Проанализирована значимость прогностических факторов эффективности терапии у детей с острым лимфобластным лейкозом (ОЛЛ), получающих терапию по протоколу ALL-MB-2002, в зависимости от группы риска. В исследование были включены 1544 первичных больных ОЛЛ в возрасте от 1 года до 18 лет, получавших лечение в 36 клиниках России и Беларуси в период с 15 апреля 2002 г. до 1 января 2008 г. Из 1544 больных, включенных в анализ, пациенты группы стандартного риска (SRG) составили 69,2 %, промежуточного риска (ImRG) — 24,5 % и 6,3 % пациентов были отнесены к группе высокого риска. Анализ, проведенный у пациентов SRG, продемонстрировал резкие различия в выживаемости между отдельными подгруппами больных. Выявлены достоверные различия в показателях выживаемости пациентов в зависимости от возраста (старше и младше 10 лет), инициального лейкоцитоза (более и менее 30 × 10 9 /л), инициального пальпаторного увеличения селезенки (более и менее 4 см из-под края реберной дуги) и параметров раннего ответа на терапию (8-й и 15-й день). При ретроспективном определении больных, относящихся к SRG, с использованием новых критериев (инициальный лейкоцитоз <30 × 10 9 /л; селезенка < 4 см), прогностическая значимость раннего ответа на терапию нивелировалась. Среди пациентов ImRG не обнаружено никаких достоверных различий в показателях бессобытийной, общей и безрецидивной выживаемости и риске развития изолированных нейрорецидивов в зависимости от инициального иммунофенотипа бластных клеток (Т-ОЛЛ/не-Т-ОЛЛ). Шестилетний кумулятивный риск развития изолированных нейрорецидивов не различался у пациентов с Т- и не-Т-ОЛЛ, однако был выше у больных с инициальным лейкоцитозом ≥ 100 × 10 9 /л независимо от иммунофенотипа. Наихудшие показатели выживаемости отмечены у пациентов с не-Т-ОЛЛ и количеством лейкоцитов ≥ 100 × 10 9 /л — бессобытийная выживаемость в этой подгруппе составила всего 58 ± 7 %. При проведении многофакторного анализа выявлено, что для пациентов с Т-ОЛЛ независимое прогностическое влияние на выживаемость оказывает только величина инициального лейкоцитоза (р = 0,0333), тогда как для больных не-Т-ОЛЛ независимое значение имеют возраст (р = 0,0063), инициальный лейкоцитоз (р = 0,0066) и наличие поражения центральной нервной системы (р = 0,0112).Перенести в английский вариант Prognostic significance of different risk factors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treating according to ALL-MB 2002 protocol depending on risk group is analyzed. 1544 primary patients aged from 1 to 18 years, treating in 36 clinics of Russia and Belarus from April, 15 th , 2002 to January, 1th, 2008, was included in the study. From 1544 patients included, 69.2% were standard risk group (SRG), 24.5 % — intermediate risk group (ImRG) and 6.3% — high risk group. The expressed differences in survival rate between certain patient’s subgroups were revealed. Significant survival differences according to age (older and younger 10 years), initial leukocyte count (more and less than 30 × 10 9 /l), spleen size (more and less 4 cm below a costal arch at a palpation) and early therapy response (8th and 15th days of induction) are revealed. At retrospective definition of SRG patients with use of new criteria (initial leukocytosis < 30 × 10 9 /l and spleen size <4 cm), prognostic significance of therapy response was leveled in this subgroup of patients. Among ImRG patients any significant differences in EFS, OS, RFS and cumulative risk of isolated CNS (CIR IN ) relapse according to blast cells immunophenotype (T-ALL/non-T-ALL) were not shown. 6-years CIRIN was not different between patients with T-ALL and non-T-ALL, however was high in patients with initial leukocyte count ≥ 100 × 10 9 /l irrespective to immunophenotype. The worst survival appeared in patients with non-T-ALL and leukocyte count ≥100 × 10 9 /l — EFS in this subgroup was only 58±7%. Only initial leukocytosis had prognostic significance for patients with T-ALL (р=0.0333), whereas age (р = 0.0063), initial leukocytosis (р = 0.0066) and CNS involvement (р = 0.0112) as independent prognostic factors for patients with non-T-ALL in multifactorial analysis was revealed.

Comparative retrospective analysis of treatment results of three different chemotherapy protocols - ALL BFM 90m, ALL MB 91 and PECO 92 — in primary ALL patients aged before 18 years, registered in Moscow and St-Petersburg clinics from 01.01.1993 to 01.01.1999 is presented. It has been shown, that treatment results of PECO 92 protocol have appeared much worse, thus, any differences in treatment results for children with ALL between ALL BFM 90m and ALL MB 91 protocols were not revealed. Event-free survival (pEFS) of St-Petersburg' patients, received PECO 92 protocol (60±3%), was significantly worse, in comparison with patients treated according to ALL BFM 90m protocol (74±4%; р=0,0056) and ALL MB 91 protocol (73±4%; р=0,0239). The high incidence of relapses became a main cause of efficacy decreasing. Differences of induction and remission death incidences between three chemotherapy protocols were not revealed. Significant and most expressive EFS differences between PECO-92 and two other protocols were obtained in boys, in a 1—10 age group, and in patients with leukocytes count > 100 000/mm3, in patients with non-T-ALL and in patients with spleen size >4 cm.

The purpose of this work was evaluation of prognostic significance of 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements in infants (aged under 365 days) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) enrolled in Russian-Belarus multicenter trial MLLBaby. This study is supported by the Independent Ethics Committee and approved by the Academic Council of the Research Institute of Medical Cell Technologies (Ekaterinburg). Various 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements were revealed in 100 (72%) of 139 patients. Event-free survival (EFS) in the intermediate risk group of MLL-Baby trial was 35.1% (standard error (SE) 6.9%), in the high risk group – 38.3% (SE 7.1%) (p = 0.941). The most unfavorable prognosis had infants with translocation t(9;11)/KMT2A-MLLT3: EFS 18.8% (SE 9.8%), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) 75.0% (SE 9.7%). Intermediate results were obtained in patients with translocations t(4;11)/KMT2A-AFF1 and t(11;19)/KMT2A-MLLT1: EFS 36.9% (SE 7,2%) and 32,7% (SE 10.4%), respectively; CIR 46.3% (SE 7.8%) and 50.9% (SE 12.3%). The most favorable treatment outcome was achieved in infants carrying translocation t(10;11)(p12;q23)/KMT2A-MLLT10: EFS 83.3% (SE 15.2%), CIR 0,0%. In the multivariate analysis unfavorable outcome of KMT2A-rearranged infant ALL was associated with initial CNS involvement (p = 0.020), initial white blood cell count higher than 300 × 109 /L (p = 0.028), more than 5% blast cells on day 15 in bone marrow (p = 0.012) and presence of translocation t(11;19)/KMT2A-MLLT1 (p = 0.012).

The purpose of this work was evaluation of prognostic significance of 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements in infants (aged under 365 days) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) enrolled in Russian-Belarus multicenter trial MLLBaby. This study is supported by the Independent Ethics Committee and approved by the Academic Council of the Research Institute of Medical Cell Technologies (Ekaterinburg). Various 11q23/KMT2A rearrangements were revealed in 100 (72%) of 139 patients. Event-free survival (EFS) in the intermediate risk group of MLL-Baby trial was 35.1% (standard error (SE) 6.9%), in the high risk group – 38.3% (SE 7.1%) (p = 0.941). The most unfavorable prognosis had infants with translocation t(9;11)/KMT2A-MLLT3: EFS 18.8% (SE 9.8%), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) 75.0% (SE 9.7%). Intermediate results were obtained in patients with translocations t(4;11)/KMT2A-AFF1 and t(11;19)/KMT2A-MLLT1: EFS 36.9% (SE 7,2%) and 32,7% (SE 10.4%), respectively; CIR 46.3% (SE 7.8%) and 50.9% (SE 12.3%). The most favorable treatment outcome was achieved in infants carrying translocation t(10;11)(p12;q23)/KMT2A-MLLT10: EFS 83.3% (SE 15.2%), CIR 0,0%. In the multivariate analysis unfavorable outcome of KMT2A-rearranged infant ALL was associated with initial CNS involvement (p = 0.020), initial white blood cell count higher than 300 × 109 /L (p = 0.028), more than 5% blast cells on day 15 in bone marrow (p = 0.012) and presence of translocation t(11;19)/KMT2A-MLLT1 (p = 0.012).

Господарське процесуальне право: методичні вказівки для підготовки до семінарських занять / О.П. Подцерковний, Е .Г. Бойченко, Г.М. Будурова, А.О. Згама Бойченко Е.Г., Будурова Г.М./ за ред. Подцерковного О.П. – О., 2021. - 91 с.

Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is a recently recognized T-ymphoblastic leukemia subgroup with poor prognosis and high-risk of relapse. ETP-ALL subgroup is characterized by unique gene expression and particular cell surface markers profile. Nevertheless, this group cannot be easily detected due to its biological heterogeneity. The aim of the present study was to explore the immunophenotypic characteristics of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in ETP-ALL patient. The study group consisted of 64 patients with ETP-ALL. 380 patients with other variants of T-ALL were included to the control group. The antigen expression profile was assessed by multicolor flow cytometry. TI and TII immunological variants were detected in the group of patients with ETP-ALL. Cell markers expression level was determined in both groups. In the study group of ETP-ALL patients CD11a expression was more specific to TII-ALL, while CD33 expression – for TI-ALL. This study allowed to characterize group of patients with ETP-ALL and detected immunophenotypic heterogeneity. More interlaboratory studies are needed for understanding immunological and molecular genetic features ETP-ALL. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology.

Aim. The analysis of experience of nelarabine use in refractory/relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) depending on the immunophenotype and the line of therapy. Materials and methods. All the patients with relapsed or refractory T-ALL aged from 0 to 18 years who received treatment with nelarabine as a part of the therapeutic element R6 were included in the study. For all patients a detailed immunological analysis of leukemia cells with discrimination of immunological variants TI, TII, TIII or TIV was performed. Patients administered with nelarabine as a first therapeutic element were referred to the first-line therapy group, other patients were referred to the second-line therapy group. Nelarabine was administered as intravenous infusion at a dose of 650 mg/m2, on days 1-5. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (allo-HSCT) was considered for all patients. Results. From 2009 to 2017, 54 patients with refractory/relapsed T-ALL were treated with nelarabine. Five-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) was 28% for all patients, cumulative risk of relapse (CIR) was 27%. EFS was significantly higher in nelarabine first-line therapy group in comparison with second-line therapy group (34±8% vs 8±8%, p=0,05). In patients after allo-HSCT EFS, OS and CIR were 51±10%, 50±10% and 39,1±9,5% accordingly. The best results were achieved in patients with TI immunophenotype. No toxicity-related mortality as well as severe neurologic complications or discontinuation of therapy associated with use of nelarabine were reported. Conclusion. The use of nelarabine is an effective strategy for the treatment of relapsed and refractory T-ALL. The best treatment outcomes were obtained in patients with TI immunophenotype and in the first-line therapy group. Optimal dosage regimens can be established during controlled clinical trials.

The relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is still a difficult task. This is due both to the difficulties of achieving a second remission and to the problems of organizing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in those patients who need it. The standard approach is the use of second-line drugs in the regime of high-dosage chemotherapy blocks, but the response rate for this treatment in patients with early relapses remains low and the response time is short. Recently, new drugs with different mechanisms of action have appeared that can give an opportunity for a full remission. The organization of a multicentre study on anti-relapse therapy in the Russian Federation is an urgent task, the solution of which can help in studying new approaches to therapy and in the organization of BMT logistics. This article presents the results of a pilot multicentre study on the treatment of relapses of ALL in children in the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of standard therapy for a group with late relapses and the efficacy and toxicity of interventional blocks with the use of bortezomib, clofarabine, nelarabine are presented.

In prospective multicenter study were included 20 pediatriconcohematologic patients with mucormycosis. Age: 3 – 17 yy (median – 11), females – 60%. The diagnosiswas made according to EORTC/MSG 2008 criteria (post mortem – 25%). The main underlying disease was acutel eukemia (70%), risk factors – prolong severe neutropenia (median – 31 d) and lymphocytopenia (median – 33 d) after cytostatic chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cells transplantation. Etiology agents were Lichtheimia corуmbifera, Rhizopus spp. and Rhizomucor spp. Main sites of infection were lungs (65%) and paranasal synuses (30%), dissemination – 45%. Antifungal therapy (amphotericin B lipid coplex, posaconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B) was used in 75% patients, surgery – 30%. Overall mortality in 12 weeks was 70%.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a tumor developing as a result of malignant transformation of precursor T-cells. Despite the fact that T-ALL is responsible for about 10-15% of all ALL cases in children, it is essential to separate T-ALL in a special subgroup, as a nosological entity by the tumor biology, poor clinical outcome and resistance to therapy. We analyze the results of treatment of 644 patients with T-ALL, registered in the data base of the Russian-Byelorussian Research Group over 24 years of its work. The initial characteristics of the patients, responses to therapy, prognostic factors, and efficacy of various therapeutic options are analyzed.

The results of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in 10 pediatric patients (4 boys, 6 girls at the age of 4 to 17 years, mean age is 9.8 years) with relapses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with TEL-AMLI fusion gene are presented. The first remission duration ranged from 20 to 70 months (mean duration 39.9 months). Transplantation was performed in 6 patients during the second (and further) remission, whereas 4 patients underwent transplantation during the relapse. Six patients received a graft from matched related (n = 3) or unrelated (n = 3) donors, haploidentical HSCT was performed in four other patients because there was no donor. Conditioning regimens were myeloablative in 8 cases and RIC (Reduced Intensity Conditioning) in 2 cases. Successful engrafting took place in 9 (90 %) of 10 patients. Additional haploidentical transplantation was performed in 1 case, when the transplant was rejected. Monitoring of treatment was performed by means of serial testing of TEL-AMLI fusion gene expression level, of serial donor chimerism and the blast cell count in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The study demonstrated that four patients younger than 4 years had TEL-AML1 gene expression at all stages of their disease, including preand post-transplantation period. Due to it, even the donor chimerism and blast cell count in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood changed. On the contrary, in 3 more patients, TEL-AML1 gene expression levels were low before alloHSCT, being absent after HSCT. In general, seven patients have been monitored for 178-2627 days (at the average of 870 days) including two patients with post-transplant relapses. At the same time, 3 patients died on days 20-263 after transplantation. The observed difference in response to chemotherapy might be supposedly explained by involvement of not only hematopoietic, but also mesenchymal cells into the leukemic process (this fact was demonstrated for this group of patients by S. Shalapour et al., 2010). But this fact should be confirmed in further studies.

In acute leukemia (AL), central nervous system (CNS) is an area of increasing attention both in terms of lesion leukemic process, and in terms of the development of complications of treatment. Differentiated use of modern neuroimaging techniques allows to diagnose pathological changes in the CNS.