As a vital economic crop, grapes suffer substantial postharvest losses due to anthracnose infections. Traditional fungicides, however, pose escalating concerns regarding environmental contamination and the emergence of pathogen resistance, underscoring the urgency for eco-friendly alternatives. This study evaluates the efficacy of quercetin, a plant-derived flavonoid, as a sustainable alternative for enhancing postharvest anthracnose resistance in grape berries. Foliar application of quercetin during the ripening stage significantly reduced the diameter of anthracnose lesions following inoculation. Physiological assays further revealed that quercetin treatment upregulated activities of antioxidant and defense-related enzymes, concomitant with increased accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1733 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were predominantly enriched in pathways related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, hormone signaling, and glutathione metabolism. Metabolomic profiling revealed 84 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs), with significant upregulation of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Integrated multi-omics analysis highlighted a dual regulatory role of quercetin: activating phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways to enhance accumulation of resistant metabolites, while improving glutathione-mediated detoxification and plant-pathogen interaction signaling cascades. These results elucidate the mechanism by which quercetin mitigates anthracnose via coordinated transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic remodeling, thereby presenting a sustainable, multi-target strategy for postharvest disease management in grapes, reducing reliance on synthetic fungicides while maintaining fruit quality.

Tomato gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, results in significant postharvest losses, necessitating the development of environmentally friendly biocontrol strategies. This study isolated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain F028 from tomato rhizosphere and evaluated its biocontrol potential and underlying mechanisms against gray mold. Strain F028 exhibited strong in vitro antagonism against B. cinerea, causing plasma membrane damage. Whole-genome sequencing revealed multiple biosynthetic gene clusters for antimicrobial compounds. In vivo assays on tomato fruit demonstrated that F028 significantly reduced lesion development and pathogen colonization. Molecular analyses indicated that F028 downregulated key fungal virulence genes and activated host defense responses, including upregulation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-pathway genes and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by F028 strongly inhibited B. cinerea growth both in vitro and on fruit. GC-MS analysis identified 26 VOCs, with 2-undecanol and 2-decanol showing the highest antifungal activity. In conclusion, B. amyloliquefaciens F028 controls gray mold through a multi-layered strategy involving direct antifungal activity, suppression of pathogen virulence, induction of host immunity, and VOC-mediated inhibition, highlighting its promise as a sustainable biocontrol agent.

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors serve as crucial regulators in plants' response to abiotic stress; however, its function in grapevine heat tolerance is still largely unknown. Here, we undertook a comprehensive investigation of grape genome, leading to the identification of 65 VvbZIP genes, among which 16 VvbZIPs were significantly induced under heat stress. Overexpression of VvbZIP36 enhanced heat tolerance in grape calli, while virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of VvbZIP36 reflected thermal sensitivity. Additionally, we examined the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of grape seedlings, which showed that grapes exhibited increased accumulation of flavonoids, coinciding with the significantly induced expression of the VvFLS (Flavanol synthase) gene under heat stress. Overexpression of VvFLS also improved the heat tolerance in grape calli by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). A yeast one-hybrid assay (Y1H) demonstrated that VvbZIP36 was capable of specifically activating the promoter of VvFLS, which was subsequently confirmed through a luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, the overexpression of VvbZIP36 resulted in enhanced quercetin content, while the exogenous application of quercetin improved heat tolerance of grape. Collectively, our findings suggest that VvbZIP36 binds to the VvFLS promoter, thereby enhancing heat stress tolerance by increasing quercetin production and mitigating oxidative damage in grapes.

Grapes are one of the important fruit crops widely cultivated in the world, with high nutritional and economic value. However, with the intensification of global warming, extreme low temperature has seriously affected the development of the grape industry. Quercetin is a highly antioxidant active substance that can enhance the tolerance of plants to external environmental stress, but its function and mechanism in response to low-temperature stress in grapes are still unclear. Here, we found that grapes accumulate more quercetin under low-temperature stress, and exogenous quercetin can significantly improve the cold resistance of grapes. The key quercetin synthesis gene VvFLS1 (flavanol synthase 1) is up-regulated after low-temperature treatment, and overexpression of VvFLS1 increases quercetin content and enhances the cold resistance of grape. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase reporter systems demonstrate that VvbZIP22 (basic-leucine zipper 22) directly binds to the VvFLS1 promoter, and VvbZIP22 has cold-induced expression characteristics. Overexpression of VvbZIP22 significantly improves the cold resistance of grape. The above results indicate that quercetin plays an important role in the response of grapes to low-temperature stress. Under low temperature, VvbZIP22 can mediate quercetin synthesis through regulating VvFLS1, alleviate oxidative damage, and improve the cold resistance of grapes.

Bioretention facilities are common source reduction facilities, but traditional fillers are not effective in reducing emerging contaminants such as antibiotics. Although Fe-Mn oxides have been extensively explored, their removal of emerging contaminants and application in the sponge city have not yet been addressed. Therefore, this study aims to address this limitation by developing Fe-Mn oxide fillers. In this research, the optimal preparation conditions (Fe/Mn mole ratio, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration, and filler particle size) and influencing factors (filler dosage, initial pollutant concentration, pH, temperature, and co-existing ions) were investigated using a typical antibiotic, norfloxacin (NOR), as the target contaminant. The removal mechanism of NOR was investigated by SEM, FTIR, and XPS characterizations. Subsequently, the fillers were applied to bioretention facilities with different filling modes (layered and mixed) to evaluate their effectiveness in removing NOR and conventional pollutants at different recurrence periods, drought periods, and pollutant influent concentrations. The study indicated that Fe-Mn oxide filler (Fe/Mn mole ratio of 4:1, PVA concentration of 7%, particle size of 4mm) could remove more than 70% of NOR (1~20mg/L). The NOR removal by Fe-Mn oxide filler involved adsorption and redox reactions. Notably, bioretention facilities using Fe-Mn oxide fillers have shown varying degrees of improvement in the removal of NOR and conventional pollutants compared to conventional ones. This study contributes to the application of Fe-Mn oxide filler in bioretention facilities, thus playing a crucial role in mitigating antibiotic pollution in stormwater runoff.

The interaction of several small-molecule alkaloids,namely coptisine,jateorhizine,epiberberine,berberrubine,columbamine,fangchinoline and tetrandrine,with guanine-guanine-adenine(GGA)triplex DNA was investigated by mass spectrometry(MS),ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectroscopy,fluorescence spectroscopy,and circular dichroism(CD)spectroscopy.The effect of the 7 kinds of metal ions on the stability of GGA triplex DNA was investigated by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS),and the binding degree was highest when Ni2+was employed.Among the 7 kinds of alkaloids,tetrandrine had the highest affinity to the GGA triplex.All the data unequivocally accommodated diverse mechanisms for interaction between the isoquinoline alkaloids and the GGA DNA triplexes.At least,electrostatic attraction and intercalative-binding modes were observed in the study.Interestingly,UV melting denaturation assay revealed that the two isoquinoline alkaloids including columbamine and berberrubine enhanced the stability of the GGA triplex structure.The UV-melting curve profile could not accurately determine the stabilizing effect of small molecules on the structure of GGA triplex DNA.Further detection by UV-vis spectroscopy showed that epiberberine could stabilize the structure of GGA triplex DNA,but other small molecules couldn't stabilize the structure of GGA triplex DNA.The mode of interaction was further investigated,and firstly,fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to construct the ethidium bromide(EB)-GGA triplex DNA system,and then the reactions of small molecule alkaloids at different concentrations with EB-GGA triplex DNA system were studied.And it was found that epiberberine,fangchinoline and tetrandrine small molecules could replace the EB and insert to bind GGA triplex DNA.Finally,the circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to investigate the binding mode,and the negative CD signal was found.The investigation provided new insights into the interaction of isoquinoline alkaloids with GGA triplex DNA.

Saikosaponin D (SsD), a natural triterpenoid saponin compound, exhibits notable potential in suppressing tumor growth and inhibiting metastasis, particularly in breast cancer. However, its underlying mechanism of action for SsD remains unclear. In this study, a combination strategy to reveal the metabolism modulation of SsD on breast cancer was performed by integration of histopathological assessments and untargeted metabolomics analysis. Pathological evaluation of the efficacy of SsD from a visual and intuitive perspective. Accordingly, a non-targeted metabolomics study was used to investigate the pharmacological efficacy using a set of serum samples from mice before and after (0-30 days) modulated with SsD based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry to discover metabolite biomarkers for finding the key metabolic mechanism in a molecular perspective. As a result, 20 metabolites were selected as potential biomarkers for SsD efficacy evaluation with high sensitivity and specificity. These metabolites changes were involved in sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that SsD exerted anti-breast cancer effects through the regulation of the underlying metabolism. In conclusion, we developed a new analysis strategy that effectively discovers tumor-progressing related metabolite biomarkers in serum for pharmacological efficacy evaluation.

A method was developed for screening protein binders from complicated ginseng samples by a streptavidin-coated 96-well plate format coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry ( UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). The Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 (RCA 120) coated 96-well plate and lysozyme coated 96-well plate ( as control) were incubated with oligosaccharide standards respectively, and the compounds with the decreased peak areas in experimental group compared to those in the control group were detected as binders by UHPLC-ESI-MS. The factors such as incubation time, incubation temperature, and buffer, which might affect the binding affinity and reproducibility, were optimized. The potential of the approach was examined using the extracts of white ginseng, American ginseng and red ginseng. Three disaccharides and two trisaccharides were screened out from the extracts of white ginseng. As for the extracts of American ginseng, two disaccharides and two trisaccharides were observed to bind to RCA120. While no binders were detected in the extracts of red ginseng. Significant differences were observed in the relative binding degrees ( RBDs) of the detected oligosaccharides in white ginseng and American ginseng binding to RCA 120. To our knowledge, it ' s the first time to reveal the differences and analogies in RCA 120 -binding capabilities of oligosaccharides between the extracts of white ginseng and American ginseng, indicating the efficiency of the developed method for analysis of complicated samples.

ObjectivesAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid cells, and its treatment continues to be a challenge due to high morbidity and mortality. Ginsenoside compound K, a major active metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, exhibits biological activities in various cancer cells and animal models. Here, we investigated the role of CK in anticancer potential in AML both in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methodsTo investigate the inhibitory effects of CK in AML cells, in vitro experiments, including cell viability assays, colony forming assays, and cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed. AML animal experiment was established and quantitative analysis of lung tumor growth nodules and spleen weight and H&E staining were carried out to further determine the effects of CK on AML. In addition, the potential key genes induced and influenced by CK during treatment was identification by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.ResultsCK suppressed AML cell activity and induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest based on the experiment results. Moreover, significantly down-regulated expression genes of BCL2, KIT, DNMT3A, MYC and CSF-1 and up-regulated expression gene of TET2 in CK treatment AML cells were discovered.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that CK could be used as an anti-AML drug with significant therapeutic efficacy and good biosafety.

To explore the mechanism of Suanzaoren Decoction in the treatment of insomnia from endogenous bile acid regulation, the present study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Suanzaoren Decoction and the molecular changes of bile acids in the serum, liver, and ileum of insomnia model mice and Suanzaoren Decoction treated mice. The insomnia model in mice was established by the sleep deprivation method. After Suanzaoren Decoction(48.96 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)) intervention by gavage for 7 days, the related indicators, such as water consumption, food intake, body weight, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT), and total bile acid(TBA) were detected, and the pathological changes of the liver and ileum were observed. The molecular levels and distribution of 23 bile acids in the serum, liver, and ileum were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The results showed that Suanzaoren Decoction could improve the decreased water consumption and food intake, weight loss, and increased AST and ALT in the model group, and effectively reverse the injury and inflammation in the liver and ileum. The bile acids in the liver of the insomnia model mice were in the stage of decompensation, and the bile acids in the serum, liver, and ileum of the mice decreased or increased. Suanzaoren Decoction could regulate the anomaly of some bile acids back to normal. Seven bile acids including glycoursodeoxycholic acid(GUDCA), glycodesoxycholic acid(GDCA), tauro-α-MCA(T-α-MCA), α-MCA, taurodeoxycholate(TDCA), T-β-MCA, and LCA were screened out as the main discriminant components by PLS-DA. It is concluded that Suanzaoren Decoction possesses the hepatoprotective effect and bile acids could serve as the biochemical indicators to evaluate the drug efficacy in the treatment of abnormal liver functions caused by insomnia. The mechanism of Suanzao-ren Decoction in soothing the liver, resolving depression, tranquilizing the mind, and improving sleep may be related to the molecular regulation of bile acid signals.

Magnoflorine is an important aporphine alkaloid in Coptidis Rhizoma. As reported previously, coexisting components in Coptidis Rhizoma can change the pharmacokinetic characteristics of magnoflorine. To illustrate the interactional links of magnoflorine with its coexisting components in Coptidis Rhizoma, the present study investigated the influence of coexisting components in Coptidis Rhizoma on the excretion of magnoflorine in rat bile, urine, and feces. The rats were dosed with magnoflorine(30 mg·kg~(-1)) and water decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma(equivalent to 30 mg·kg~(-1) magnoflorine) via intragastric administration, and magnoflorine(10 mg·kg~(-1)) by intravenous administration, respectively, and the excretion of magnoflorine in rat bile, urine, and feces in 24 h was observed. The excretion rates of magnoflorine in bile and urine in 24 h were 0.90% and 37.11% respectively after intravenous administration of magnoflorine, which suggested that urination was the main excretive way of magnoflorine. The excretion rates of magnoflorine in feces were 8.77% and 6.18% respectively after intragastric administration of magnoflorine and water decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma, which indicated that defecation was the main excretion route of magnoflorine. The cumulative excretion rates of magnoflorine in the bile, urine, and feces in the Coptidis Rhizoma water decoction group were 77.78%, 79.44%, and 70.47% of those in the magnoflorine group. The results showed that the cumulative excretion rates of magnoflorine in rat bile, urine, and feces were not high, suggesting that magnoflorine was metabolized significantly in rats. The coexisting components of Coptidis Rhizoma could inhibit the excretion of magnoflorine in rat bile, urine, and feces, which was consistent with the decrease in the elimination rate of magnoflorine in the pharmacokinetics of Coptidis Rhizoma water decoction. It indicated interactions between drugs. This study is expected to provide references for the development of magnoflorine-containing new drugs and rational clinical medication of Coptidis Rhizoma.

This study is to provide the basis of establishing a quality evaluation system, based on the differences in appearance and internal components of Astragali Radix from different sources. The diameter of 18 batches of Astragali Radix, the content of alcohol(water) extract and 7 kinds of flavonoids were determined. The peak area ratio of flavonoid aglycon to aglycone was calculated. PCA and CA were carried out by synthesizing various indexes. The results of PCA and CA showed that Astragali Radix was obviously clustered into three types. Alcohol extract, formononetin/formosan glycosides,(pilose isoflavones+astragalus flavonoid A)/pilose isoflavone glucoside are the most significant differences in the variable importance projection index(VIP) of Astragali Radix. Combining the diameter, alcohol(water) extract, flavonoid aglycon to aglycone peak area ratio can provide an analysis method for the establishment of the grade evaluation system of Astragali Radix.

目的:运用网络药理学方法探讨黄芪抗衰老的作用机制.方法:通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)获得黄芪化学成分,以生物利用度(OB)、类药性(DL)为条件筛选主要活性成分;利用TCMSP和PharmMapper数据库预测黄芪活性成分靶点;在OMIM数据库和GeneCards数据库中输入关键词"aging",搜索与衰老相关的疾病靶点;借助Cytoscape 3.2.1软件构建"药物-疾病-靶点"的可视化网络;通过STRING网站构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络,并筛选核心靶点;通过CB-Dock网站对成分与靶点进行分子对接验证;应用DAVID数据库对靶点进行基因本体(GO)分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路分析.结果:筛选得到黄芪24个活性成分,对应385个作用靶点;筛选出衰老相关靶点23997个,取交集得到黄芪与衰老相关靶点377个,其中核心靶点为蛋白激酶B1(Akt1)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、Jun、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、MAPK8、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、骨髓细胞瘤病毒癌基因同源物(MYC)和白细胞介素-8(CXCL8);分子对接结果显示,黄芪活性成分与靶蛋白Akt1和MAPK1的结合能力较好;GO功能显著富集在氧化应激反应、活性氧代谢等生物过程;KE GG富集信号通路161条.结论:黄芪中黄酮和皂苷类化合物可能是其抗衰老的物质基础;黄芪可通过Akt1等靶点调节糖基化终末产物及其受体(AGE-RAGE)、缺氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)等信号通路发挥其抗衰老作用,为其深入研究提供参考.

Objective To reveal the effect and mechanism of Jiaotai Pill JTP) on insomniac rats. Methods The insomniac model was established by intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). In behavioral experiments, rats were divided into control, insomniac model, JTP [3.3 g/(kg*d)], and diazepam [4 mg/(kg.d)] groups. The treatment effect of JTP was evaluated by weight measurement (increasement of body weight), open field test (number of crossings) and forced swimming test (immobility time). A high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) method was built to determine the concentration of monoamine transmitters in hypothalamus and peripheral organs from normal, model, JTP, citalopram [30 mg/(kg.d)], maprotiline [40 mg/(kg.d)] and bupropion [40 mg/(kg.d)] groups. Expressions of serotonin transporter (SERT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot in normal, model and JTP groups. A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established to determine the pharmacokinetics, urine cumulative excretion of metformin in vivo, and tissue slice uptake in vitro, which were applied to assess the activity of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in hypothalamus and peripheral organs. Results Compared with the insomniac model group, the body weight and spontaneous locomotor were increased, and the immobility time was decreased after treatment with JTP (P<0.01). Both serotonin and dopamine contents in hypothalamus and peripheral organs were increased (P<0.01). The norepinephrine content was increased in peripheral organs and decreased in hypothalamus (PP<0.01). At the same time, SERT, DAT, OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 were down-regulated in hypothalamus and peripheral organs (P<0.05). NET was down-regulated in peripheral organs and up-regulated in hypothalamus (PP<0.01). Moreover, the activity of OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs was inhibited (P<0.05). Conclusion JTP alleviates insomnia through regulation of monoaminergic system and OCTs in hypothalamus and peripheral organs.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) herb couple is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of diabetes mellitus due to its interaction and synergistic effect compared to either herb alone, but the underlying mechanism of interaction between these herbs is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CR on the metabolism and absorption of SR. Materials and methods: After rats were treated with normal saline (NS group) or the CR extract (CR-treated group) for seven consecutive days, the intestinal flora was extracted from rat faeces for a co-incubation with the SR extract to investigate the metabolism of SR flavonoids, and a non-everted gut sac was prepared in vitro to evaluate the intestinal absorption of the SR extract. The components of the SR extract, the metabolites of the SR extract that was co-incubated with intestinal flora, and the dialysate acquired from non-everted gut sacs were identified and determined by an HPLC-MS/MS method. The absorption rate constant (K-a) and the apparent permeability (P-app) of each compound were calculated, and the effects of CR on the metabolism and absorption of flavonoids in SR were evaluated, by comparison the K-a and P-app between two groups using Student's t-test. Results: Twenty-nine flavonoids were detected and identified in the SR extract, including 16 glycosides and 13 aglycones. In the co-incubation with the intestinal flora, differences in metabolite classes were not observed between the NS group and CR-treated group; however, the metabolic rates of 17 flavonoids in the CR-treated group were significantly higher than the NS group. The P-app of 11 compounds (4 glycosides and 7 aglycones) across the gut sac were greater than 2 x 10(-5) cm/s in both groups, while the P-app values of 7 compounds including wogonoside (WG) and other aglycones were significantly decreased in the CR-treated group. Conclusion: Based on these results, CR decreased the metabolism and absorption of SR flavonoids, and exerted much greater inhibitory effects on aglycones than glycosides, which may be one of the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the combination of SR and CR on diabetes mellitus.

Mitochondria are appealing targets in cancer therapy for providing a suitable microenvironment and energy supply. Herein, we constructed a glycosylated poly(amido amine)/celastrol (PAMAM/Cel) complex for hypoxia-activated mitochondria-specific drug delivery and chemothermal therapy to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. The complex was characterized by high photothermal conversion efficiency, hypoxia-sensitive polyethylene glycol (PEG) outer layer detachment, and alkaline-sensitive drug release. The complex showed specific cellular uptake in glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-overexpressing tumor cells and mitochondrial accumulation in a hypoxic environment. Combined with near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, the complex exhibited higher cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and metastasis inhibition rates due to the synergistic chemothermal effect. Similarly, the complex also targeted tumors and accumulated in mitochondria in tumor-bearing nude mice, resulting in superior inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis as well as low systematic toxicity. Further mechanistic studies discovered that the complex impaired the mitochondrial membrane, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and regulated metastasis-related protein expression. Thus, the present study provides a promising nanomedicine for tumor therapy.

Abstract Background: Chinese medicine has a unique theory and the Chinese herbal medicine treatment is based on the integral concepts and syndrome differentiation of the Traditional Chinese Medicine system. Although antibiotics remain the mainstay of SIBO treatment, various alternative or adjunctive therapies are available, including prokinetic agents, dietary interventions, probiotics, and herbal combinations. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating the antimicrobial properties of a growing number of herbs including garlic, black cumin, cloves, cinnamon, thyme, all-spices, bay leaves, mustard, and rosemary. This has prompted an interest in herbal therapy for the treatment of SIBO. Currently, there is no systematic review focusing on efficacy of CHM in the treatment of SIBO with PCOS, so our meta-analysis aims to comprehensively explore it. Meanwhile we will provide high-quality evidence to help patients, clinicians as well as health policymakers select better treatment strategy of PCOS. Methods: We will search the following sources without restrictions for date, language, or publication status: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) Cochrane Library, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will apply a combination of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and free-text terms incorporating database-specific controlled vocabularies and text words to implement search strategies. We will also search the ongoing trials registered in the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Besides, the previous relevant reviews conducted on CHM for SIBO and reference lists of included studies will also be searched. Results: This study will provide a reliable basis for the treatment of SIBO with CHM. Conclusions: The findings will be an available reference to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM in the treatment of SIBO. Registration number: INPLASY202080004.

A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-o-flight mass spectrometric (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was established and optimized for the analysis of pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside Rb2 in rats by intravenous injection administration. The metabolism of ginsenosides Rb2 in vivo rat was also explored. In the experiment, Agilent SB C-18 column was selected for the sample separation with 0. 1% aqueous formic acid solution as mobile phase (A) and acetonitrile as mobile phase (B) at a flow rate of 0. 2 mL/min, and the injection volume was set to 5 mu L. Q-TOF-MS was carried out in electron pray ionization (ESI) negative ion mode. The limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) and limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) were 0. 10 and 0. 08. mu g/mL, respectively, and the linear range was 0. 1-1. 26. mu g/mL. The experiment results showed that the concentration. time profile of ginsenoside Rb2 conformed to a two. compartment pharmacokinetic model after intravenous administration for rats. The mean plasma elimination half. lives were (23. 58 +/- 1. 10) min (t(1/2 alpha)), (1306. 55 +/- 147. 23) min (t(1/2 alpha)) for Rb2. By analyzing the urine of rats after intravenous administration and the fecal samples after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb2, it was found that the metabolites were M6, M2(CY), F2, and C-K.

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for the detection and structural analysis of ginsenosides in white ginseng and related processed products (red ginseng). Original neutral, malonyl, and chemically transformed ginsenosides were identified in white and red ginseng samples. The aglycone types of ginsenosides were determined by MS/MS as PPD (m/z 459), PPT (m/z 475), C-24, -25 hydrated-PPD or PPT (m/z 477 or m/z 493), and Δ20(21)-or Δ20(22)-dehydrated-PPD or PPT (m/z 441 or m/z 457). Following the structural determination, the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based chemical profiling coupled with multivariate statistical analysis method was applied for global analysis of white and processed ginseng samples. The chemical markers present between the processed products red ginseng and white ginseng could be assigned. Process-mediated chemical changes were recognized as the hydrolysis of ginsenosides with large molecular weight, chemical transformations of ginsenosides, changes in malonyl-ginsenosides, and generation of 20-(R)-ginsenoside enantiomers. The relative contents of compounds classified as PPD, PPT, malonyl, and transformed ginsenosides were calculated based on peak areas in ginseng before and after processing. This study provides possibility to monitor multiple components for the quality control and global evaluation of ginseng products during processing.