Avian colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is a highly prevalent disease worldwide and leads to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry annually. Despite the well-documented bioactivities of various plant polyphenols, the therapeutic potential of bamboo polyphenols (BP) against APEC infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of BP both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BP inhibited the growth and killed APEC at relatively low concentrations in bacteriostatic and bactericidal assays. Liver histopathological examination and bacterial load determination revealed that treatment with BP reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and significantly decreased bacterial burden in liver tissue. Moreover, BP markedly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and pro-inflammatory markers, and suppressed the phosphorylation of p65, p38, and ERK1/2 both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, BP inhibited LPS-induced ROS expression in vitro. These findings show that BP exerts antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting bacterial growth, suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, and reducing ROS levels. This offers a new theoretical basis for controlling bacterial diseases in livestock and poultry, as well as a novel strategy against bacterial resistance.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression and cellular response to viral infections. Herein, our RNA-seq analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of an annotated lncRNA, GAS5, following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Stimulation of cells with type I interferon, type III interferon or IL-6 can also result in upregulation of GAS5 expression. Additionally, overexpression of GAS5 promoted IAV replication, while knockdown of GAS5 decreased viral titers. Notably, we identified a novel 50-amino acid micropeptide encoded by GAS5, named GAS5-P50, through ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry analysis. It was found that overexpression of GAS5-P50 alone could facilitate the replication of IAV; conversely, frameshift mutation-mediated silencing of GAS5-P50 diminished the capacity of GAS5 to promote IAV replication, implying that GAS5-P50 is essential for GAS5-mediated enhancement of viral replication. Moreover, synthetic GAS5-P50 was demonstrated to boost IAV propagation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, GAS5-P50 interacted with NOTUM, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, leading to enhanced Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, which facilitated viral replication. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized function of GAS5 as a proviral lncRNA that encodes a functional micropeptide, which modulates host Wnt/β-catenin signaling to support IAV infection. Our study not only expands the understanding of lncRNA-encoded micropeptides in viral pathogenesis but also highlights GAS5-P50 as a potential target for antiviral intervention.

In mammals, passive acquisition of maternal immunoglobulins is essential for neonatal immune development and defense against infections. IgG, a central mediator of humoral immunity, is maternally transferred via distinct mechanisms depending on placental structure in placental mammals. In humans (hemochorial placenta), IgG is prenatally transported across the placenta, whereas in large domestic animals such as pigs and cows (epitheliochorial/connective chorionic placenta), IgG is exclusively transferred postnatally via colostrum and absorbed in the neonatal intestine. Rodents (allantoic chorionic placenta) employ both pathways. Critically, IgG must traverse multiple tissue barriers-including the placenta, mammary gland, and neonatal intestine-to reach the circulation of newborns. While FcRn is known to facilitate IgG transport in the placenta and neonatal intestine, the mechanisms underlying IgG secretion into milk remain unclear. Here, we identify FcγRIIB as the key transporter mediating maternal IgG transfer across the mammary gland in mammals. Using constitutive and conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that FcγRIIB deficiency impairs mammary IgG transfer, whereas its overexpression enhances milk IgG levels. Strikingly, in pigs, FcγRIIB is highly upregulated in mammary tissue prepartum, and its disruption abolishes IgG accumulation in colostrum. Our work opens avenues for improving neonatal immunity through targeted modulation of FcγRIIB-mediated IgG transport.

Consumer preference for slender-bodied large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has made body shape an economically important trait in aquaculture. In this study, we integrated geometric morphometrics and genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) to investigate the genetic architecture of body shape variation in large yellow croaker. A composite morphological index combining caudal peduncle height and condition factor effectively classified individuals into two distinct morphotypes: slender (SL) and stout (ST). Geometric morphometric analyses confirmed significant shape differences between SL and ST individuals across age groups. Notably, SL fish exhibited significantly higher critical swimming speeds than ST fish, likely due to their more streamlined body profiles and thinner trunks. GWAS using the binary trait identified multiple significant SNPs on chromosome 17 in the male population, leading to the detection of 54 candidate genes. Among them, tmem38b, ric1, sema4d, tbx3, herc1, grp, and pgam2 are potentially involved in skeletal development and may contribute to the observed body shape divergence. Functional enrichment further highlighted pathways related to cell signaling, morphogenesis, and amino acid metabolism. These findings offer novel insights into the genetic basis of body shape variation in large yellow croaker and provide valuable markers for future marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

e12646 Background: While estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/HER2-positive breast cancer generally demonstrates better long-term survival than ER-negative/HER2-positive disease, it shows significantly lower rates of pathological complete response (pCR) to standard neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapies. Currently, the optimal ER positivity cutoff for stratifying patients remains undefined. Methods: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 741 HER2-positive patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus dual HER2 blockade (trastuzumab and pertuzumab). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to define the optimal prognostic ER cutoff. Integrated multi-omics analysis (TCGA, SCAN-B) and CRISPR dependency screening (DepMap) were utilized to elucidate biological mechanisms and identify therapeutic vulnerabilities. Results: ROC analysis identified 50% ER positivity as the optimal threshold for stratifying response. In multivariate analysis, ER≥50% subgroup was characterized by activated estrogen signaling, downregulated cell cycle pathways, and predicted resistance to taxanes and antibody-drug conjugates (e.g., T-DXd). Conversely, CRISPR screening prioritized CDK4 as a top essential survival dependency specifically in ER-positive/HER2-positive models, suggesting functional addiction to the Cyclin D1-CDK4 axis. Conclusions: An ER cutoff of 50% optimally defines a distinct, chemo-resistant luminal subgroup within HER2-positive breast cancer. These findings support a precision medicine strategy integrating CDK4/6 inhibitors with endocrine and anti-HER2 therapies for patients with ER≥50% tumors.

Abstract Background As the most important plant-based protein ingredient in animal husbandry, soybean meal has become key focu in the feed industrym highlighting the need to reduce its inclusion rate and identify alternative protein sources. Pichia pastoris hydrolysate (PPH) has regarded as an ideal single-cell protein (SCP) due to its efficient and low-cost protein biosynthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PPH partial substitution of soybean on the growth performance, immune status, gut microbe and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Methods A total of 180 pigs with similar weight (31.48 ± 0.91 kg) were divided into 5 groups, including the control group (fed with basal diet) and treatment groups with PPH levels of 1.25%, 2.5%, 3.75% and 5%, respectively. Every group had 6 replicates, and each replicate consisted of 6 pigs. After 76 days on feed, all pigs were weighted, then one pig/replicate was slaughtered to collect blood samples and fresh fecal samples for further analysis, as well as evaluating the carcass traits and meat quality of pigs. Results PPH supplement improved the growth performance and carcass traits of pigs, especially the 2.5% PPH replacing 14.18% soybean meal, although there was no obvious difference in meat quality between control group and 2.5% PPH group. Results of serum immune-related factors showed that PPH supplement markedly elevated antioxidant status, increased serum anti-inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin levels, and strengthened the intestinal barrier of pigs. Fecal microbiome sequencing indicated that PPH could modulate fecal microbiome diversity, and promoted the probiotics proportion in the gut of pigs to varying degrees. Conclusions Above findings revealed that partial replacement of soybean with PPH, not only significantly improved the growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs, but also immunity performance and intestinal microecology, which provide insights into the application possibility of the PPH serving as an alternative feed ingredient in swine production system to offer excellent protein sources.

Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly coordinated developmental process governed by complex genetic and molecular interactions. Among these, the PAX family of transcription factors plays a pivotal role in the regulation of neural crest specification, mesenchymal differentiation, and skeletal patterning. This review highlights the distinct and overlapping roles of PAX3, PAX7, and PAX9 in craniofacial development, focusing on their gene regulatory networks, developmental mechanisms, and clinical implications. PAX3 and PAX7 orchestrate neural crest and cranial mesodermal pathways, whereas PAX9 controls odontogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. We also discuss emerging insights from systems biology, organoid models, and comparative genomics that advance our understanding of PAX-driven facial morphogenesis and its relevance to congenital craniofacial disorders.

Tibetan pigs are known for their excellent fat deposition capacity and greater backfat thickness. In this study, scRNA-seq was performed to reveal the cellular heterogeneity of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells within porcine neck adipose tissues. Diverse cell types in neck adipose tissue were identified, including mesenchymal stem cells, preadipocytes, mature adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Tibetan pigs had a higher proportion of mature adipocytes and a greater tendency for preadipocytes to differentiate into mature adipocytes by pseudo-time analysis. Gene ontology analysis highlighted augment pathways related to fatty acid transport and thermogenesis in Tibetan pigs. In vitro experiments further confirmed the superior fat accumulation and fatty acid transport capacities of Tibetan pig SVF cells during adipocyte differentiation, supporting their enhanced fat deposition. Despite their superior adipogenesis, Tibetan pigs had less metabolic activity and oxygen consumption at both the SVF cells and mature adipocyte stages, indicating an adaptation to hypoxic environments at high elevations. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of fat deposition in pigs and highlights the critical role of Tibetan pig adipose cells in hypoxia adaptation, offering guidance for improving fat content and stress resistance in pig breeding programs.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most serious diseases threatening the swine industry worldwide. However, no satisfactory control strategy has existed until now. In this study, the effectiveness of tylvalosin against PRRSV and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The results showed that in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), tylvalosin can inhibit the replication of the NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains in a dose-dependent manner. It is worth noting that pre-incubation with tylvalosin had no significant inhibitory effect on the NADC30-like strain but did inhibit the NADC34-like strain. Co-incubation of both viruses and tylvalosin or post-incubation with tylvalosin after viral infection inhibited PRRSV. We further analyzed the effect of tylvalosin on different stages of PRRSV replication and found that the stages in the PRRSV life cycle could be blocked by tylvalosin. Tylvalosin has an antiviral effect on all four stages of the NADC34-like strain’s infectious cycle but has no effect against the adsorption phase of the NADC30-like strain. These results demonstrated that tylvalosin suppressed PRRSV infection in PAMs and inhibited PRRSV infection at multiple steps of the viral life cycle. This study will contribute to the clinical prevention and control of PRRS and provide a basis for further exploration of the anti-PRRSV effects of tylvalosin.

Weaning is known to induce oxidative stress and dysregulated inflammatory responses, thus damaging performance growth. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of dulcitol (Dul) on the growth performance and gut health of weaned piglets using multi-omics technologies. Two groups (n = 6, 6 pigs per replicate) of piglets (28 days old, BW, 8.91 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly assigned to receive either a basal diet supplemented with Dul (500 mg/kg) or without it for a period of 28 days. The findings indicated that the addition of Dul to the diet improved growth performance and had positive effects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory statuses in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dul also strengthened intestinal barrier integrity via decreased diamine oxidase and D-lactate and elevated tight junction proteins (i.e., ZO-1, CLDN, and OCLN, p < 0.05). Multi-omics analyses demonstrated that Dul induced modifications in colonic protein expression associated with oxidative stress and glucose metabolism, altered linoleic acid metabolic pathways, and restructured the gut microbiota. This restructuring was characterized by a decreased prevalence of genera linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, including Proteobacteria, Prevotella, and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group. Collectively, the findings indicate that Dul promotes intestinal wellness and growth in weaned piglets through intricate interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolic processes.

Objective To examine the association between preovulation body mass index and pregnancy outcomes after frozen embryo transfer in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance. Design This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Patient(s) Women with infertility, diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance, and treated at the Reproductive Medicine Center, Second People's Hospital of Nanning, China, between January 2020 and August 2023, were included. Exposure Patients were divided into four groups according to their body mass index (BMI): slim (<18.5 kg/m(2)), normal (18.5 <= BMI <24 kg/m(2)), overweight (24 <= BMI <28 kg/m(2)), or obese (>= 28 kg/m(2)). Main Outcome Measure(s) The main pregnancy outcomes included rates of embryo implantation, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and ongoing pregnancy. Result(s) In total, 282 eligible patients were included. A linear association was observed between the BMI and clinical pregnancy outcomes of the first frozen embryo transfer. After accounting for all potential variables, each 1 kg/m(2) increase in BMI was linked to a 2% decrease in the embryo implantation rate, 11% decrease in the frequency of biochemical pregnancy, and 9% decrease in the both clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates. Conclusion(s) In patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance, a higher BMI was associated with lower rates of embryo implantation, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and ongoing pregnancy.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of graded levels of red yeast rice residue (RYRR) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 144 pigs were randomly allocated into four dietary treatment groups, over a 75-day experimental period. The study comprised a control group and three dietary supplementation groups receiving RYRR. The control (CON) group was fed a two-phase diet tailored to the pigs’ body weight, while the RYRR groups were provided with the CON diet, where corn, soybean meal, puffed soybeans, and wheat shorts were substituted with 5%, 10%, and 20% of RYRR. Supplementation with 10% RYRR enhanced the apparent digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, and crude fiber, while reducing the feed-to-gain ratio and serum triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). Microbiological analyses revealed that short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Anaerotignum and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-009) were biomarkers in pigs fed the RYRR supplementation diets (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that RYRR supplementation of the diet exerted beneficial effects on promoting nutrient digestibility as well as modulating the fecal microbiota of pigs, and the recommended proportion of RYRR added to the growing-finishing pigs’ diet is 10%.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alpha coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens causing piglet diarrhea. PEDV can enhance its replication by regulating host protein function. The tyrosine phosphatase src homology 2 domain-containing PTP (SHP-1) acts as a host natural immune protein capable of influencing viral replication, but there are no studies on the regulation of virus replication by pig SHP-1. In this study, we expressed porcine SHP-1 protein and examined its interaction with PEDV as well as its potential role in PEDV infection. The results showed that SHP-1 overexpression in porcine kidney cells (PK15) significantly increased the mRNA level of viral S protein in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, SHP-1 knockdown reduced S gene expression, indicating that SHP-1 promoted PEDV replication. Overexpression of SHP-1 had an inhibitory effect on IFN-β, TNF-α, ISG15, and CXCL10, while this inhibition was reduced as SHP-1 expression decreased. Furthermore, we found that SHP-1 interacted with TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and inhibited its K63-linked ubiquitination, suppressing the expression of IFN-β and ISGs and facilitating PEDV replication. The study provided new insights for the prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea.

Postnatal gonadal development is regulated by photoperiod via the hypothalamus, especially in seasonal breeding small rodents. However, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of the hypothalamus and testes in 10-week-old male Brandt's voles born under long (LP, 16L:8D) and short photoperiod (SP, 8L:16D) conditions. Results indicate that the SP group exhibited significantly smaller testes with spermatogenesis halted before meiosis, identifying 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus and 21,673 DEGs in the testes. In the hypothalamus, genes involved in the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid (RA) pathway were notably altered under SP conditions, including decreased Tshb and Cga expression, increased Dio3, and reduced Crabp1 and Lrat, highlighting their key roles in SP signaling. In the testes, downregulated genes were significantly enriched in male reproduction-related GO terms and metabolic KEGG pathways, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis and retinol metabolism. Key genes for testosterone synthesis (e.g. Star, Cyp11a1) and RA synthesis (e.g. Rdh10, Rdh11) were downregulated, while those linked to RA degradation (Cyp26b1) and undifferentiated spermatogonia maintenance (e.g. Gdnf, Gfra1) were upregulated. These findings outline a molecular microenvironment that favors the preservation of undifferentiated spermatogonia over their differentiation from the hypothalamus to the testes. This study firstly provides valuable insights into the transcriptomic basis of SP-inhibited testicular development in Brandt's voles.

Aging and degenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive decline in cellular, tissue, and organ function, resulting in a significant reduction in quality of life and posing major medical challenges. This highlights the urgent need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to develop innovative therapeutic approaches. In this study, we identify Erdr1 and Mid1 as shared risk factors for aging and multiple degenerative diseases. We propose that they contribute to disease progression by modulating oxidative stress, a well-established driver of aging and degenerative processes. We demonstrate that Erdr1 and Mid1 are both involved in oxidative stress regulation. Notably, Erdr1 undergoes alternative splicing in response to oxidative stress, resulting in reduced production of its antioxidant isoforms (Erdr1-177 and Erdr1-209), while promoting the secretion of its pro-oxidant isoform (Erdr1-145). Moreover, Erdr1-145 exacerbates oxidative damage by activating Mid1, a key inducer of oxidative stress. The Erdr1-Mid1-oxidative stress axis provides a molecular mechanistic basis for their shared role as risk factors for aging and degenerative diseases. Furthermore, we propose therapeutic strategies to mitigate cellular damage by regulating Erdr1 levels, implying a straightforward and effective approach for in situ repair of damage associated with aging and degenerative diseases. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

The postnatal development of gonadal glands in seasonal breeders, particularly small rodent species, is influenced by photoperiodic patterns. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of pattern similarity and age differentiation especially in molecular features. This study compares the postnatal development of gonadal glands and the expression of hypothalamic genes related to reproductive regulation in male offspring of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) born under three types of changing photoperiodic patterns: increasing long photoperiod (ILP, 12 h + 3 min/day), natural increasing long photoperiods (NLPs), and decreasing short photoperiods (DSPs, 12 h - 3 min/day), as well as in their paternal voles exposed to these patterns at the same period. Results indicate that over the course of 12 postnatal weeks, gonadal development, including organ masses and serum testosterone levels, exhibited similar profiles between the ILP and NLP groups, which were significantly higher than those observed in DSP offspring. Hypothalamic type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio3) exhibited significantly higher expression in the DSP group from postnatal week 4 to 8 compared to the other two groups. These physiological and molecular differences gradually decreased with age in offspring, but were never observed in the paternal voles, indicating divergent photoperiodic responses between the two ages. The synchronous profiles observed between hypothalamic Dio3 expression and gonadal activities underscore its crucial role in interpreting photoperiodic signals and regulating gonadal development in Brandt's voles.

In vitro rumen gas production experiment was conducted with 57 kinds of feedstuff, which were categorized into energy feed, protein feed, and roughage, collected within China. Eight mathematical models were employed to describe the kinetics of in vitro rumen gas production. The results found that for energy feeds, protein feeds, and roughages, respectively, Michaelis–Menten (MM) or Logistic-Exponential with lag (LEL), MM, and Mitscherlich (MIT) exhibited the highest or shown no significant difference compared to the highest coefficient of determination (R2) (P < 0.05) for all categories of feed. Furthermore, regression estimation of intercept and slope for regression estimates of intercept and slope for Observed versus Predicted of aforementioned models shown no significant difference from 0 and 1, respectively (P < 0.05), except LEL for energy feed. Mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP), mean squared error of prediction (MSEP) of those models were relatively lower, with minimal systematic bias and regression bias. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) rankings were higher compared with other models. Given these results, in studies where feedstuff categories are not distinguished or multiple feedstuffs categories are included, the MM model proves to be a good choice. MM or LEL was considered to better fit energy feedstuffs. The MM model was the optimal choice for fitting protein feedstuffs. MIT provided the best accuracy and moderate precision when fitting roughages.

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating swine infectious disease that poses a serious threat to the global swine industry. Since ASF was first reported in China in 2018, this disease has caused significant economic losses in China. To characterize the histopathological changes induced by ASF virus (ASFV) in pigs and elucidate its pathogenic mechanism, this study used the ASFV HLJ/18 strain to infect specific pathogen-free piglets. The thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsil, lymph node, heart, liver, lung, and kidney were collected within the tenth day post-infection for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, and Martius Scarlet Blue staining tests. The results showed that ASFV was widely distributed in various organs. Hemorrhage, cellular degeneration, and necrosis were observed in all examined organs, accompanied by a significant loss of lymphocytes in the immune organs, along with a large number of necrotic and apoptotic cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assay and IHC further showed that ASFV can infect monocytes and macrophages, epithelial cells, and hepatocytes. Apoptosis was prominently observed, particularly in lymphocytes within the immune organs, but it is worth noting that ASFV induced apoptosis in many different cell types in addition to lymphocytes. Furthermore, fibrin was observed in the blood vessels of multiple tissues, which may be associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. These results demonstrate that the ASFV HLJ/18 strain was highly pathogenic to piglets, leading to severe pathological damage. This study provides valuable insights for deeply analyzing the pathogenicity mechanisms of ASFV. IMPORTANCE:Since African swine fever (ASF) first appeared in China in 2018, it has seriously jeopardized the healthy development of China's swine industry and caused huge economic losses. The characteristic of ASF is extensive hemorrhage in the organs, accompanied by immune suppression in the infected pigs. This study examined the damage caused by the virus and related mechanisms in histopathology and immunopathology. ASFV targets the macrophages, induces massive cell necrosis, and the formation of vascular microthrombi in multiple systems, leading to severe tissue damage and high mortality. Additionally, apoptosis and necrosis occurring in immune organs lead to an imbalance in the number and proportion of lymphocytes, further developing immune suppression. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive insight into the immunopathology of ASFV infection.

Commonly in seasonal breeding animals, testicular development is inhibited prior to Sertoli cell maturation when environmental conditions become unfavorable, with recovery occurring once conditions improve. However, the precise molecular mechanisms governing this process remain unclear. We investigated the role of androgen receptor (AR) in the seasonal regulation of testicular development in a wild population of Rattus norvegicus caraco, a subspecies of brown rats in Northeast China residing in high-latitude regions, known for its seasonal reproductive patterns. Our results revealed a significant increase in Ar mRNA expression in wild rats with small testes less than 0.2 g and body weights ranging between 80 and 100 g during the nonbreeding season. Further examinations of Ar expression in the testicular development of R. n. caraco in the laboratory under different day lengths and temperatures that simulating breeding and nonbreeding seasons suggest that the maturation of Sertoli cells depends on the upregulation of Ar expression around a testis weight of 0.07–0.18 g, regardless of age and conditions, synchronously accompanying the initiation of the meiotic phase. When Ar expression was suppressed, testicular development was impeded around the stage of Sertoli cell maturation, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis and hindered growth in testis weight. Our findings elucidate how animals control the seasonal inhibition and subsequent recovery of testicular development by regulating Ar expression in R. n. caraco.

MAMP-1 is a polypeptide derived from breast milk. It has a protective effect on the intestines of mice with necrotizing enterocolitis through the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway and positively regulates the gut microbiota.