Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as an extreme-phenotype of ADHD, is still facing problems of inconsistency and undeciphered mechanisms for its neuropathology. To address this matter, our present study performed connecotome-wide voxel-based analyses with the resting-state fMRI data of 84 adults with ADHD and 89 healthy controls. We found that functional connectivity patterns of the left precuneus and the left middle temporal significantly altered in ADHD populations serving as potential neural biomarkers to distinguish ADHD with healthy controls, with subsequent seed-based analysis revealing the dysfunction of functional connections both intra- and inter-default mode and attention networks, among which middle temporal gyrus plays the key role of ‘bridge’ linking the default mode and attention networks. After cognitive behavioral therapy, two of these ADHD-altered functional connections ameliorated accompanied with improvement of ADHD core symptoms. Additionally, imaging genetic analyses also revealed close relationships between the observed brain functional alterations and ADHD-risk genes. Taken together, our findings suggested the interference of default mode on attention networks in adults with ADHD, which would be severing as a potential biomarker for both ADHD pathogenesis and treatment effects.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, with a shift of symptoms including less hyperactivity/impulsivity and more co-morbidity of affective disorders in ADHD adult . Many studies have questioned the stability in diagnosing of ADHD from childhood to adulthood, and the shared and distinct aberrant functional connectivities (FCs) between ADHD child and ADHD adult remain unidentified. We aim to explore shared and distinct FC patterns in ADHD child and ADHD adult , and further investigated the cross-cohort predictability using the identified FCs. After investigating the ADHD-discriminative FCs from healthy controls (HCs) in both child (34 ADHD child , 28 HCs) and adult (112 ADHD adult ,77 HCs) cohorts, we identified both shared and distinct aberrant FC patterns between cohorts and their association with clinical symptoms. Moreover, the cross-cohort predictability using the identified FCs were tested. The ADHD-HC classification accuracies were 84.4% and 81.0% for children and male adults, respectively. The ADHD-discriminative FCs shared in children and adults lie in the intra-network within default mode network (DMN) and the inter-network between DMN and ventral attention network, positively correlated with total scores of ADHD symptoms. Particularly, inter-network FC between somatomotor network and dorsal attention network was uniquely impaired in ADHD child , positively correlated with hyperactivity index; whereas the aberrant inter-network FC between DMN and limbic network exhibited more adult-specific ADHD dysfunction. And their cross-cohort predictions were 70.4% and 75.6% between each other. This work provided imaging evidence for symptomatic changes and pathophysiological continuity in ADHD from childhood to adulthood, suggesting that FCs may serve as potential biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis.

Objective To explore the characteristics of resting-state functional connectivity in male adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the relationship with clinical symptoms.Method Forty-seven male adult ADHD patients diagnosed by DSM-Ⅳ-TR and 47 healthy controls matched with sex,age and IQ were enrolled by clinical interviews.All subjects underwent structural MRI scan and resting-state functional MRI scan.All subjects were rated the ADHD symptom severity with the ADHD symptom rating scale.A two independent-samples t-test was used to analyze the differences of the resting-state functional connectivity strength (FCS) between the male adult ADHD group and the healthy control group.Results Compared with healthy controls,adult ADHD patients had shown the reduced FCS in the right middle temporal gyrus(t=-3.42),inferior temporal gyrus (t=-3.32),right middle occipital gyrus (t=-3.11) and inferior occipital gyrus (t=-4.44,P＜0.05 after multiple correction).The FCS of right inferior occipital gyrus in ADHD group had a tendency to negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms (r=-0.403,P＜0.05).A trend of negative correlation between the FCS in the right inferior occipital gyrus in ADHD group and the attention deficit score was found (r=-0.507,P＜0.05).Conclusion Abnormalities in resting-state brain function connectivity are prominent in male adult ADHD patients.Occipitallobe dysfunction may be more related to the severity of the ADHD symptoms.Temporal lobe and occipital lobe seem to be crucial to the pathogenesis of adult male ADHD.

Objective: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for adult ADHD, and booster sessions may improve long-term outcome. This study was designed to investigate the effects of group CBT and its booster sessions for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. Method: There were CBT only group (n = 43), CBT +booster group (n = 43), and control group with patients on the waiting list (n = 22). The primary outcome was the score of the ADHD–Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Secondary outcomes included emotion, executive function (EF), impulsivity, self-esteem, and life quality at 12th and 24th week. Results: At 12th week, the score of ADHD-RS, EF, and impulsivity showed significant improvement in CBT +booster group comparing with control group. At 24th week, differences between CBT only group and CBT +booster group were not significant. Conclusion: CBT was effective for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. Booster sessions do not appear to provide additional benefits.

本研究基于评价理论, 结合Neimeyer et al.的死亡相关概念编码框架, 对英文死亡主题演讲"让我们来谈谈死亡"在TED官方网站上的英文评论和网易公开课网站上的中文评论进行对比分析, 考察中英文网络评论在谈论死亡、临终决定、不同离世方式等死亡相关概念时的态度资源分布与使用存在的异同点, 并分析其异同与中西社会文化语境之间的联系.

目的 了解中国2型糖尿病患者掌握的糖尿病相关知识、获取信息的渠道,并呈现患者管理糖尿病的方法、效果和经验.方法 选取38例中国2型糖尿病患者,对其进行一对一半结构式深入访谈,鼓励患者展开疾病叙事.结果 ①患者首次确诊糖尿病呈现出四种情形和三种心理回应模式;②患者对糖尿病的病症成因尚缺乏了解,但对治疗方法较熟悉;获悉途径从单一到多元渠道分布不均;③多数患者采纳了“服药、运动、饮食”三种基本的管理模式,但对疾病管理实施和效果尚不满意.结论 糖尿病改变了患者的生活,疾病管理的本质是配合药物治疗、调整生活方式;患者有强烈的治愈疾病的愿望,但需得到当前社会环境、医疗水平、医患交流以及自我疾病和情绪管理等社会、机构和个人层面的有机配合,从而实现对糖尿病的有效管理和控制.

Aims Functional brain abnormalities, including altered cerebral perfusion and functional connectivities, have been illustrated in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD). The present study attempted to explore the alterations of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) simultaneously to understand the neural mechanisms for adults with ADHD comprehensively. Methods Resting-state arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired for 69 male aADHD and 69 matched healthy controls (HCs). The altered CBFs associated with aADHD were explored based on both categorical (aADHD vs HCs) and dimensional (correlation with aADHD core symptoms) perspectives. Then, the seed-based RSFC analyses were developed for the regions showing significant alterations of CBF. Results Significantly decreased CBF in the large-scale resting-state networks regions (eg, ventral attentional network, somatomotor network, limbic network) and subcortical regions was indicated in aADHD compared with HCs. The correlation analyses indicated that the hypoperfusion in left putamen/global pallidum and left amygdala/hippocampus was correlated with ADHD inattentive and total symptoms, respectively. Further, weaker negative functional connectivity between left amygdala and bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral superior frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus was found in adults with ADHD. Conclusion The present findings suggested alterations of both cerebral perfusion and functional connectivity for the left amygdala in aADHD. The combination of CBF and RSFCs may help to interpret the neuropathogenesis of ADHD more comprehensively.

The study aimed to explore whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with medication is superior to CBT alone in core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem as well as social and cognitive functions of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Samples from a previous RCT study and outpatient participants were all included. A total of 124 patients received 12 weeks of manualized CBT sessions, either with (n = 57) or without (n = 67) medication. Efficacy variables were evaluated at baseline and each week. Mixed linear models (MLM) were used to compare differences between the two groups in all of the above domains. Within-group comparisons showed that both groups had robust improvements in core ADHD symptoms, emotional symptoms and social functional outcomes. The CBT + M group presented more domains of improvement in executive functions than the CBT group. However, comparisons between groups didn't indicate the superiority of CBT + M in core symptoms, emotional symptoms and self-esteem. Instead, the CBT group showed a greater improvement in the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF than the CBT + M group. This study further indicated that CBT is an effective treatment for adults with ADHD. A combination of CBT and medication presented broader improvements in executive functions, but not in clinical symptoms, than CBT alone.

良好的医患沟通对于肿瘤科和安宁疗护患者在疾病治疗和临终阶段获取高质量的医疗服务和积极的心理精神支持至关重要.本文以SSCI和SCI数据库中1975至2018年间肿瘤科和安宁疗护医患沟通为研究主题的论文为数据来源,使用软件CiteSpace 5.3进行文献计量分析.研究发现:该领域逐渐得到不同学科研究者的关注;发文量前三位的国家分别为美国、澳大利亚和荷兰.近几年的研究热点包括临终关怀沟通、医患沟通的情感因素和跨学科医疗团队内部沟通话语研究.

Objectives Executive function (EF) deficits are major impairments in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have shown that the insula is involved in cognitive and EFs. However, the insula is highly heterogeneous in function, and few studies have focused on functional networks which related to specific insular subregions in adults with ADHD. We explored the functional networks of the insular subregions [anterior insula (AI), mid-insula (MI), and posterior insula (PI)]. Furthermore, their correlations with self-ratings of ecological EFs, including inhibition, shifting, and working memory were investigated. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in 28 adults with ADHD and 30 matched healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed. The seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the insular subregions was evaluated. We also investigated their associations with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) inhibition, working memory, and shifting factor scores. Results Compared with HCs, adults with ADHD showed altered RSFC of the AI, with the precuneus, precentral gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus extended to the middle temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, and superior occipital gyrus, respectively. There were no significant differences in RSFC of the MI and PI between the two groups. Within the HC group, working memory scores were associated with the RSFC of AI with precuneus and temporal gyrus. However, there was no correlation between these variables in the ADHD group. Conclusion The study evaluated RSFC patterns of the insular subregions in adults with ADHD for the first time. Altered RSFC of the AI which is a crucial region of salience network (SN) and part of regions in default mode network (DMN), were detected in adults with ADHD in both results with and without global signal regression (GSR), suggesting that disrupted SN-DMN functional connectivity may be involved in EF impairments in adults with ADHD, especially with respect to working memory. Deficits of the AI which is involved in salient stimuli allocation, might be associated with the pathophysiology of ADHD. The inconsistent results of MI and PI between analyses with and without GSR need further exploration.

为掌握国际学术界在死亡话语研究领域的研究热点和前沿,本文以社会科学引文索引(Social Science Citation Index,SSCI)数据库中1992至2016年间以死亡话语为研究主题的期刊论文为数据来源,使用文献计量软件CiteSpaceS.0进行文献计量分析.本文通过分析发文量、发文作者、机构和国家以及论文关键词等文献数据,考察死亡话语研究的研究现状和热点前沿.研究发现:死亡话语研究发文量近25年呈波动式上升趋势,逐渐受到多学科学者的关注;死亡话语研究高产国家前三位分别是美国、英国和澳大利亚;死亡话语研究的载文期刊以社会科学和医学的交叉学科期刊为主,位于载文量前三位的期刊为《社会科学与医学》《死亡研究》和《话语与社会》;死亡话语研究的热点话题主要包括安宁疗护、艾滋病、自杀、数字化悼念等主题,目前的研究前沿为数字化悼念.

Objective:To explore the related factors to the effect of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods:A prospective and open-label,self-control study was designed.Eighty-five adult patients from outpatient department with ADHD diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ).All the patients received 12 weeks of CBT,the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) was used to evaluate ADHD core symptoms,and according to the post-treat ADHD-RS reduction ratio,41 patients were divided into responders(ADHD-RS reduction ratio≥25％)and 44 patients were divided into non-responders(ADHD-RS reduction ratio ＜ 25％).The t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze the differences of sociodemographic variables,clinical variables and early efficacy (ADHD-RS reduction ratio≥25％ in the fourth week) between the two groups,and logistics regression was used to analysis the related factors.Results:Comparing with the group of non-responders,there was more cases with early efficacy (P ＜ 0.05)in the group of responders.Logistic models indicated that higher scores of BIS-motor (OR =1.27),early efficacy (OR =11.87) were associated with better CBT efficacy.Conclusion:It suggests that ADHD adults with more sever motor impulsiveness symptom,and early efficacy may get favorable response to CBT.

OBJECTIVE:The present study investigated the neuropathology of everyday-life executive function (EF) deficits in adults with ADHD with high IQ.METHOD:Forty adults with ADHD with an IQ ≥ 120 and 40 controls were recruited. Ecological EFs were measured, and eyes-closed Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals were recorded during a resting-state condition; EEG power and correlations with impaired EFs were analyzed.RESULTS:Compared with controls, the ADHD group showed higher scores on all clusters of EF. The ADHD group showed globally increased theta, globally decreased alpha, and increased central beta activity. In the ADHD group, central beta power was significantly related to emotional control ratings, while no such correlation was evident in the control group.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that resting-state beta activity might be involved in the neuropathology of emotional control in adults with ADHD with high IQ.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of attention during visual search tasks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Totally 45 adult patients with ADHD who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and 44 healthy controls matched with age,gender and IQ were selected.The reaction time and accuracy rate of two groups were compared under visual search tasks of low and high visual working memory load.Results:The reaction time was longer in patients with ADHD than in the healthy controls in both low-load task [(823 ± 144) ms vs.(754 ± 123) ms,P ＜ 0.01] and highload task [(912 ± 163) ms vs.(851 ± 162) ms,P ＜ 0.01].Compared with the performance in low load task,the search reaction time was longer in high load task [ADHD group:(823 ± 144) ms vs.(912 ± 163) ms,P ＜ 0.01;control group:(754 ± 123) ms vs.(851 ± 162) ms,P ＜0.01] and the accuracy rate was lower during high load task than low load task[ADHD group:(95.9 ±4.3)％ vs.(91.2 ± 14.29)％;control group:(95.8 ± 4.2)％ vs.(94.4 ±4.9) ％,P ＜ 0.01] in both ADHD and control groups.Conclusion:The results suggest impairment in top-down attentional control in ADHD adults.When the visual working memory load is increasing,ADHD patients allocate more working memory resources on storing the target representation and less resources on visual attention,so the search efficiency may be influenced.

Objective To explore the executive function profiles in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in a Chinese sample population. Methods We identified 68 outpatients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV(DSM-IV)and 74 normal adults.All subjects completed clinical interview, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Results ADHD group had higher scores in all factors of BRIEF-A questionnaire compared with normal control (P<0.01). ADHD group had a higher score in SWM strategy score [(30.84±5.58)vs.(28.80±5.85), t=2.056,P=0.042]compared with control group. Compared with control group, ADHD group had a lower score in RVP total hits [37(33,41.75) vs.3(37,48), Z=-3.184,P<0.01]. Total correct rejections[(508(497.5,518)vs. 516(503,529.5),Z=-2.229,P=0.0260)]were significantly lower,while RVP total misses were significantly higher [(17 (12.25,21)vs.12(7,20),Z=2.293,P=0.022)].ADHD-RS-IV attention deficit score was positively correlated with SWM strategy while RVP total misses were negatively correlated with RVP total hits and RVP correct rejections.Working memory score in BRIEF-A was significantly correlated with the SWM strategy,RVP total hits, RVP total correct rejections and RVP probable of hit as well as RVP total misses. Conclusion Adults with ADHD have executive functioning deficits which is correlated with ADHD core symptoms.

Objective To explore the clinical characters and cognitive functions in high intelligence quotient (IQ) patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a Chinese population sample. Methods Sixty-eight outpatients with a high IQ fulfilling the DSM-Ⅳ diagnostic criteria for ADHD,91 adults without ADHD matched by high IQ ADHD adults,42 ADHD outpatients with an average IQ and 51 normal adults with an average IQ matched were identified. All the groups were matched by age. All subjects completed the clinical interview, neuropsychological test and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Results No significant differences in ADHD subtypes between ADHD group with high IQ and with normal IQ were found.ADHD group with high IQ had more comorbidities of mood disorder and anxiety spectrum disorders than ADHD group with normal IQ(36.8%(25/68)vs.19.0%(8/42),χ2=3.880,P=0.049).The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Ⅱscores of non planned were significantly lower in high IQ ADHD group than in general intelligence ADHD group(29.5± 4.2 vs. 31.4 ± 4.3,t=2.102,P=0.037). ADHD group with normal IQ performed worse than control group in test of arithmetic(t=-2.335,P=0.020), digit span(t=-2.021,P=0.045)and digit symbol(t=-3.043,P<0.01).When compared with ADHD group with normal IQ,the one with high IQ had lower scores in emotion control(t=-1.976,P=0.049),working memory(t=-2.363,P=0.019)and behavior management index(t=-2.322, P=0.021)when completing BRIEF-A questionnaire. Conclusions The ADHD group with high IQ has a higher rate of comorbidities with mood disorder and anxiety spectrum disorders.ADHD adults with normal IQ have more serious cognitive damage,especially in working memory.Both ADHD groups have executive function damages.High IQ could protect the cognitive capacity of adults with ADHD,especially in working memory aspect.

Objective To evaluate the potential effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in groups on the executive functions of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patient.Method 55 patients were included and received 12 weeks CBT in groups based on manual.The measurements included ADHD Rating Scale and Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) which were used before and after CBT.Meanwhile 55 healthy controls were included and their cognitive functions were also evaluated.Results At the baseline the reaction time on GO trails of stop signal task (SST) of patients was longer than controls((514.6±171.0) ms vs.(491.9±144.7) ms t=0.74,P=0.460),the SST proportion of successful stops of patients was similar to controls (0.5±0.5 vs.0.5±0.1,t=0.03,P=0.975),the spatial working memory (SWM) strategy of patients was lower than controls ((30.7±5.9) times vs.(31.0±5.3) times,t==-0.28,P=0.783),and the SWM total errors number was higher than controls (17.1± 13.7 vs.14.5± 14.2,t=0.94,P=0.352).But all the differences were not significant.After CBT the score of ADHD Rating Scale was significantly decreased (26.9±7.8 vs.14.5±8.1,t=9.92,P＜0.01),SST reaction time on GO trails of patients was significantly increased (514.6± 171.0 vs.561.2± 189.3,t=-2.37,P=0.022),the SST proportion of successful stops of patients was significantly increased (0.5±0.5 vs.0.6±0.1,t=-3.83,P＜0.01),the SWM strategy of patients was tend to decrease (30.7±5.9 vs.29.2±6.0,t=1.98,P=0.053),and the SWM total errors was not significantly changed (17.1 ± 13.7 vs.15.7 ± 12.7,t=0.80,P=0.426).There was no significant correlation between the changes of executive functions and the changes of ADHD symptoms.Conclusion CBT could significantly improve the executive functions such as spatial working memory and inhibit control of adult ADHD patients.

Background: The cognitive function of children with either attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disabilities (LDs) is known to be impaired. However, little is known about the cognitive function of children with comorbid ADHD and LD. The present study aimed to explore the cognitive function of children and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties in comparison with children with ADHD and healthy controls in different age groups in a large Chinese sample. Methods: Totally, 1043 participants with ADHD and learning difficulties (the ADHD + learning difficulties group), 870 with pure ADHD (the pure ADHD group), and 496 healthy controls were recruited. To investigate the difference in cognitive impairment using a developmental approach, all participants were divided into three age groups (6–8, 9–11, and 12–14 years old). Measurements were the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Trail-Making Test, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parents (BRIEF). Multivariate analysis of variance was used. Results: The results showed that after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms, the ADHD + learning difficulties group was still significantly worse than the pure ADHD group, which was, in turn, worse than the control group on full intelligence quotient (98.66 ± 13.87 vs. 105.17 ± 14.36 vs. 112.93 ± 13.87, P < 0.001). The same relationship was also evident for shift function (shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 122.50 [62.00, 194.25] s vs. 122.00 [73.00, 201.50] s vs. 66.00 [45.00, 108.00] s, P< 0.001) and everyday life executive function (BRIEF total score, 145.71 ± 19.35 vs. 138.96 ± 18.00 vs. 122.71 ± 20.45, P < 0.001) after controlling for the effect of the severity of ADHD symptoms, intelligence quotient, age, and gender. As for the age groups, the differences among groups became nonsignificant in the 12–14 years old group for inhibition (meaning interference of the Stroop Color-Word Test, 18.00 [13.00, 25.00] s vs. 17.00 [15.00, 26.00] s vs. 17.00 [10.50, 20.00] s , P = 0.704) and shift function (shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 62.00 [43.00, 97.00] s vs. 53.00 [38.00, 81.00] s vs. 101.00 [88.00, 114.00] s, P = 0.778). Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties have more severe cognitive impairment than pure ADHD patients even after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms. However, the differences in impairment in inhibition and shift function are no longer significant when these individuals were 12–14 years old.

In the recent years, flipped classroom mode has become the focus in the education filed.This paper introduced the concept and features of flipped classroom, and its applications in the school education at home and abroad, and pointed out the flipped classroom can contribute more in cultivating student' s learning autonomy, language communication ability, critical thinking, creative thinking and team-work spirit, compared with the traditional teaching method in medical English teaching.The paper also described the challenges in the implementation of the flipped classroom model in medical teaching.The paper offered an innovative way to reform medical English teaching.

BACKGROUND:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder beginning in childhood, and about half of patients have symptoms lasting into adulthood. Adult ADHD causes various impairments of emotional, self-esteem, and executive function and life quality aspects. Furthermore, adverse outcomes include academic and occupational failures, traffic accidents and substance abuse, which would be a family and social burden. A combination of medication and psychotherapy is recommended as the treatment for adult ADHD, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been validated mostly with evidence-based researches. However, there has been a lack of randomized controlled trials of CBT for patients in China. Moreover, booster sessions of CBT for other disorders have proven effective in reducing recurrence and improving long-term outcomes, which has not been investigated for adult ADHD. This study will testify to the effect of CBT and explore the efficacy of subsequent booster sessions on adult ADHD.METHODS/DESIGN:It is a three-armed randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of 12 weeks of CBT based on the published and validated manual and its booster sessions. The 12 weeks of CBT will be conducted weekly and will end at the 12th week, and then the booster sessions will be conducted monthly and end at the 24th week. There are three randomized groups, including a CBT with booster sessions group, a CBT group and a waiting group. Participants are outpatients of the Peking University Sixth Hospital who are diagnosed as having adult ADHD. The Primary efficacy endpoints are the scores of ADHD core symptoms at 12 and 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints include emotion, executive function, self-esteem, life quality and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data at different time points, and the change within every group will also be analyzed.DISCUSSION:This is the first study to explore the efficacy of booster sessions of CBT in adult ADHD as far as we know. The results might increase proof of efficacy of CBT for adult ADHD in China, and the results showing efficacy of the booster sessions would also benefit our clinical practice.TRIAL REGISTRATION:Current Controlled Trials: NCT02062411, date of registration: 12 February 2014.