、主体培育与发展体系建设、数字发展与集群体系建设等发展展望.

苹果是山东农业的特色、优势产业,在全国苹果生产中占有举足轻重的地位.2008年,山东苹果总面积414万亩,居全国第二位;总产量763.18万吨,居全国前列.在全省水果生产中,苹果面积和产量分别占水果总面积和总产量的46.12％和54.67％,对于农业增效、农民增收和农村经济发展发挥了重要作用.但是,山东苹果园90％以上是20世纪80、90年代栽植的,主要采用乔砧密植模式,因栽植密度与砧穗组合不配套、整形修剪不恰当、过量施用氮肥等原因,致使70％以上果园郁闭,41％以上果园严重郁闭,果实产量低、品质差、效益不高的问题十分突出,严重制约了苹果产业竞争力和可持续发展能力的提升.

调研了山东省黄河滩区果业发展基本情况,分析了滩区果业发展存在问题及发展优势,提出黄河滩区现代果业高质量发展的适宜方式及途径措施.

“医食同源,吃营养,吃健康”已经成为人们的共识.针对我国苹果产业品种单一、特色多样化品种严重不足、主栽品种‘红富士’果实着色、风味品质及结果习性等性状需要进一步改良、苹果育种特别是红肉苹果育种周期长、缺乏优异种质等问题,系统介绍了以“高类黄酮(红皮与红肉)”为主线,以新疆红肉苹果挖掘与创新利用为研究重点,在品质形成与芽变机理、红肉苹果优异种质创制、高效育种技术创建、特色多样化新品种培育及其配套高效栽培技术创新等方面取得的最新研究进展及其成果,旨在为其他野生果树资源的评价挖掘与创新利用提供参考.

苹果是我国落叶果树的第一大树种,在助力健康中国和服务乡村振兴中发挥了举足轻重的作用,以‘红富士’为主的品种结构使我国成为世界上最大的苹果生产国.根据‘红富士’苹果品种特性及其近几年芽变选种和芽变机理的研究结果,结合我国经济社会发展水平、消费习惯和市场需求,经综合分析研究,认为‘红富士’在我国苹果产业独占鳌头(占比约70％)有3个原因:一是通过持续多代的芽变选种,‘红富士’的生长结果习性、果实着色及风味品质等性状得到有效改良,推动了我国苹果产业的高速发展;二是‘红富士’的红色和短枝芽变属表观遗传,其晚熟和耐贮这2个性状始终没有改变;三是以优质、晚熟、耐贮‘红富士’苹果品种为主的品种结构是保障我国鲜食苹果消费市场周年供应最经济有效的技术途径.‘红富士’在我国苹果产业独占鳌头是我国苹果人创造的中国特色.

分析了全球气候变暖大背景下,中国的气侯变化和农业气象灾害对苹果构成的威胁,提出了中国苹果产业防灾减灾的战略对策.

苹果是世界性果品,也是我国落叶果树的第一大树种.本文对栽培苹果起源演化、新疆野苹果遗传多样性评价挖掘与核心种质构建、苹果果实着色、大小、营养和质地品质的性状遗传与发育机理、白肉、红肉与功能型苹果等特色多样化品种培育以及配套高效生产技术研发等方面取得的诸多重要进展进行了综述;针对功能型苹果育种的复杂性及果树科技成果转化慢的共性问题,提出并实施了理论与技术创新并重、良种良法配套的品质形成、品质育种、优质品种和品质维持“四品一线”及着力解决科技成果转化最后一公里问题的自主推广、多家许可、独家转让、集成示范、网络媒体、技术培训及科普文章“七位一体”的系统创新成果研发和推广体系,显著提高了研究的效率与效益;针对目前的研究现状,今后应在如下两个研究领域下功夫:(1)进一步有效利用现代分子生物学技术,从转录、翻译及修饰等多个层面进一步探讨品质性状发育机理,为苹果品质育种提供理论支撑;(2)进一步加强优质耐贮晚熟白肉苹果及不同熟期的高类黄酮苹果新品种培育,以满足市场的多样化需求,助力乡村振兴.

苹果和梨是保障我国水果市场周年供应的大宗水果.从经济社会发展水平及消费习惯等角度分析了国内外苹果产业品种结构的差异、产生原因及我国梨熟期育种、品种结构及产业现状.结果 表明,作为世界上最大的水果消费国,以优质、晚熟、耐贮品种为主的品种结构是助力我国苹果和梨产业高效发展、保障我国高端水果市场周年和稳定供应最为经济有效的技术途径.优质、耐贮、晚熟‘红富士’苹果品种的引种和持续多代的芽变选种,有效推动了我国苹果产业的高效发展,保障了我国苹果消费市场的周年供应;以晚熟‘砀山酥’为主栽品种的梨产业,果农和经销商的盈利空间有限,建议进一步加大力度,选育和推广优质、耐贮、极晚熟梨品种(如‘山农酥’),以满足优质大梨市场的周年供应,提振消费者信心,撬动我国梨产业高效发展.

果树产业的新旧动能转换就是提质增效和节本增效.针对我国苹果产业转型升级面临的降水在时间和空间上的不均衡性、果园基础地力差、机械化水平低及劳动力成本高、果园规模小及一家一户的分散性等4个关键共性问题,采用良种、良砧与良法集成配套的思路,创建了既适用于土壤瘠薄的“春旱秋涝”东部渤海湾产区和“干旱少雨”的西部黄土高原产区,也适用于适度规模的农场和一家一户分散经营的果农,同时也有助于果园生草化和机械化的苹果现代宽行高干栽培模式,并在我国苹果主产区大面积推广应用,取得了提质增效和节本增效的显著效果,这将推动我国苹果产业新旧动能转换,助力乡村振兴.

种质资源保护挖掘与创新利用是现代农业科学研究的重要特征.我国是苹果和梨等多种果树的起源演化中心,种质资源极为丰富.农业高校的果树资源育种工作者面对国家的战略需求,研究建立优质高效育种技术体系,将种质资源优势转化为优质品种优势,推动产业转型升级,助力农民增收和乡村振兴,必须坚持理论创新与技术创新并重及良种与良法配套.为此,以课题组苹果和梨种质资源挖掘与创新利用方面的相关研究为案例,就如何实现理论与技术创新并重及良种良法配套进行了解读,以供读者参考.

The fruit industry is undergoing dramatic changes.On the one hand, the industrial scale is expanding rapidly,on the other hand,the capitalized cost is rising.The contradiction of locality and structure is protruding and it is facing the great pressure from transformation and upgrading of the cultivation model man-agement technology.In this paper,the history and present situation of the fruit industry in Shandong were in-troduced.Based on the development situation of the international and domestic fruit industry,we objectively an-alyzed the competitive advantages and problems of the fruit industry in Shandong and put forward the main ways to realize fruit quality improvement and efficiency increasing,transformation and upgrading.

以山东省果品产业为对象,分析了山东省果业实施新旧动能转换的必要性和紧迫性;从加大品种创新研发力度、完善良种繁育体系、实施提质增效工程、推广现代栽培新模式、提升果园机械化水平、增强果业产业化经营水平等6个方面论述了山东省果业新旧动能转换的重点领域;提出了山东省果业规划布局、质量安全、品牌培育等新旧动能转换的建议和对策,以期为山东省乃至全国果业现代化改革工程提供框架性思维.

立足水果产业正面临的新一轮变革的客观现实,分析了山东省水果产业取得的成就,指出了水果产业面临的突出问题,提出了实现水果产业新旧动能转换的途径和着力点.

在分析苹果和梨产业共性问题及其遗传育种难度大、周期长、公益性、知识性、实用性和创新性特点的基础上,介绍了苹果和梨"品质形成、品质育种、优质品种和品质维持"四品一线系统创新成果及其"自主推广、多家许可、独家转让、集成示范、网络媒体、技术培训和科普文章"七位一体的科技成果推广转化体系,加快苹果和梨产业新旧动能转换,助力乡村振兴.

Study on the high efficient cultivation technology of wide row and high trunk and the soil fertility improvement technology of growing grass in orchard,which suitable for China's national conditions,is the basis and premise of the future cultivation without bag.This paper analyzes the reasons why growing grass in orchard can't be used effectively in China.The research progress of growing grass in orchard in China was introduced from 6 aspects:grow grass and scramble fertilizer,soil comprehensive fertility,three kinds of soil improvement in China,insect pest control in orchards,microclimate in orchard and fruit quality;Aiming at the "fertilizer","water saving" and "saving labour" problems must be paid attention in main apple producing areas of China,we combine unicity with diversity and put forward a new model of "the spring villous vetch + autumn natural grass",which solves these 3 problems simultaneously.

To study the effect of soil conditioner on peach soil,peach yield and quality and the appropriate application amount,different application amounts were conducted to analyze the influences of soil conditioner on peach yield,quality and soil physicochemical properties.The results showed that the application of soil conditioner improved the yield of peach,and the highest yield was obtained when the application amount was 1125 kg/hm2,which increased by 24.98％ compared with that of CK.The application of soil conditioner increased single weight,soluble solids content and total sugar content of peach,as well as the pH value,organic matter,CEC,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,exchangeable calcium,exchangeable magnesium,effective zinc,effective manganese and effective copper content of soil.The appropriate amount of soil conditioner was 1125 kg/hm2.